Bacteriophages In Treatment Research Articles

New therapeutic approaches for S.aureus infections treatment

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a range of diseases, from mild skin and soft tissue infections and food poisoning to serious conditions such as pneumonia, endocarditis, sepsis, and hospital-acquired infections. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, limitations of existing treatments, and the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, the development of alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections has progressed faster than the development of new antibiotics. In this review, we analyze the epidemiological situation of morbidity and mortality associated with S. aureus infection, as well as antimicrobial resistance of this organism on a global scale. We reviewed the pathogenesis and virulent factors of S. aureus, their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, and the importance of diagnosing staphylococcal infections to ensure timely intervention. This review also discusses the latest approaches to combating antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, including preventive and therapeutic antimicrobial strategies. Such methods as the use of bacteriophages in treatment, antimicrobial peptides, probiotic microorganisms and their metabolites, and the use of inhibitors to suppress bacterial communication are considered.

Bacteriophages and Their Host Range in Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Disease Treatment.

The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent times has prompted the search for new and more potent antibiotics. Bacteriophages (commonly known as phages) are viruses that target and infect their bacterial hosts. As such, they are also a potential alternative to antibiotics. These phages can be broadly categorized into monovalent (with a narrow host range spectrum and specific to a single bacterial genus) and polyvalent (with a broad host range and specific to more than two genera). However, there is still much ambiguity in the use of these terms, with researchers often describing their phages differently. There is considerable research on the use of both narrow- and broad-host range phages in the treatment of infections and diseases caused by MDR bacteria, including tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infectious diseases. From this, it is clear that the host range of these phages plays a vital role in determining the effectiveness of any phage therapy, and this factor is usually analyzed based on the advantages and limitations of different host ranges. There have also been efforts to expand phage host ranges via phage cocktail development, phage engineering and combination therapies, in line with current technological advancements. This literature review aims to provide a more in-depth understanding of the role of phage host ranges in the effectiveness of treating MDR-bacterial diseases, by exploring the following: phage biology, the importance of phages in MDR bacteria diseases treatment, the importance of phage host range and its advantages and limitations, current findings and recent developments, and finally, possible future directions for wide host range phages.

The Safety of Bacteriophages in Treatment of Diseases Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.

Given the urgency due to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, bacteriophages (phages), which are viruses that specifically target and kill bacteria, are rising as a potential alternative to antibiotics. In recent years, researchers have begun to elucidate the safety aspects of phage therapy with the aim of ensuring safe and effective clinical applications. While phage therapy has generally been demonstrated to be safe and tolerable among animals and humans, the current research on phage safety monitoring lacks sufficient and consistent data. This emphasizes the critical need for a standardized phage safety assessment to ensure a more reliable evaluation of its safety profile. Therefore, this review aims to bridge the knowledge gap concerning phage safety for treating MDR bacterial infections by covering various aspects involving phage applications, including phage preparation, administration, and the implications for human health and the environment.

Prospects for the application of bacteriophages in the treatment of sinusitis caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains

Purulent diseases in otorhinolaryngology are of great interest due to their widespread prevalence and the objective difficulties of treatment. One of the most frequently encountered nosological forms is purulent sinusitis. A key element in the complex treatment of bacterial sinusitis is systemic antibiotic therapy aimed at the eradication of pathobionts from the focus of infection. However, the increasing worldwide drug resistance of etiologically significant microorganisms complicates antibacterial chemotherapy of purulent sinusitis and raises questions about its future feasibility. The threat of a change from a resistance era to a post-antibiotic era is very significant, given the acute shortage of new antibiotics and the relatively rapid adaptation of bacterial microorganisms to them. The global community is therefore faced with the challenge of finding other drugs with antimicrobial activity. In recent decades, genetically modified virulent bacteriophages and phagolytes isolated on their basis are becoming increasingly attractive in the fight against purulent infections of various localizations caused by drug-resistant bacteria. This literature review focuses on the potential of phage therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis in an era of globally increasing bacterial strain resistance. The article details the causative agents of community-acquired and hospital-acquired acute sinusitis, the main mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance, the effect of virulent phages on bacteria, and studies on the efficacy of phage therapy in the treatment of acute sinusitis. The facts outlined herein clearly indicate the efficacy of phage therapy, as well as therapeutic perspectives on using bacteriophages in the complex treatment of purulent sinusitis caused by antibiotic-resistant microbiota.

