Bacteriological Flora Research Articles

Bacteriological Flora of Acute Otitis Externa

Introduction: Acute otitis externa refers to inflammation of external auditory meatus skin usually due to infectious etiology. Bacterial etiology of the entity has been established by various studies; however, the predominant causative pathogen has been identified as either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus. This study aimed to identify the aerobic bacteria responsible for this condition at our centre, and their antimicrobial susceptibility.
 Methods: 102 patients presenting to our Outpatient Department with acute otitis externa over a period of 1 year (5th April, 2021 - 4th April, 2022) underwent collection of external auditory canal swabs for aerobic bacteriological profile, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility for the recovered isolates.
 Results: The commonest isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (61.8%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.6%). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was recorded at an alarming rate of 15.7%.
 Conclusion: Culture and Sensitivity testing in cases of Acute otitis externa helps to modify the treatment regimen in cases not responding to the usual therapy.

Some Physical Properties and Bacteriological Evaluation of Raw Landfill Leachate from Gosa Landfill in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

The physical and bacteriological evaluation of raw landfill leachate from Gosa Landfill in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria was carried out in this study using standard procedures. The probable bacteria identified from the biochemical tests of isolated samples were Streptococcus pneumoniae with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. However, molecular characterization involving sequencing and BLAST further confirmed the bacteria present. This study concludes that the bio filter produced from Coco peat and Ash affects both the physicochemical properties and bacteriological flora of raw landfill leachate through degradation.

Effects of Beta Vinasse Supplementation on Performance, Meat Quality and Ilio- Caecal Microflora in Quail Rations

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-vinasse supplementation on the live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield, meat quality and ilio-caecal bacteriological flora of quails. A total of 240 5-d-old Japanese (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) quails, including both males and females, were divided into 3 groups 80 quails and treated as follow: a control group with 0 g β-vinasse/kg ration; (2) 15 g/kg β-vinasse and (3) 30 g/kg β-vinasse. The study lasted for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, suplementation with β-vinasse did not have significant effect on FI and FCR. Dietary supplementation with 30 g/kg β-vinasse significantly (P < 0.05) increased LW (21 d) and LWG (5 to 21 d). The dietary treatment of quails with different levels of β- vinasse did not effect on hot carcass weight, cold carcass weights, hot and cold carcass yields and breast and thigh pH. The lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of breast values were significantly (P<0.05) increased of 30 g/kg supplementation. Different levels of β-vinasse significantly increased Lactobacillus spp. in faeces. As a result, it was concluded that β-vinasse (by-product obtained from molasses) can be used in quail diets as an alternative feed source that will meet the nutritional needs of the animal and have positive effects on the digestive system, especially on the intestinal health ( an increase in Lactobacillus spp. counts).

Changing trend in the clinico- bacteriological profile of diabetic foot infection over a decade: observations from a tertiary care hospital of India

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is a major challenge in podiatric surgery. Initiation of an appropriate antimicrobial drug is the determining factor in the prognosis in DFI.AIM: This study was undertaken to analyse the changing trends in the clinical profile of patients and the bacterial profile causing DFI for over a decade.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted at the department of microbiology and surgery of the tertiary teaching hospital. The clinical and bacterial profile of patients with DFI in 2009 and 2019 was collected and analysed for the changing trend.RESULTS: Amongst the 203 patients (95 in 2009 and 108 in 2019) included in the study, 113 (56%) were male patients. There was a shift in the age group of patients from 51–60 to 61–70 years over a decade. There was a change of most common pathogens from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Klebsiella species. The resistance rates to third-generation cephalosporins decreased amongst the Gram-negative isolates such as P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, but an increase in resistance to carbapenems was observed during the study period. There was reduced incidence of infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during the study period.CONCLUSION: There was a change in the demographic and bacteriological flora in the DFI patients over a decade. The antimicrobial resistance rate varied for various antimicrobial agents over a decade for a particular pathogen. Regular surveillance of the change in resistance pattern amongst the pathogens is essential for the initiation of appropriate empirical therapy to reduce the morbidity in DFI.

