Antibacterial Filter Research Articles

Comparison of antibacterial properties between chitosan stabilized silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles immobilized on white silica beads

Most preparation of both silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) was relatively complicated. We proved a more straightforward method not only in the nanoparticle synthesis but also in their immobilization on the solid support. Since both the metal nanoparticles have antibacterial activities, comparing the efficacy and the preparation cost is still interesting to explore. TEM images show both colloidal chitosan stabilized-Ag NPs and ZnO NPs have dispersed and nano-size particles. The immobilized Ag NPs and ZnO NPs on white silica beads (SiG chi-Ag NPs and SiG chi-ZnO NPs) were successfully fabricated with appropriate techniques and suitable characteristics for antibacterial air filter materials. The colloidal and the immobilized metal NPs have high antibacterial properties against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. The inhibition zone diameter of SiG chi-ZnO NPs and SiG chi-Ag NPs against S. aureus and E. coli were relatively similar but needed about ten times more weight zinc than silver to kill the bacteria at a similar inhibition zone size. Silver is ten times more expensive than zinc, but it is relatively simpler to prepare SiG chi-Ag NPs than to formulate SiG chi-ZnO NPs. The cytotoxicity of silver is more than ten times higher compared to zinc cytotoxicity. Therefore, it was reasonable to substitute silver with zinc nanoparticles for antibacterial air filter material.

Preparation of antibacterial composite fiber membrane for air filtration with micro/nano structure

With the aggravation of environmental pollution and the worldwide epidemic of infectious diseases, there is a higher demand for air filtration materials to intercept fine particulate matter and capture biological pollutants. Polypropylene (PP)/polycarbonate (PC) blends were melt blown and electrospun with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on their surfaces. The PP/PC/PTFE membranes structure with micro-nanostructure was constructed through the melt-blown layer with micron structure and the electrospun layer with the nanostructure. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was loaded onto the surface of the PP/PC melt-blown layer. The synergistic effect of micro-nanostructure and CMCS can effectively capture PM2.5 and make the composite membrane have excellent antibacterial performance. The inhibition rates of PP/PC/PTFE composite membrane loaded with 5% CMCS against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reached 81.54% and 86.1%, respectively. The filtration efficiency of PP/PC/PTFE composite membrane loaded with 5% CMCS is close to 100% for 0.25 μm particles, and the average filtration efficiency for 0.200–4.596 μm and 0.200–2.500 μm particles is 97.31% and 97.27%, respectively. After washing and drying five times, the corresponding inhibition rate only lost 16.52% and 4.24%. The micro/nano structure composite membrane prepared in this study has good antibacterial performance, high filtration efficiency, good stability, and is an excellent antibacterial high efficiency air filter. It provides a new idea for the preparation of air filter fiber composites.

Tannic-Acid-Enriched Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibrous Membrane as a UV-Shie lding and Antibacterial Face Mask Filter Material.

Face masks are increasingly important in the battle against infectious diseases and air pollution. Nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) are promising filter layers for removing particulate matter (PM) without restricting air permeability. In this study, tannic-acid-enriched poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA-TA) NFMs were fabricated by electrospinning PVA solutions containing large amounts of tannic acid (TA), a multifunctional polyphenol compound. We were able to prepare uniform electrospinning solution without coacervate formation by inhibiting the robust hydrogen bonding between PVA and TA. Notably, the NFM maintained its fibrous structure even under moist conditions after heat treatment without the use of a cross-linking agent. Further, the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the PVA NFM were improved by the introduction of TA. The functional PVA NFM with a high TA content showed excellent UV-shielding (UV-A: 95.7%, UV-B: 100%) and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (inhibition zone: 8.7 ± 1.2 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zone: 13.7 ± 0.6 mm). Moreover, the particle filtration efficiency of the PVA-TA NFM for PM0.6 particles was 97.7% at 32 L min-1 and 99.5% at 85 L min-1, indicating excellent filtration performance and a low pressure drop. Therefore, the TA-enriched PVA NFM is a promising mask filter layer material with excellent UV-blocking and antibacterial properties and has the potential for various practical applications.