Bacteriophages in wastewater treatment: can they be an approach to optimize biological treatment processes?

In this paper, we explore the applications of bacteriophages and the advantages of using these viruses to control undesirable organisms in wastewater treatment plants. Based on this, this paper reviewed the literature on the subject by performing a bibliometric and scientometric analysis of articles published in peer-reviewed journals through 2021. We obtained 806 publications, of which 40% were published in the last 5years, demonstrating an increase in interest in the subject. These articles analyzed, bacteriophages in treatment plants were strongly linked to bacteria such as Escherichia coli and related to disinfection, inactivation, sewage, and wastewater, in addition, biocontrol studies have gained prominence in recent years, particularly due to the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics. Studies have shown that bacteriophages have great potential for application in treatment systems to control unwanted processes and act as valuable economic and environmental tools to improve the efficiency of various treatment technologies. Although these viruses have already been studied in various applications to optimize treatment plant processes, technology transfer remains a challenge due to the limitations of the technique-such as physicochemical factors related to the environment-and the complexity of biological systems. The research focusing on application strategies in conjunction with molecular biology techniques can expand this study area, enabling the discovery of new bacteriophages.

An Early History of Phage Therapy in the United States: Is it Time to Reconsider?

Frederick William Twort and Felix d'Hérelle independently discovered bacteriophages in 1915 and 1917, respectively. This led to the early trials of using bacteriophages to treat infectious diseases worldwide. The earliest reported use of bacteriophages therapeutically in the United States was in 1922. With the subsequent discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s, and because of disappointing results of phage therapy in the next decade, use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents declined in western countries. This paper addresses two questions in the field: what is the historical record of the successes and failures of phage therapy in the United States and, what led to abandoning phage therapy in the United States? We examined the literature from 1915 to 1965, and we present a numerical analysis of the papers published during that period. We report key historical factors leading to a decline in the use of phage therapy in the United States by the 1950s. Since bacteriophages were first used therapeutically, several changes have occurred: increased antimicrobial drug resistance and a better knowledge of the biology of bacteriophages are important examples. Early assessments leading to the rejection of phage therapy in the United States were perhaps appropriate. However, it is time to reconsider the role of bacteriophages in treatment of bacterial infections.

Locally isolated broad host-range bacteriophage kills methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vivo skin excisional wound model in mice

From the perspective of an ever-increasing multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens, bacteriophages are receiving renewed interest as potential alternative to antibiotics. We investigated the potential of a locally isolated species-specific phage against Staphylococcus aureus infection in a skin excisional wound model in mice. A significant time-dependent increase (P < 0.05) in wound healing was observed in the phage-treated mice groups. The animals treated with the phage ΦDMSA-2 exhibited a faster re-epithelialization and faster tissue re-modelling. Bacterial load in the infected tissue in all phage-treated groups diminished. The mean ± SD CFU per ml decreased from 3.3 × 108 ± 3.5 × 106 at day 1–1.43 × 103 ± 8.48 × 102 at day 16 (P < 0.05). The highest reduction in the bacterial load was observed in G5 (povidine-iodine treated) and G6 (povidine iodine + phage 107 PFU) groups as no bacterial counts were detected by day 12 in both groups. Interestingly, group G3, which was treated with a lower phage concentration (5 × 106 PFU), resulted in total clearing of the inoculated bacteria by day 16; while bacterial counts were still detected by that time in group G4, which was treated with a higher phage concentration of 107 PFU. Animals from phage-treated group G3 survived 100%, while those from the infected wound control group survived at a rate of 34% at day 9 and reached 0% by the end of day 22 (P < 0.001). The data from this study convincingly showed that phage treatment of the S. aureus-infected wounds resulted in a faster wound healing and a 100% survival of the animals. The results emphasize the utility of locally isolated species-specific phages in treatment against multidrug-resistant MRSA infections.

