Bacteriological Methods Research Articles

Study on Salmonella Isolates from Fresh Milk of Dairy Cows in Selected Districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

Salmonella infections are most commonly found in animal-derived foods. From December 2021 to May 2022, the researchers conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of Salmonella isolated from raw milk collected in and around Areka town, Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 151 direct udder milk samples were collected at random and examined using bacteriological methods. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 9.3% (14/151). Breed, age, body condition, lactation stage, and parity were statistically significant risk factors (p < 0.05). Salmonellosis was more common and statistically significant in dairy cows with poor body condition and late lactation stage, as well as the Holstein Friesian crossbreed, accounting for 17.6%, 19.1%, and 17.3%, respectively. The farm's husbandry hygiene and management system, on the other hand, had no significant association with salmonellosis (p > 0.05). Salmonellosis was generally considered to be moderately prevalent and was one of the diseases of dairy cows in the study area that could have an impact on dairy production and have serious health and financial repercussions. As a result, improvements in milk quality maintenance and assurance are encouraged, and the need for additional research in the study area was suggested along with other ideas.

Preservation practices and safety of fresh shrimp (Penaeus notialis) sold in Beninese markets

The microbiological characteristics of fresh shrimps during storage in ice (FSPI) (1–4.5 °C) and at ambient temperature (FSKAT) (27.5–29.5 °C) was evaluated in Beninese selling market conditions to assess hygiene and shrimp safety in artisanal preservation practices. Furthermore, samples of FSPI and FSKAT sold at the retail markets were collected and analyzed using bacteriological and physicochemical methods. The acceptable limits for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) [7.0 Log10 (CFU/g)] and trimethylamine (TMA) (5 mg/100 g) were exceeded after 12 days (FSPI) and 9 h (FSKAT). Most market samples (75% FSPI, 92% FSKAT) were non-compliant with the acceptable limit for AMB. The maximal limits specified were exceeded regarding Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and Salmonella, up to 75%, 92%, and 42%, respectively (FSKAT) and 33%, 67%, and 75% (FSPI). About 33% (FSPI) and 58% (FSKAT) samples were non-compliant with the TMA limit. All the samples were within the acceptable limits of histamine and tyramine. However, training stakeholders in good handling and hygienic practices is necessary.

Conservation of cholera vibrios in complex microcosm containing green microalgae

BACKGROUND: In the summer-autumn period, the peak of phytoplankton reproduction and flowering occurs and results in the deterioration of the quality of river water is noted. At the same time, cases of gastrointestinal diseases in humans are recorded, and epidemic complications of cholera may occur in endemic areas. V. cholerae form biofilm on the surface of chitinous hydrobionts and plastic components can lead to the spread of V. cholerae, possibly explaining the autochthonous mechanism of their existence in water bodies.&#x0D; AIM: This study determines the duration of Vibrio cholerae preservation on biotic (chitin) and abiotic (plastic) substrates in the presence of green unicellular algae with a change in cultivation temperature under experimental conditions.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used bacteriological and molecular genetic methods to achieve its goal.&#x0D; RESULTS: The preservation of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of V. cholerae O1 El Tor and V. cholerae O139 (ctxАВ+tcpА+csh1 and ctxАtcpАcsh1+) for six months, including three months at a low temperature simulating the autumn-winter period, as part of biofilms in microcosms, where one component is green microalgae. We noted an excess of the concentration of V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups by two orders of magnitude in samples where one of the components is chitin and the reproduction of green microalgae in the presence of a chitin substrate. This is probably one stage in the food chain in the ecology of water bodies and, accordingly, can be a reservoir for biofilm forms of cholera vibrios. Preservation of V. cholerae O1 El Tor non-toxigenic strain in a viable state in biofilm samples on plastic at decreased temperatures 82C for three months is possibly due to the presence of a cold shock gene in its genome.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Without a substrate for adhesion, colonization, and biofilm formation, vibrios are incapable of long-term persistence at low temperatures.