Antibacterial biodegradable nanofibrous membranes by hybrid needleless electrospinning for high-efficiency particulate matter removal

Particulate matters (PMs) seriously threaten people’s health. Nanofibrous filters exhibit the great potential to stop PMs from being breathed into the respiratory system. Here, cellulose acetate/quaternary chitosan (CA/Q-CS) composite nanofibrous membranes were fabricated via a novel hybrid needleless electrospinning technique. The first layer of the CA nanofibrous membrane was generated as the supporting part by a rotary cylinder spinneret, while the second layer of the Q-CS nanofibrous membrane was fabricated via a rotary coil spinneret. The aggregate structure transition from 2D to 3D could be regulated by controlling the repulsive gap between two spinnerets. The CA/Q-CS composite nanofibrous air filter has a high filtration efficiency (96.4% for PM0.3, 99.9% for PM1.0, and 100% for PM2.5), and low air resistance (48 Pa). Meanwhile, these nanofibrous air filters exhibit excellent biodegradability in various environments and high antibacterial performance (98.27 ± 0.45% for E. coli, 98.65 ± 0.26% for S. aureus). This work provides a novel thought for the industrial production of biodegradable and antibacterial nanofibrous high-performance air filters.

Silk fibroin fibers-based shape memory membrane with Janus wettability for multitiered wearable protection.

An alternating electrospinning-electrospraying technology was proposed to achieve a silk fibroin-based antibacterial membrane with Janus wettability, as well as good skin affinity and breathability, which serves well as physical and bio-barriers for water resistance, PM2.5 filtration (~98.1%) and bacteria inhibition (efficiency of 95%). This shape memory Janus membrane can adapt mechanically to human body curvatures for functional wearable protections. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43578-022-00805-w.

Calcium alginate gels-functionalized polyurethane foam decorated with silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent for point-of-use water disinfection

This paper reports the preparation of calcium alginate gels-functionalized PUF decorated with AgNPs (CA/PUF@Ag) by in situ reduction of Ag+ ions to form AgNPs with weakly reducing glycerol in CA/PUF composite. The water-adsorbing capacity, chemical structure, crystalline nature, elemental composition and morphologies of the composite were characterized. The Ag release behavior of CA/PUF@Ag was investigated. The inhibition zone test, time-dependent co-culture assay, test tube test, and antibacterial filtration experiment with Escherichia coli as an indicator of bacterial contamination were conducted to explore the antimicrobial efficacy. Results indicated that the CA/PUF@Ag prepared at 0.25 % w/v of SA could absorb more water with a higher swelling ratio of 8.0 g/g than that of PUF@Ag (6.0 g/g), which was subsequently squeezed by minimal pressure stimuli. The CA/PUF@Ag had a larger initial AgNPs loading amount (8.48 mg/g), lower Ag release concentration (44.35 μg/L) and lower Ag release rate (0.27 %) after 14 days tests than those of PUF@Ag (7.93 mg/g, 80.87 μg/L and 0.60 % respectively). The CA/PUF@Ag was highly reusable because bacterial cells in the squeezed water recovered from the composite were completely inactivated over five cycles of operation, and exhibited good antibacterial efficacy as an antibacterial filter in a flow test.

Do antibacterial or antiviral filters protect operating room staff by preventing COVID-19 virus spread from cardiopulmonary bypass machine during open hear surgeries? A case report

Open heart surgeries are inevitable during pandemic and there is the possibility of corona virus transmission through oxygenated exhaust during cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP). In this study, researchers try to test the hypothesis by placing an antiviral and antibacterial filter in the air outlet of the oxygenator in order to prevent spread of COVID-19 virus in operating room. The COVID-19 positive patient needed emergency open-heart surgery due to her critical situation. The patient was under cardiopulmonary bypass for almost two hours. Antibacterial and antiviral filters were placed in oxygenator outlet. At the end of the procedure, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) swab was taken from both sides of the filter. The result of the test behind the filter was positive, but at the other side of the filter was negative. This may suggest, the exhaust air from the oxygenator can spread viruses into the room and the antibacterial and antiviral filters may be able to prevent operating room contamination. The installation of filter in the oxygenator exhaust can prevent the spread of COVID-19 viruses into the operating room air. Using this cheap and affordable method, operating room staff safety can be assured.

Electrospun Polycaprolactone/ZnO Nanocomposite Membranes with High Antipathogen Activity.

The spread of bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases by airborne aerosol flows poses a serious threat to human health, so the development of highly effective antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral filters to protect the respiratory system is in great demand. In this study, we developed ZnO-modified polycaprolactone nanofibers (PCL-ZnO) by treating the nanofiber surface with plasma in a gaseous mixture of Ar/CO2/C2H4 followed by the deposition of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The structure and chemical composition of the composite fibers were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, and XPS methods. We demonstrated high material stability. The mats were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi and demonstrated high antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Photothermal Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Polydopamine-Coated Halloysite Nanotubes as Antibacterial Air Filters

Photothermal Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Polydopamine-Coated Halloysite Nanotubes as Antibacterial Air Filters