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Blood Culture Isolates in Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Intensive Care Units infections have been found to be highest amidst the nosocomial infections. Sepsis results in increased morbidity and mortality rates. In order to decrease mortality and morbidity rates associated with sepsis, intensivists should have a keen knowledge of the existing bacteriological flora and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. In this study, we aim to determine the prevalence of current bacteriological profiles in blood cultures, along with their antibiogram from Intensive Care Unit patients. This project was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out for the duration of one year from December 2018 to 2019 in the Central lab, Microbiology department at tertiary care hospital, from patients suspicious of some blood stream infections like sepsis or other risk factors for it. From ICU, the number of blood samples received was 1440 in our Central Microbiology laboratory. All the samples received in the microbiology central lab were processed, and laboratory data, including bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibilities were analysed. From ICU, the number of blood samples totally received were 1440 in our microbiology laboratory. Identification of isolates was done by colony morphology, Gram stain and standard biochemical reactions. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was conferred by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Total number of positive cultures present in the study was 156(10.8%). Among these culture growth organisms, 82 were Gram positive (55.4%) isolates and 74 were Gram negative (50%). The most common isolate was Coagulase negative Staphylococcus trailed by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruguinosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus species. Majority of the Gram positive isolates were susceptible to Linezolid, vancomycin and clindamycin. All the Gram negative isolates were susceptible to Carbapenems ,with susceptibility rate of 97% for E. coli, 93% for Acinetobacter, 93% for Pseudomonas aeruguinosa and almost all these isolates showed 100% susceptibility to Colistin and Polymyxin-B.

Change in granulation tissue coverage and bacteriological load using Low Cost Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in acute musculoskeletal wounds

BackgroundLow cost Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) dressings have been considered as an alternative to traditional daily dressings. There is scanty literature evaluating the change in the percentage area of wound covered by granulation tissue following application of low-cost NPWT. The change in the bacteriological flora following application of low-cost NPWT devices has also not been evaluated. MethodsPatients above the age of 18 years with acute musculoskeletal injuries of <3 weeks duration which underwent a surgical debridement and required subsequent wound coverage were included in the study. Area of the wound and the area covered by the granulation tissue as well as the bacteriological count were measured before and after application of NPWT. A low cost NPWT using wall mounted vacuum device was put on the patient giving a constant negative pressure of 125 mm of Hg for 2 days. The findings before and after application of NPWT were compared and analyzed using Wilcoxin Signed-rank test. Results21 patients with mean age of 35.52±15.075 were included. The pre-NPWT granulation tissue area ranged from 122 mm2 to 8483 mm2 with a mean of 1648.38 mm2 (SD = 1933.866). The post-NPWT granulation tissue area ranged from 234 mm2 to 7847 mm2 with a mean of 2364.48 mm2 (SD = 1857.716). The mean increase in granulation tissue was 716.1 mm2.The pre-NPWT wound area ranged from 422 mm2 to 10847 mm2 with a mean of 4009.62 mm2 (SD = 3026.209). The post-NPWT wound area ranged from 326 mm2 to 9143 mm2 with a mean of 3410.33 mm2 (SD = 2636.206). The mean reduction in wound size was 599.29 mm2.The pre-NPWT bacteriological count ranged from 3000/ml to 130000000/ml with a mean of 12616761.90/ml (SD = 29664589.37). The post-NPWT bacteriological count ranged from 1000/ml to 380000000/ml with a mean of 26401523.81/ml. The mean increase in bacteriological count was 13784761.91/ml. ConclusionThere was a statistically significant decrease in wound size (p = 0.001) and statistically significant increase in percentage area of granulation tissue coverage (p = 0.000) following low cost NPWT application. However there was no statistically significant increase in bacteriological clearance in these patients.

Method for Diagnostics of Carp Fish Diplostomosis During Veterinary and Sanitary Examination