Historical aspects of water quality control in Russia. To the 150th anniversary of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the 100th anniversary of the establisment of the State sanitary epidemiological service (literature review)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the history of water quality control in Russia in connection with the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the 100th anniversary of the publication of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars “On sanitary authorities of the Republic”. A historical retrospective analysis of publications was carried out using the database of the Russian Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.Ru, integrated with the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), and reports from the collections of the scientific library of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. The data on the creation of the first Perm Zemstvo sanitary station in Russia and the conduct of original scientific research on the use of chemical and bacteriological methods of water quality control in it are presented. The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of establishing sanitary protection zones of water sources and the role of oil pollution of rivers are shown. The significance of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars “On sanitary bodies of the Republic” issued in 1922 in the legislative regulation of drinking water quality is determined. The activity of the bodies of the sanitary service of the Red Army to ensure adequate water supply in order to preserve the combat capability of the troops during the Great Patriotic War has been studied. A list of regulatory documents determining the quality of drinking water from 1945 to 2021 is presented, an analysis of new modern methods of quality control is carried out, the main requirements for which are expressiveness, reproducibility, accessibility. Conclusion. The creation of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the State Sanitary Service in Russia served as the basis for the development of methods for monitoring the quality of drinking water, which went from the initial methods of assessing organoleptic indicators to the use of quantitative standards and the creation of innovative high-tech methods for studying it.

Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in High-Burden Area in Western Siberia, Russia

Russia is a high-burden area for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Here, we studied the epidemiological situation and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Omsk region in Western Siberia. M. tuberculosis isolates (n = 851) were recovered from newly diagnosed TB patients in 2021. The isolates were tested by bacteriological and molecular methods, and long-term epidemiological data were analyzed. The TB incidence dec, this is not variablereased from 93.9 in 2012 to 48.1 in 2021, per 100,000 population, but the primary MDR-TB rate increased from 19.2% to 26.4%. The destructive forms of tuberculosis accounted for 37.8% of all cases, while 35.5% of patients were smear-positive. Of all isolates tested, 55.2% were culture-positive, of which 94.5% were further tested for phenotypic drug resistance and associated mutations. More than half (53.4%) of isolates were drug-resistant, 13.9% were monoresistant and 67.9% were MDR. Among MDR isolates, 40.4% were pre-XDR, and 19.2% were XDR. The spectrum of drug resistance included second-line drugs (new-generation fluoroquinolones, linezolid), which significantly increase the risk of an adverse outcome in patients. In conclusion, our results highlight the critical importance of monitoring drug resistance in circulating M. tuberculosis strains emerging due to ineffective treatment and active transmission.

Identification and characterization of MDR virulent Salmonella spp isolated from smallholder poultry production environment in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria.

Salmonella is responsible for some foodborne disease cases worldwide. It is mainly transmitted to humans through foods of animal origin through the consumption of poultry products. The increased international trade and the ease of transboundary movement could propel outbreaks of local origin to translate into severe global threats. The present study aimed to characterize Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farms in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples (faecal, water and feed) were collected from ten poultry farms between January and August 2020 and analyzed for Salmonella characterization using standard bacteriological and molecular methods. Salmonella serovars identified include: Salmonella Enteritidis [n = 17 (39.5%)], Salmonella Typhimurium [n = 13 (30.2%)] and other Salmonella serovars [n = 13 (30.2%)]. All Salmonella serovars were cefotaxime and ampicillin resistant. The presence of the invA gene ranged from 9(69.2%) to 15(88.2%). The spvC gene ranged from 2(14.4%) to 10(58.8%). All Salmonella serovars had sdiA gene. The Salmonella isolates produced some extracellular virulence factors (such as protease, lipase, β-hemolytic activity, and gelatinase), while 13(30.2%) of the overall isolates formed strong biofilms. In conclusion, the detection of multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars in faecal sources, which also exhibited virulence determinants, constituted a public health risk as these faecal samples have the potential as manure in the growing of crops. These pathogens can be transmitted to humans nearby and through poultry products, resulting in difficult-to-treat infections and economic loss.