The Effectiveness of the Microbial Barrier Knitted Homemade Facemasks

ABSTRACT Facemasks significantly reduce the dispersion of respiratory droplets that potentially carry the virus (COVID-19) when a person speaks, coughs or sneezes. Double jersey knitted fabrics made of cotton, Tencel and Viscose were made and designed. This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of single-layer and double-layer knitted masks by the microbial barrier permeability method. This method was used in a targeted manner because Bacillus Bacteria with a size of 0.5 µm in diameter is used to determine the permeability of the microbial barrier, which includes aerosol particles and approaches the size of the virus of 0.1 µm in diameter. The permeability results of the microbial barrier are presented concerning the number of layers and the raw material composition. Porosity (%) was also deter-mined based on microscopic images. The results of the microbial barrier effectiveness test showed an ineffective microbial barrier for 1 layer of the knitted fabric. However, stacking the mesh in 2 layers in-creased the microbial barrier efficiency by 70%. Functional design, combining layers of fabric and insertion of a previously developed antibacterial tencel nonwoven filter enables complete imper-meability to microorganisms, i.e. an effective microbial barrier.

Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects of Ag, Cu and Zn Metals, Respective Nanoparticles and Filter Materials Thereof against Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus.

Due to the high prevalence of infectious diseases and their concurrent outbreaks, there is a high interest in developing novel materials with antimicrobial properties. Antibacterial and antiviral properties of a range of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising means to fight airborne diseases caused by viruses and bacteria. The aim of this study was to test antimicrobial metals and metal-based nanoparticles efficacy against three viruses, namely influenza A virus (H1N1; A/WSN/1933) and coronaviruses TGEV and SARS-CoV-2; and two bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The efficacy of ZnO, CuO, and Ag NPs and their respective metal salts, i.e., ZnSO4, CuSO4, and AgNO3, was evaluated in suspensions, and the compounds with the highest antiviral efficacy were chosen for incorporation into fibers of cellulose acetate (CA), using electrospinning to produce filter materials for face masks. Among the tested compounds, CuSO4 demonstrated the highest efficacy against influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 (1 h IC50 1.395 mg/L and 0.45 mg/L, respectively), followed by Zn salt and Ag salt. Therefore, Cu compounds were selected for incorporation into CA fibers to produce antiviral and antibacterial filter materials for face masks. CA fibers comprising CuSO4 decreased SARS-CoV-2 titer by 0.38 logarithms and influenza A virus titer by 1.08 logarithms after 5 min of contact; after 1 h of contact, SARS-COV-2 virus was completely inactivated. Developed CuO- and CuSO4-based filter materials also efficiently inactivated the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The metal NPs and respective metal salts were potent antibacterial and antiviral compounds that were successfully incorporated into the filter materials of face masks. New antibacterial and antiviral materials developed and characterized in this study are crucial in the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and beyond.

Development of Environmentally Friendly Biocidal Coatings Based on Water-soluble Copolymers for Air-cleaning Filters.

Air pollution by pathogens has posed serious concern on global health during the last decades, especially since the breakout of the last pandemic. Therefore, advanced high-efficiency techniques for air purification are highly on demand. However, in air-filtering devices, the prevention of secondary pollution that may occur on the filters remains a challenge. Toward this goal, in the present work, we demonstrate a facile and eco-friendly process for the biocidal treatment of commercial high-efficiency particulate air filters. The antibacterial filters were successfully prepared through spray coating of aqueous solutions based on biocidal water-soluble polymers, poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate-co-cetyl trimethylammonium 4-styrene sulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) [P(SSNa24-co-SSAmC1656-co-GMA20)] and poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate. Significantly, an optimized green route was developed for the synthesis of the used polymers in aqueous conditions and their stabilization through cross-linking reaction, leading to biocidal air filters with long-lasting activity. The developed coatings presented strong and rapid antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (in 5 min) and Escherichia coli (in 15 min). Moreover, the cytotoxicity test of the polymeric materials toward Α549 lung adenocarcinoma cells indicated very low toxicity as they did not affect either the cell growth or cell morphology. The above-mentioned results together with the scalable and easy-to-produce green methodology suggest that these materials can be promising candidates as filter coatings for use on air-purification devices.