Diplostomosis is an invasive disease of carp fish that can cause significant damage to the fish farm. It is widely distributed in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Belarus. Sexually mature individuals parasitize the intestines of fish-eating birds of the genus Laridae. The intermediate host is freshwater fish and mollusks of the genus Lymnaea. The disease cycle is represented by several migrations of the parasite from the reservoir to the intermediate hosts, followed by ingestion. Fry and fish with a low immune status are most susceptible to this disease. When introduced into the body, trematodes can inoculate fish with various pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora inherent in the habitat, which can complicate the production of high-quality products that are safe for both humans and animals. Therefore, the implementation of our patented “Method for assessing the quality of meat of fish infected with diplostomosis” during the veterinary and sanitary examination is important. The invention involves diagnostic measures, namely, to determine the quality of fish meat, which were carried out in this study. The method consisted of a step-by-step study of the pathogen obtained by destroying the integrity of the vitreous body and sowing exudate by collecting the material with a Pasteur pipette with transfer to the MPA. These were kept in a certain temperature regime for at least 48 hours. The researchers examined the plates with the inoculations and described the morphology of the resulting colonies, with preliminary staining of the smears according to Romanovsky-Giemsa. The colonies were counted using the Goryaev camera. The method used helped to detect the parasitic disease together with the bacteriological purity of the fish, which makes it possible to issue a correct veterinary and sanitary assessment for a given invasion. The data were processed statistically; a correlation relationship between the intensity of invasion and the level of the bacteriological flora of fish products was established. The most significant was the relationship of contamination with bacteria of the E. coli group and of the genus Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. The obtained value of the KMAFAMnM index exceeded the indicator of healthy fish.&#x0D; Keywords: diplostomosis, post-diplostomosis, methods, identification, parasitology, microbiology

Clinico pathological study of lacrimal abscess with special reference to bacteriological etiology in southern part of Assam

To determine the clinico-pathological status of lacrimal abscess with special reference to bacteriological flora of lacrimal abscess in the region of Southern Assam. 50 patients of age group 15-65 years of either sex and age, presenting with lacrimal abscess from a period of January to December 2019 in Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Assam, were taken up for the study. Under aseptic and antiseptic conditions swabs were collected from lacrimal abscess and sent for microbiological analysis. In this prospective study 50 patients of lacrimal abscess were enrolled during study period. Out of the 50 samples, 40 samples yielded a positive result and out of the 40 samples, majority of micro-organisms isolated was Gram positive bacteria 60% (24) (Most frequently Staphylococcus aureus). Gram negative bacteria were encountered from 16 samples (most commonly E. coli).In our study we have found that the most common causative organism of lacrimal abscess was Staphylococcus aureus but in patients with previous history of mucopurulent discharge the Gram-negative bacteria were potential pathogens. The study of the bacteriology of the disease helps significantly in the choice of specific antimicrobial agents in particular demographic trend.

Evaluation of the bacteriological flora in the vagina of postpartum anestrus cattle before and after treatment with three progesterone implants

Thirty postpartum (>70 days) anestrus crossbred cows were treated with three standard hormonal protocols (CIDR TRIU-B, and P4 Sponge n=10 each) for induction of estrus and the findings were compared with a group of untreated anestrus cows (Blank Sponge n=10). 80 vaginal swabs were collected aseptically from each group just before insertion of Implants/Blank Sponge and at the time of Implant/Blank Sponge withdrawal for microbiological evaluation of vaginal mucosa. Total number of isolates obtained from all the swabs were 180. Out of 180 isolates, 72 (40.00%) isolates were Gram positive and 108 isolates were (60.00%) Gram-negative bacteria, indicating dominance of Gram- negative bacteria. Overall ratio of number of isolates per vaginal sample obtained in the present study was 2.25. The highest rate of isolation of bacteria per sample was recorded in the placebo group at the time of removal of placebo i.e. 2.6, followed by 2.5 by same group at the time of insertion, 2.3 at the time of TRIU-B removal, 2.2 at the time of TRIU-B insertion and P4 Sponge removal, 2.1 in CIDR at the time of removal and P4 Sponge insertion and lowest i.e. 2.0 in CIDR group at the time of insertion of implant. The frequency of single and mixed isolates observed in different groups of anestrus animals at the time of insertion and removal of implants showed predominance of mixed isolates over single isolates 63 (78.75%) vs 17 (21.25%), indicating dominance of mixed isolates over single isolates. E. coli, Staphylococcus, Proteus and Bacillus were the commonest isolates obtained before and after insertion of implants and Blank Sponge in post-partum anestrus cattle. The implant used and time/period of isolation did not alter the types of bacteria isolated.