Food Freshness Measurements and Product Distinguishing by a Portable Electronic Nose Based on Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

Determination of food freshness, which is the most ancient role of the human sense of smell, is still a challenge for compact and inexpensive electronic nose devices. Fast, sensitive, and reusable sensors are long-awaited in the food industry to replace slow, labor-intensive, and expensive bacteriological methods. In this work, we present microbiological verification of a novel approach to food quality monitoring and spoilage detection using an electronic nose based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and its application for distinguishing products. The compact device presented is able to detect spoilage-related gases as early as at the 4 × 104 CFU g-1 bacteria count level, which is 2 orders of magnitude below the safe consumption threshold. Cross-selective sensor array based on OFETs with metalloporphyrin receptors were made on a single substrate using solution processing leading to a low production cost. Moreover, machine learning methods applied to the sensor array response allowed us to compare spoilage profiles and separate them by the type of food: pork, chicken, fish, or milk. The approach presented can be used to monitor food spoilage and distinguish different products with an affordable and portable device.

Antibiotic profiling of multidrug resistant pathogens in one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium to benin

BackgroundLittle data exist on the presence of resistant pathogens in day-old chicks imported into Benin. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria was assessed in 180 one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium and received at the Cardinal Bernardin Gantin International Airport in Cotonou (Benin). The samples included swabbing the blisters of 180 chicks, followed by 18 pools of 10 swabs for bacterial isolation. Classic bacteriological methods based on Gram staining, culture on specific media and biochemical characterization were used. Antibacterial susceptibility screening to antibiotics was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, and the results were interpreted according to guidelines from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). DNA extraction was performed by the heat treatment method. Resistance genes were screened by real-time PCR.ResultsWe isolated 32 bacteria, including Escherichia coli (50%), Enterococcus spp. (28%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (10%). The isolates were investigated for antibiotic resistance against antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and showed that in the Escherichia coli strains isolated, the highest rate of resistance was obtained against ciprofloxacin (81%), followed by trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (62%). Enterobacter cloacae was sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. Pseudomonas spp. resistant to amoxicillin and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole was noted. The SulII gene was found in all cloacal samples, while the SulI and blaTEM genes were present at 44.44% and 16.67%, respectively.ConclusionThis study confirms that imported day-old chicks can be a potential source of dissemination of resistant bacteria in poultry production. A system for immediate detection of resistant bacteria in chicks upon arrival in the country is thus needed.

Antibiotic Resistance of Microbiotas of Fishery Enterprises Hydro Ecosystems

The aquatic environment is an integral part of biocenosis that directly affects its condition and safety in terms of epidemiology and epizootology. The study of the aquatic environment for the presence of pathogens and the quantitative characteristics of sanitary-indicative microorganisms is extremely important. The obtained data allow us to assess and predict the risks of infections, and to develop a plan of measures to prevent the spread of certain pathogens. The aim of the work. To analyze the microbial state of the aquatic environment in different hydro ecosystems of fish farms in the Kharkiv region and to assess the presence of microbiological risks to public health. Methods. The research objects were 150 samples of water taken from different hydro ecosystems in the Kharkiv region. Water was taken from closed water supply systems (n=30) and from ponds (n=120), where commercial fish is bred for sale. The presence and number of sanitary-indicative microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria were determined by the bacteriological (cultural) method. Resistances to antibacterial drugs in selected sanitary-indicative microorganisms were determined using the Agar disk-diffusion method. Estimation of the reliability of the difference between the compared indicators was determined using Student’s t-test. Results. The dominant sanitary-indicative microorganisms in the aquatic environment of fish farming were bacteria of the genus Citrobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The total bacterial contamination of water bodies ranged from 1.9±0.50×104 to 2.1±1.20×105 CFU in 1 cm3 of water. No pathogenic to humans bacteria have been detected. Isolated sanitary-indicative microorganisms had significant resistance to antibacterial drugs. Resistance to penicillins, sulfonamides, and nitrofurans was the highest (p=0.0001). The percentage of penicillin resistance strains ranged from 81.5% to 87.0%, sulfonamide — from 74.1% to 94.4%, and nitrofuran — from 55.5% to 66.7%. Fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin resistance varied depending on the type of antibacterial substance, but it did not exceed 29.6%. Conclusions. According to the research results for the aquatic environment of fish farms in the Kharkiv region, no pathogenic microorganisms were detected. However, it has been established that sanitary-indicating microorganisms (Citrobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp.), which were dominant and had polyresistance to antibacterial drugs, may be risk factors for human health. Thus, the hydro ecosystems of fish farms have favorable conditions for the accumulation of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, the use of antibacterial drugs should be scientifi cally justifi ed and strictly controlled.