Activity of isolated specific bacteriophage in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis induced by multiple drug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Rabbits

This study was conducted to find out the possibility of using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa specific-bacteriophage as an alternative to antibiotics in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in rabbits by injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspension in tibia. The current study included an isolation of bacteriophage from sewage water by using agar overlay method and also an isolation of the bacteria from patients suffering from post-traumatic bone infection. The second experiment was in-vivo evaluation of phage activity in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in rabbits. All animals of infected groups with Pseudomonas aeruginosa before treatment exhibited histopathological changes after 35 days of infection, the infected groups showed chronic osteomyelitis represented by sever chronic inflammatory cells infiltrates mainly lymphocytes, and macrophages and hemorrhage between bone trabeculae, also some sections showed extensive fibrosis in the marrow spaces. The treated group with P. aeruginosa specific – bacteriophage (1.5 ×107) PFU/ml for 10 days showed early repair elucidated by presence whorls of chondrocytes, and also the presence of multiple osteoblasts indicated bone formations. Also the presence of extensive fibrosis in the marrow space with present of osteoblasts indicated bone formations and repair.

Phages in Treatment of Some Deep Purulent Skin Infections

Phages in Treatment of Some Deep Purulent Skin Infections

Efficacy of dietary supplementation of bacteriophages in treatment of concurrent infections with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 and K99 in postweaning pigs

Postweaning pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 and K99 and fed a diet supplemented with ETEC K88- and K99-specific bacteriophages exhibited greater weight gain, lower fecal consistency score, and less fecal shedding and intestinal adhesion of ETEC K88 than did pigs fed the unsupplemented diet.

Activity of Isolated Staphylococcal Bacteriophage in Treatment of Experimentally Induced Chronic Osteomyelitis in Rabbits

Activity of Isolated Staphylococcal Bacteriophage in Treatment of Experimentally Induced Chronic Osteomyelitis in Rabbits

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Specific Bacteriophages for Treatment of Human Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Specific Bacteriophages for Treatment of Human Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The long-term effects of phage concentration on the inhibition of planktonic bacterial cultures

Since the early 1920s there has been an interest in using bacteriophages (phages) for the control of bacterial pathogens. While there are many factors that have limited the success of phage bio-control, one particular problem is the variability of outcomes between phages and bacteria. Specifically, there is a significant need for a better understanding of how initial phage concentrations affect long-term bacterial inhibition. In work reported herein three phages were isolated for Escherichia coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, as well as Bacillus cereus and bio-control experiments were performed with phage concentrations ranging from 10(5) to 10(8) plaque forming units per mL over the course of 72 h. For four of the nine phages isolated there was a linear relationship between inhibition and phage concentration, suggesting the effect of phage concentration is important at longer time scales. For three of the isolated phages, phage concentrations had no effect on bacterial inhibition suggesting that even at the lowest concentration the method of action was saturated and lower concentrations might still be effective. Additionally, a cocktail was created and was compared to the previously isolated phages. There was no statistical difference between the cocktail and the best performing phage highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate phages for treatment. These results suggest that, for certain phages, there is a strong relationship between phage concentration and long-term bacterial growth inhibition and the initial phage concentration is an important indicator of the long-term outcome.

Amoxicillin and specific bacteriophage can be used together for eradication of biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055

Despite the efficacy of antibiotics as well as bacteriophages in treatment of bacterial infections, their role in treatment of biofilm associated infections is still under consideration especially in case of older biofilms. Here, efficacy of bacteriophage alone or in combination with amoxicillin, for eradication of biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055 has been assessed. Planktonic cells as well as biofilm of K. pneumoniae B5055 grown in 96-well microtiter plates were exposed to bacteriophage and amoxicillin at various Multiplicity of Infections (MoIs) as well as at three different antibiotic concentrations (512, 256 and 128 μg/ml), respectively. After exposure to 256 μg/ml (MIC) of amoxicillin, bacterial load of planktonic culture as well as 1-day-old biofilm was reduced by a log factor of 4.1 ± 0.31 (P = 0.008) and 1.24 ± 0.27 (P < 0.05), respectively but reduction in the bacterial load of mature biofilm (8-day-old) was insignificant (P = 0.23). When 8-day-old biofilm was exposed to higher antibiotic concentration (512 μg/ml) or phage alone (MoI = 0.01) a log reduction of 2.97 ± 0.11 (P = 0.182) and 3.51 ± 0.19 (P = 0.073), respectively was observed. While on exposing to a combination of both the amoxicillin and phage, a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in bacterial load of the biofilm was seen. Hence, when antibiotic was used in combination with specific bacteriophage a greater destruction of the biofilm structure suggested that the phages could be used successfully along with antibiotic therapy. An added advantage of the combination therapy would be its ability to check formation of resistant mutants that otherwise develop easily upon using phage or antibiotic alone.