Effect of Face Surgical Mask Application Face Skin Flora, Staphylococcus epidermedis As A Symbol

Skin flora is a group of microbiota residing normally skin, it has an important function through the preservation of skin from infection by their natural probiotics or other defending tools. This study aimed to show the effect of surgical masks wearing on skin flora, depending on Staphylococcus epidermedis as a bacterial symbol. The study was done on 20 normal individuals who are wearing surgical mask daily during their performing their normal life activities during COVID-19 global outbreak. Skin swabs before and after mask-wearing were taken from each individual from both genders equally (10 male and 10 female individuals). Bacteriological investigations were done for each swab as soon as at the private lab at Drmatology Private Clinic. These investigations were focused on staphylococcus epidermedis as bacteriological skin flora before and after mask application. Results revealed a significant reduction in bacterial numbers after wearing face masks by two genders. the bacterial count was reduced from 1x10 3 to 102 bacterial in males and the count was 1x102 to 10 cells in females. In conclusion, wearing masks was affecting skin flora on the face through the reduction of some types of bacterial skin flora,Staphylococcus epidermedis her as a sample.

Bacteriological flora of conjunctiva among pregnant women

Bacteriological flora of conjunctiva among pregnant women

Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility of neonatal sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Nepal

BackgroundNeonatal sepsis, one of the leading causes of mortality in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of developing countries like Nepal, is often not extensively studied. In order to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal sepsis, neonatologists should have a keen knowledge of the existing bacteriological flora and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. In this study, we aim to determine the bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of culture positive neonatal sepsis in the NICU of a tertiary teaching hospital in Nepal.MethodsThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study of all blood culture positive sepsis cases among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Patan Hospital, Nepal between April 15, 2014 and April 15, 2017. All neonates with a clinical suspicion of sepsis with a positive blood culture were identified. Patient demographics, clinical details, maternal risk factors, and laboratory data including bacteriological profiles and antimicrobial susceptibilities were recorded and analyzed.ResultsOf the 336 neonates admitted in the NICU, 69 (20.5%) had culture-positive sepsis. The majority were early-onset sepsis (n = 54, 78.3%) and were among the preterm babies (n = 47, 68.1%). Most bacterial isolates were gram-negative, predominantly the Klebsiella species (n = 23, 33.3%). Klebsiella showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as; Cefotaxime (90.5%), Gentamicin (75%), Ciprofloxacin (76.2%), Ofloxacin (72.2%) and Chloramphenicol (65%). However, they showed good susceptibility to Carbapenems (100%), Colistin (88.8%) and Tigecycline (81.8%). Among cultures with gram-positive species, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CONS) (n = 14, 20.3%) predominated. CONS showed high resistance to Oxacillin (80%), Cefotaxime (66.7%) and Meropenem (80%) but good susceptibility (100%) to Vancomycin and Linezolid. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant strain was 73.9%.ConclusionsKlebsiella species and CONS were the most common causes of neonatal sepsis in our study. A significant proportion of the isolates were multidrug resistant strains, which pose a great threat to neonatal survival, and thereby, warrant modification of existing empirical therapy. Implementation of effective preventive strategies to combat the emergence of antibiotic resistance is urgently needed. We recommend a combination of Piperacillin-Tazobactam and Ofloxacin as the first line therapy and combination of Vancomycin and Meropenem as the second line empirical therapy in our NICU.

Bacteriological findings in the canine uterus during Caesarean section performed due to dystocia and their correlation to puppy mortality at the time of parturition.

Canine intrauterine bacteriological flora during dystocia is unknown. Thus, frequency (bacterial growth (not) detected), quality (species and number of different bacterial isolates) and quantity (colony-forming units) of intrauterine bacteria in relation to in utero foetal death in 50 bitches undergoing emergency Caesarean section were investigated. Bacterial growth was quantified from single colonies, (+) (0.5), to strong growth, +++ (3) and was observed in 34 bitches (68%), with Staph.epidermidis (n=12), Staph. intermedius-group (n=7), β-haemolytic streptococci (n=6), Staph. aureus, α- and γ-haemolytic streptococci (n=4 each) being most common and one to four bacteria per sample. Regarding the quantity, most often (n=46) low growth was identified. In bitches with living pups only (group I), mean number of isolates was 0.78±0.83 compared to 1.60±1.10 (living + stillborn pups, group II) and 1.0±1.15 (stillborn pups only, group III) and mean bacterial growth in groups I/II/III was + (1.0, quantity), + (1.4) and ++ (1.6). Taking just positive samples into consideration, mean number of bacterial isolates was significantly higher in group II compared to I (p=.0088). We concluded that the canine uterus cannot be considered free of bacteria during dystocia. Mean numbers of different bacterial isolates and quantity of bacterial growth are higher in bitches with in utero foetal death.