COLONIZATION OF PATHOGENIC AEROBIC BACTERIA IN THE EXTERNAL EAR AND EFFECTS OF CERUMEN TYPES, AGE, AND GENDER ON COLONIZATION

Aims: The study aimed to study the prevalence of pathogenic aerobic bacteria colonization in the outer ear and to determine the prevalence of cerumen types among different ages and sex of selected individuals in Sana'a city. Also determined the effects of cerumen types, age, and sex on the incidence of pathogenic aerobic bacterial colonization. Methods: The current study was carried out in the Department of Medical Microbiology and ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University. The study proposal was permitted by the ethics committee of the Faculty. Written informed consent was taken from the chosen participants. Families of the study sample members residing in the various sectors of Sana'a city were visited at home in which participants were randomly selected from all age groups and sexes. Households were reviewed on time and clinical examination of the ear was done and results were recorded and ear swab samples were collected. The rapid visual identification of cerumen was performed. The culture samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory then culture and bacterial growth was identified by standard bacteriological methods. Results: The study included 246 healthy persons, 33.3% of them male and 66.7% were females. The age ranged from 1 -80 years with mean age equal to 34.2±18.7 years, 96.3% of the study subjects have the wet type and only 3.7% have the dry type of cerumen, 2.03% had impacted cerumen. The most prevalent isolate from the outer ear was Staphylococcus aureus with 35 strains (14.2%), followed by Psedumonas aureginosa with 14 strains (5.7%). Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus pyogenes and Hemophilus influenzae isolates were less frequent with 7 (2.8%), 6 (2.4%) and 5 (2.03%) isolates, respectively. Positive growth for bacterial pathogens was significantly associated with males (OR=1.8, p=0.03), ≤15 years group (OR=2.5, p=0.01), and dry-type cerumen (OR=8.9, p=0.001). Conclusion: There are two distinct and specific types of cerumen, wet and dry, of which the wet type appears to be the most common in Yemen, and of the subspecies of the wet type, honey brown was dominant. The present study concluded that some pathogenic bacteria that can cause otitis externa are naturally present in the normal external auditory canal. The most prevalent isolate was Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Psedumonas aureginosa, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Hemophilus influenzae. Hence clinicians must find a history of any predisposing factors before interpreting laboratory culture reports. Peer Review History: Received: 4 November 2022; Revised: 8 December; Accepted: 5 January 2023, Available online: 15 January 2023 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com

Characteristic of Viral and Bacterial Contaminationin Objects of the Infection Hospital Environment of the Hospital for the Treatment of Patients with COVID-19 During the Pandemic Period