A study of Neonatal Sepsis and to assess the validity of sepsis screen as a diagnostic tool

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is the leading cause of neonatal mortality in the developing world. There is an increasing incidence of drug resistance among organisms. We have tried to the sepsis profile in our nursery and to assess the validity of sepsis screen as a diagnostic tool. We have also studied the individual parameters of the screen for their strength as a diagnostic tool. Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the SCNU of MY Hospital and included 200 newborns with suspected sepsis. Sepsis Screen and Blood Cultures were done in all the babies and the results were analysed. Results: Out of the 200 patients with suspected sepsis, 150 (75%) had a positive sepsis screen whereas 102 (51%) were culture positive. Sepsis Screen was positive in 93.1% of total culture positive sepsis and in 56.1% of culture negative cases too. Thus, the Sensitivity and specificity for Septic Screen was calculated to be 93.18 and 43.88% repetitively. PPV was 63.33% and NPV was 86.0 %. Conclusion: The bacteriological flora has changed over the last 12 years and there has been a high incidence of resistance to the first live antibiotics in our Nursery. The sepsis screen has a high negative predictive value and it is recommended that negative sepsis screen should warrant discontinuation of the empirical antibiotics to prevent the unnecessary use and the emergence of drug resistant organisms.

The effect of volatile oil mixtures on the performance and ilio-caecal microflora of broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of rosemary, oregano and fennel volatile oil (FVO) supplementation on the performance and ilio-caecal bacteriological flora of broiler chickens.A total of 800 male Ross-308 broiler chickens were divided equally into 8 groups; each contained 100 chickens. The study included a control treatment (NC) with no dietary additives that was supplemented with oils according to the following 7 treatments: 200 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg (PC), 100 mg oregano volatile oil (OVO)/kg, 100 mg rosemary volatile oil (RVO)/kg, 100 mg FVO/kg and an equal mixture of oregano+rosemary+fennel VO (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, VOM-1, VOM-2 and VOM-3, respectively). The experiment lasted for 6 weeks.At the end of the experiment, dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol, oregano, rosemary and FVO and two different volatile oil mixtures (VOMs) (VOM-2; VOM-3) significantly increased the body weights (BWs) of broilers at 7, 14 and 21 d of age compared to the negative control (NC) (−) and VOM-1 groups. At 0–42 d, birds fed on VOM-3 were considerably heavier and also gained more weight than NC (−) and VOM-1 groups.The blend of VOs at 400 mg/kg significantly increased Lactobacillus spp. in faeces. The blends of oregano, rosemary and FVOs (VOM-3) at 400 mg/kg concentration and also VOM-3 group exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against coliform bacteria compared to the NC (−) group.In conclusion, the blend of oregano, rosemary and fennel VOs at higher concentrations (400 mg/kg concentration) in diets can be used to stimulate the growth and can improve the intestinal microbial balance (including a reduction of coliform bacteria and an increase in Lactobacillus spp. counts) of broiler chickens.

P44 CANDIDA INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS (IE) IN A TERTIARY REFERRAL CARDIAC SURGERY HOSPITAL IN BRAZIL FROM 2006 TO 2012