Relevance. Due to the COVID­-19 pandemic a infectious diseases hospitals nationwide network has been deployed to treat patients infected with SARS­CoV­-2. The principles of their formation with a strict division into «infectious» and «clean» zones, despite the epidemiological justification, lead to the formation of a dynamic artificially created closed ecosystem. In such an ecosystem, on the one hand, patients who undergo a wide range of invasive and aggressive therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations, and medical personnel stay for a long time, on the other hand, pathogens of a viral and bacterial nature that can adapt to hospital conditions and form resistant strains circulate. As a result, high risks of contamination of environmental objects of hospitals and patients themselves are created, which can lead to the development of exogenous nosocomial infection.Aims. To study the features of viral and bacterial contamination of objects in the hospital environment of the infectious diseases hospital for the treatment of patients infected with SARS­-CoV­-2 during the COVID­-19 pandemic.Materials and methods. A study was conducted on 343 samples from the external environment of the infectious diseases hospital for COVID­-19 patients’ treatment during its planned work. Sample collection was performed during three days (Tuesday, Thursday, Sunday) at 20 unified sampling points: in the area where patients general hospital area as well as from the outer surface of personal protective equipment for medical personnel (overalls, gloves). The study used epidemiological (descriptive­evaluative and analytical), molecular genetic (SARS-­CoV­-2 PCR­RT, sequencing), bacteriological (isolation, cultivation and MALDI­TOF identification of bacterial cultures) methods. Statistical significance of differences was assessed by Fisher's point test (φ). Differences were considered significant at p≤0.05. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Microsoft Office 2010 application package, the online resource https://medstatistic. ru/, ST Statistica 10.Results. The study demonstrated a high level of viral and bacterial contamination of environmental objects in the intensive care unit of the infectious diseases hospital for COVID­-19 patients treatment – 11.1%, incl. objects of the general hospital environment – 9.3% (doctor's workplace – 16.7%); patient location area – 13.9% (electric pump – 27.8%, mechanical ventilation, manipulation table – 16.7% each); the outer surface of personnel gloves – 21.1–38.9%; the outer surface of protective overalls for personnel – 44.4–50.0%. SARS­-CoV­-2 isolated from the objects of the external environment of the hospital belonged to the genetic variant B.1.617.1 DELTA, which corresponded to the epidemiological situation at sampling collection period. The opportunistic microflora structure was dominated by Enterococcus faecalis (38.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniaе (21.4%) and Escherichia coli (16.7%), which demonstrated a high level of resistance (to 3 or more groups of antibiotics).Conclusion. Initially, the main sources of the infectious diseases hospital environmental objects contamination with SARS-­CoV-­2 are most likely patients. Further contamination of the infectious diseases hospital environmental objects with viruses and opportunistic microflora occurs with the medical personnel direct participation. The current situation requires a review of approaches to the rules for disinfection, the PPE use and employees hands antiseptic treatment in infectious diseases hospital during the COVID­-19 pandemic, as well as the length of staff work period length.

Clinical case of isolation and identification of &lt;I&gt;Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus&lt;/I&gt;

Streptococci manifest their pathogenic properties by reducing the overall resistance of the organism or individual tissues.Purpose of the work: isolation, identification and study of the biological properties of isolates isolated from the foal.A pure culture was obtained, morphological, cultural and biochemical properties were studied.For the subsequent identification of streptococci to species, two api 20 Strep test systems (BIOMERIEUX, France) were used. To determine the serological group of streptococci, a latex agglutination test was used using a kit for diagnosing streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F, and G (OXOID, UK).Laboratory methods of diagnostics for the identification of causative agents of streptococcosis and their species differentiation have been studied. Virulent Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus caused abscesses in the area of the elbow joint of the foal. Isolation of bacterial cultures was carried out by the bacteriological method. Isolated Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus had the fermentation of a number of carbohydrates: sorbitol, there was no splitting of lactose, tregolose. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus hydrolyzed esculin, no D-ribose fermentation was noted. However, the fermentation of carbohydrates is not a stable and clear sign, therefore it is not used for differentiation and identification of streptococci.When inoculated on blood agar with 5% sheep blood after cultivation for 24 hours at 37 0C, small gray-white colonies were found, surrounded by a wide transparent zone of beta-hemolysis. Catalase test is negative.As a result, it was found that the isolated culture belongs to the species Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus belonging to group C according to Lancefield.Modern laboratory diagnostics requires an integrated approach to identification, which includes bacteriological and serological methods - polyphase analysis. When identifying streptococci, the determination of their serological group according to Lancefield is of great importance. For this purpose, a latex agglutination reaction is convenient using a kit for diagnosing streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F and G (OXOID, UK), coagglutination "Streptotest A, B, C, D, G" (AQUAPAST).

Results of epizootological and microbiological monitoring of soil anthrax focuses located in the Turkestan region of Kazakhstan

Soil foci of anthrax located on the territory of the republic represent a certain danger to the population and the environment. In the process of work, an epizootological examination of two anthrax foci located in the Tolebiysky and Kazygurtsky districts of the Turkestan region was carried out. For microbiological studies, soil samples were taken from the territory of these foci from the surface and from various horizons to a depth of up to 30 cm. Studies of soil samples by bacteriological and biological methods showed that they showed the absence of the pathogen B. anthracis.