Methods: One hundred seventy clinical samples were collected from patients with different clinical conditions hospitalized in the Surgery Departments. Samples were processed and isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion method, according to the standard procedures of CLSI, using oxacillin and 5 aminoglycosides – kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin. A multiplex PCR assay was used to identify AMEsencoding genes. Results: A total of 81 (47.6%) S. aureus strains were isolated. Forty-three (53.1%) of them were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Thirty-one (38.3%) isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested aminoglycosides, and the highest incidence of resistance was to kanamycin (38.3%), followed by tobramycin (30.9%), gentamicin (29.6%), amikacin (9.9%) and finally netilmicin (8.6%). Multiplex PCR assay revealed the aac(6')-Ie+aph (2) gene encoding the bifunctional AME to be the most common, followed by the ant(4')-Ia encoding the ANT (4')-Ia enzyme, then the aph (3')-IIIa gene encoding the APH(3')-IIIa enzyme. A statistically significant agreement (p 0.001) was found between resistance to methicillin and the presence of AMEs genes. The highest level of significance was for aac(6')-Ie+aph (2) gene, followed by ant(4')-Ia, and finally, aph (3')-IIIa. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus is highly prevalent in our Surgery Departments, with high resistance to methicillin and aminoglycosides. The most prevalent gene of AMEs is aac(6')-Ie+aph (2) encoding for the bifunctional enzyme. We recommend continued surveillance of the bacteriological flora in that Department, as well as monitoring the presence of the genes encoding aminoglycoside resistance that may be produced within the S. aureus population. This will help to develop effective strategies for control and prevention.

Microbiological pattern of ear swabs in chronically discharging ears in a Tertiary Care hospital in India

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the microorganisms associated with the chronic discharging ears and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. To find the pattern in bacteriological flora and their susceptibility patterns in patients from the different parts of India. Settings and Design : Observational, retrospective study. Subjects and Methods : A total of 106 patients with unilateral or bilateral active chronic discharging ears attending the outpatient clinic or in-patients were included in the study. All patients' chart details were reviewed and history, clinical findings and microbiology reports were noted. Results : The microbiology of 106 samples (106 patients) was studied (in bilateral ear disease, information about the side from where the swab was taken, was not available). Among them, 72 (67.92%) grew a single isolate while 34 (32.07%) grew two or more organisms. Major micro-organism isolated was Pseudomonas aeruginosa 48 (30.96%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus 46 (29.676%), non-fermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) 17 (10.96), Coliforms 22 (14.20%). Drug susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa showed that Piperacillin was active against the majority of the isolates 94%, followed by Ceftazidime 83.3%, Amikacin 81.2%, Netilmicin, Tobramycin 60% and Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Aztreonam 62.5%. Most of the S. aureus isolates were susceptible to Oxacillin in 80% and Erythromycin in 43%. Conclusions : Commonest organisms isolated from chronically discharging ears were P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, with P. aeruginosa marginally more than S. aureus. When patients from north and south were segregated, majority of isolates were P. aeruginosa in south (P. aeruginosa 28, S. aureus 23), whereas S. aureus was more in north (23 S. aureus, 20 P. aeruginosa). Coliforms were isolated more in south (13 south, 9 in north), similarly, NFGNB were also more in south (11 south, 6 north). Majority of isolates of P. aeruginosa were susceptible to Piperacillin and S. aureus was susceptible to Oxacillin.

Surface bacteriology of venous leg ulcers and healing outcome

AimBacteria can be cultured from all venous leg ulcers (VLUs) regardless of healing status, and the significance of a positive swab result in non-clinically infected ulcers is unknown. The aim...

Nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients.

The care of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a primary component of modern medicine. ICUs create potential for recovery in patients who otherwise may not have survived. However, they may suffer from problems associated with of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are those which manifest in patients 48 hours after admission to hospital. Nosocomial infections are directly related to diagnostic, interventional or therapeutic procedures a patient undergoes in hospital, and are also influenced by the bacteriological flora prevailing within a particular unit or hospital. Urinary tract infections are the most frequent nosocomial infection, accounting for more than 40% of all nosocomial infections. Critical care units increasingly use high technology medicine for patient care, hemodynamic monitoring, ventilator support, hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition, and a large battery of powerful drugs, particularly antibiotics to counter infection. It is indeed a paradox that the use of high-tech medicine has brought in its wake the dangerous and all too frequent complication of nosocomial infections

Genetic differences in nutritional performance of some specific pathogen-free mice strains

Commercial specific pathogen-free (spf.) mice strains delivered to us display a common bacteriological flora which lacks ability to synthesize a heat-sensitive growth factor, contained in barley meal. Some strains such as NMRI do not need this factor in their diets, but others like C57 are completely dependent. The growth factor seems to be produced in the mouse gut in a non-spf. state. The factor is not likely to be one of the common vitamins, as these were added in excessive amounts. The results are discussed with regard to the suitability of using spf.-animals in nutritional experiments.