Bacterial pathogens associated with eyeglasses and risks of infection: A cross-sectional study in South-West Nigeria

Ocular infections have been associated with bacterial contamination of eyeglasses. This study assessed bacterial contaminants associated with the eyeglasses of the staff and students of Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 100 participants comprising 33 males and 67 females (aged 16-76 years) were recruited for the study after obtained the written informed consents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the demographic and clinical information. A total of 100 eyeglasses were examined for bacterial contamination using standard bacteriological methods. A one–way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test were used to determine the differences between the bacterial loads among the eyeglasses of study participants. We found that the percentage of eyeglass lenses with unacceptable levels of contamination (105CFU/mL) and acceptable levels of contamination were 19% and 46%, respectively. The percentages of eyeglass handles with unacceptable and accepted level of contamination were 49% and 7%, respectively. Most of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to the tested antibiotics. Risk factors associated with bacterial contamination of eyeglasses were exposure to dusty environment, irregular cleaning, and poor compliance with eyeglass care guidelines. Our study further underscores the claim that eyes glasses may serve as potential vehicles for bacteria capable of causing ocular infections.

ORNITOBACTHERIOSIS OF BIRDS: EPISOTHOLOGICAL DATA, ILLUSTRATION OF FIELD ISOLATES PATHOGEN ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE AND STUDY OF THEIR BIOLOGICAL

Bacterial etiology add up a greatpercentage of infectious pathologies in birds. Alot of ailments are called odrazu decilecoma byinfectious agents and develop in association. Beforesuch infectious agents, ornitobacteria can be seen.Particularly ornitobacteriosis are those that aredetected by laboratory methods only at an earlystage. Infection control in Ukraine is not carried out. The meta of our work is to see the sexual isolationof the ornitobacteriosis and the viability of their biological power. Methods – epizootological examination of the ptahological state of Ukraine for ornitobacteriasis were carried out using various clinical, pathoanatomical and serological methods of followup; the sighting of the sexual isolates of the health worker and the birth of their biological authorities were taken for the help of bacteriological and biochemical methods. A follow-up was carried out in several states and a bird was selected with clinical signs characteristic of ornitobacteriasis (stomping, swelling of the lower ophthalmic sinuses and soft tissues of the head, sinusitis, cough) and pathoanatomical changes (aerosacculitis, pneumonia, foamy accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity, anemia, pericarditis and tracheitis). IFA diagnostics for early detection of ornitobacteriosis was carried out. In two batches of birds, an increase in antibody titers to ornitobacteriosis was detected (in broilers and turkeys). They gave a detailed scheme for the diagnosis of ornitobacteriasis, for the help of which, with the help of bacteriological (positing on specific media) and biochemical methods, two isolates were revealed, which, for their power, give birth to Ornithobacter bacteria. As a result of the research, a method for diagnosing avian ornitobacteriasis was developed using different clinical, pathoanatomical, bacteriological methods.

Результаты лабораторной диагностики лептоспироза животных различными методами в Российской Федерации за 2021 г.

The scientific article presents generalized materials of the results of bacteriological, serological and molecular genetic studies in the diagnosis of animal leptospirosis performed in the state veterinary laboratories of the Russian Federation in 2021. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that populations of productive and unproductive animals are involved in the epizootic process of leptospirosis, the epizootic situation for leptospirosis continues to remain tense. A total of 1 506 785 samples (aborted fetuses, pathological and biological material), as well as 236 water samples were examined for leptospirosis by specialists of the state veterinary laboratories of the Russian Federation during 2021. A total of 9 747 377 studies were performed using classical and molecular genetic methods. 21 530 positive results were obtained (1,4 %). 538 aborted fetuses from 3 types of farm animals (cattle, small cattle and pigs) were studied by bacteriological methods and using PCR. In 98,3 % of cases, the studies were performed using PCR. A total of 9 (1,7) positive results were obtained, including cattle – 3 (1,0), pigs – 6 (2,7 %). The pathological material was examined by bacteriological methods and using PCR of 1263 samples. At the same time, 98,8 % of all studies were carried out by the molecular genetic method. A total of 40 positive results were obtained (3,2 %), including 4 cases in cattle (1,7 %), 1 in small cattle (6,7), 32 in pigs (3,6), 2 in dogs (50,0), and 1 in other animal species (1,1 %). Using PCR, 7674 blood samples were examined, 15 positive results were obtained (0,2 %), including the leptospir genome was detected in cattle in 8 cases (0,3), in pigs and other animal species, respectively, in 4 cases (0,1 %) and 3 (1,8 %). 1 404 076 blood serum samples were received for serological diagnostics, 45 897 ELISA studies were conducted, and 9 598 535 samples were taken in the classical microagglutination reaction (PMA). Specific antibodies to leptospira were detected in 21 148 samples (1,5 %). The largest number of seropositive animals was found among horses – 2744 samples (4,1), cattle – 14 104 (2,5) and pigs – 2848 (0,5 %). 93 099 urine samples were examined to identify leptospira-bearing animals. The percentage of identified patients was: horses 0,2 %; cattle – 0,3 %; small cattle – 4,4; other species – 0,1 (cats, furbearing animals, zoo animals, other species). A total of 318 (0,3 %) positive results were obtained. 99,6 of the studies were performed by dark-field microscopy, 0,4 % by PCR. In the study of 113 semen samples from cattle and 22 samples from boars, leptospir DNA was not found. Bacteriological studies of 236 samples of water from open reservoirs gave a negative result. It should be noted that the reliability of the diagnosis of leptospirosis in animals largely depends on the quality of sampling materials, storage conditions of samples, compliance with temperature conditions, time of delivery of samples to the laboratory for testing, the level of equipment of laboratories with modern equipment and diagnostic drugs, as well as on the professional competencies of a particular doctor.

Изменения в липидном и фосфолипидном спектре сыворотки крови при бактериальных кишечных инфекциях как предикторы развития синдрома раздраженного кишечника

Some patients develop irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) after acute diarrhea of bacterial etiology (ADBE). There are isolated works that present data concerning the parameters of total lipids and phospholipids in intestinal infections. The features of changes in lipid and phospholipid spectra in relation to the prognosis of IBS development in ADBE has not yet been evaluated. Objective. To evaluate serum lipid and phospholipid spectrum in patients with ADBE and to determine its significance in the development of IBS. Materials and methods. The study was performed in a group of patients with ADBE aged 18–65 years (n = 50) who received inpatient treatment in 2021–2022 at the Adygea Republican Infectious Diseases Hospital. For laboratory verification of the diagnosis, a bacteriological method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a reagent kit “AmpliSens® AII screen-FL” were used. Blood sampling for lipid spectrum estimation was done on day 2–3 of the disease. The levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), apolipoprotein A1 (APO-A1) and apolipoprotein-B (APO-B) were determined by enzymatic colorimetric method. Serum phospholipids were also isolated and fractionated into lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine by a unified thin-layer chromatography using Sorbfil TLC plates and Sorbfil TLC densitometer. SPSS Statistics 26.0 program was used to process the obtained results. ROC analysis was used to estimate the probability of IBS development. Results. The study of total lipid spectrum in patients in the acute period of the disease revealed hypertriglyceridemia of 2.2 mmol/L (95% CI: 1.9–2.5), which was observed in 62% of patients. An increase in the level of phosphatidylcholine was observed in 90% of patients, lysophosphatidylcholine – in 56%, a decrease in the level of phosphatidylethanolamine – in 72%, and sphingomyelin – in 24%. Subsequently, within a month after convalescence, 16 (32%) patients developed IBS. For the parameters that were altered in most patients with IBS (cholesterol, TG, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine), ROC analysis was performed to assess the risk of developing post-infectious IBS. At a cholesterol level of 3.75 mmol/L and higher (AUC = 0.716 ± 0.086; p = 0.019), blood triglycerides 2.115 mmol/L and higher (AUC = 0.889 ± 0.051; p &lt; 0.001), phosphatidylcholine 63.8% and higher (AUC = 0.827 ± 0.058; p &lt; 0.001), phosphatidylethanolamine 14.3% and lower (AUC = 0.853 ± 0.055; p &lt; 0.001), a high risk of developing IBS was predicted. Conclusion. Based on the increase in the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine above or decrease in the level of phosphatidylethanolamine below the threshold values obtained by ROC analysis, it is possible to predict a high or low risk of IBS development in ADBE patients and to determine indications for timely preventive therapy of this pathology. Key words: cholesterol, triglycerides, lipids, bacterial intestinal infections, irritable bowel syndrome

Identification of Pathogenic Microflora and Its Sensitivity to Antibiotics in Cases of the Odontogenic Purulent Periostitis and Abscesses in the Oral Cavity.

Odontogenic infections are the most common infectious and inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area and problem of the causative pathogen identification is an actual task, part of a permanent process of updating and modernization of treatment and diagnostic protocols and standards. In presented study a purulent exudate from 13 patients with acute purulent odontogenic intraoral lesions was studied by bacteriological method with detection of sensitivity to antibacterial agents. Bacteriological studies showed that genus Streptococcus predominated in 69.23% cases. Pathogenic microorganisms in clinically significant concentrations (105 per 1 ml and above) (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus) were resistant to Tetracycline and Doxycycline, had moderate sensitivity to macrolides in 22.22% and resistance in 77.78%. Amoxicillin/clavulanate caused effective growth retardation in 22.22% cases and moderate delay - in 77.78% without cases of resistance. Sensitivity to cephalosporins was detected in 50.00% cases, moderate sensitivity - in 38.89%, resistance - in 11.11%. Fluoroquinolones were the most effective - sensitivity in 72.22% cases, moderate sensitivity - in 22.22%, resistance - in 5.56%. The most effective fluoroquinolones were Moxifloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The highest resistance to antifungal agents was shown by genus Candida, antifungal susceptibility was observed only in 20.00% cases. The microbiota of purulent odontogenic inflammation in the oral cavity was identified in clinically significant concentrations in only 61.54% cases with predominance of Streptococcus. The most effective antibacterial agents for odontogenic purulent process may be considered among cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. There is a need to repeat similar studies in other regions of Ukraine and at other times of the year.

MODERN TRENDS OF CHANGES IN THE MICROBIOTA OF UROGENITAL SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH UROLITHIASIS.

Aim: Analysis of trends in the microbial communities of the genitourinary system in patients with urolithiasis. Materials and Methods: 165 urine samples from patients with urolithiasis was examined. The quantitative isolation of microflora was carried out using the bacteriological method. Microorganisms were identified using API biochemical test systems (bioMerieux, France). The percentage of the various types of microorganisms was determined. The reliability of differences in the frequency of various types of microorganisms isolation in a monoculture and the composition of microbial associations was determined by two-field tables with Fisher's Exact criterion. The GraphPad Prism 7 software was used. Results: 198 bacterial cultures of various types were isolated. In one case, a Candida culture was isolated. E. faecalis was the most frequently isolated culture (29.1% of the isolated strains number); E. coli (18.1% of the total number of isolated cultures; K. pneumoniae (11.1%). There were no significant differences in the rate of E. faecalis compared to E. coli. K. pneumonia was isolated significantly less frequently than E. faecalis. These types of microorganisms were also leaders in the formation of bacterial mixes. In addition, these species are involved in the urease activity of bacteria (directly or indirectly), which contributes to the formation of stones in the genitourinary system. Conclusions: E. faecalis is the species most often isolated from patients with purulent-inflammatory processes in patients with urolithiasis, both in the case of mono-infection and as part of mixed bacterial cultures.

Методы генотипирования с использованием рестрикции и электрофореза в диагностике бактериальных болезней птиц

Industrial poultry farming in Russia is one of the most promising and rapidly developing branches of agriculture. The dynamic growth of production is associated with the risk of introduction of infectious pathogens and, consequently, with large losses. Timely and accurate diagnosis of diseases helps to minimize financial and production losses. Today, traditional bacteriological diagnostic methods are receding into the background, giving way to more selective and rapid molecular genetic methods. Conventionally, genotyping methods are divided into 4 groups: 1) based on the use of restriction and electrophoresis, 2) based on the amplification of variable loci, 3) based on hybridization, 4) based on sequencing. The article provides an overview of modern genotyping methods, including restriction and electrophoresis. Such methods include plasmid analysis, electrophoresis in a pulsating gel, the RFLP method and partially its modifications (PCR-RFLP, TRFLP, hybridization with DNA/RNA probes), the AFLP method. The described methods solve a number of the following tasks: tracking transmission routes and detecting the source of infection, monitoring natural foci, genomic mapping and certification of strains. Thus, the choice of a particular method will directly depend not only on its discriminating power, but also on the task at hand. The main advantages, differences and disadvantages of the methods are described.