Long-term Photo-degradation of Nanofibrous Composites Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Electrospun Fibers Loaded with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Composite mats based on submicron biopolyester fibers, such as poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been exploited in medicine and environmental areas, as antibacterial wound dressings or filters. Generally, the resulting mats have to be subjected to UV irradiation in order to promote the formation of reactive oxygen species, thus activating the antimicrobial or photocatalytic effect of ZnO. Therefore, investigation related to the influence of ZnO on poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s photo-degradation is required. In this context, the present paper addresses the long-term photo-degradation of nanofibrous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/ZnO composites derived from two complementary electro-hydrodynamic techniques, namely electrospinning or electrospinning/electrospraying tandem processes. A thorough investigation of the as-obtained PHB/ZnO fibrous composites implying the utilization of ATR-FTIR, SEC, and SEM analysis pre- and post-aging under UV irradiation (313 nm) for a period of time of 500 h to study the effect of electro-hydrodynamic technique utilized and the ZnO content on the UV shielding properties of PHB mats.

Advanced Face Mask Filters Based on PCL Electrospun Meshes Dopped with Antimicrobial MgO and CuO Nanoparticles.

The pandemic situation caused by coronavirus clearly demonstrated the need for alternatives able to protect the respiratory tract and inactivate the infectious agents. Based on this, antibacterial face-mask filters of polycaprolactone (PCL) dopped with magnesium oxide (MgO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were produced using an electrospinning technique. A morphological analysis of electrospun meshes evaluated the success of nanoparticles’ incorporation as well as the average fibers’ diameters (481 ± 272 nm). The performance of electrospun nanofibers was also assessed in terms of tensile strength (0.88 ± 0.25 MPa), water vapor permeability (11,178.66 ± 35.78 g·m−2·day−1), stability under wet conditions and antibacterial activity according to the standard guidelines. The filters showed structural stability up to 2 h of washing and improved antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) for optimized concentrations of MgO and CuO NPs. Overall, electrospun meshes with antibacterial activity were successfully developed for advanced filtering applications.

Assessment of the effect of the COVID-19 health crisis on the aerobic capacities of healthy patients

Objectifs : Mesurer l’impact de la crise sanitaire liée au SARS-CoV-2 sur les capacités aérobies des patients sains à partir de la mesure du VO2 max et du VO2 au premier seuil ventilatoire (SV1). Mesurer l’impact de l’introduction du filtre antibactérien sur le dispositif de mesure des paramètres ventilatoires.Matériel et Méthodes : A partir d’une étude multicentrique (Angers et Cholet), observationnelle et rétrospective, nous souhaitons analyser l’effet des mesures de confinement et l’arrêt des compétitions sportives sur la mesure du VO2 max chez des patients sains.Pour chaque patient, seront recueillies : la valeur brute du VO2 max et indexée au poids du patient, ainsi que son pourcentage par rapport à la valeur théorique attendue, la valeur de la VO2 au premier seuil ventilatoire indexée au poids et les paramètres cardiorespiratoires habituels (FC max, FR max, VE max, QR max). Deux échantillons seront analysés : les patients n’ayant réalisé qu’une seule EFX (échantillon « indépendant ») et les patients avec plusieurs EFX successives sur trois ans (échantillon « apparié »). L’impact du filtre-antibactérien, utilisé dans l’un des services de Médecine du Sport, sera étudié comme question secondaire. Les analyses statistiques ont été effectuées avec le logiciel IBM SPSS 26. Pour tous les tests statistiques, une valeur de p < 0,05 a été utilisée en test bilatéral comme critère de significativitéRésultats : Il existe une différence significative sur la valeur de VO2 max et du SV1 à la fois dans le groupe « indépendant » (VO2 max : 36.72 vs 35.08 mL/kg/min, p = 0.014 – SV1 : 21.03 vs 19.25 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001) et dans le groupe « apparié » (VO2 max : 2.76 vs 2.64 L/min, p = 0.037 - SV1 : 1.55 vs 1.38 L/min, p = 0.001), plus marqué chez les patients de plus de 60 ans. L’impact du filtre antibactérien ne montre pas d’impact particulier au sein de l’échantillon « indépendant ». Au sein de l’échantillon « apparié », la différence d’âge significative ne permet pas de conclure sur le filtre antibactérien mais l’exclusion des patients de plus de 60 ans fait disparaître la significativité des résultats.

Antibacterial Capability of Air Filter Fiber Materials Treated with Triclosan against Indoor Environmental Microbes

Antibacterial filtration materials have been used effectively to control biological pollutants and purify indoor air. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial capability of three fiber filter materials treated with triclosan: glass fiber (GF), non-woven fabric (NF) and chemical fiber (CF). Triclosan was loaded onto the filtration materials by the impregnation method. The triclosan-treated filter materials exhibited antibacterial zones obviously: the average antibacterial bands against E. coli were 11.8 mm (GF), 13.3 mm (NF) and 10.5 mm (CF); against S. albus, they were 25.5 mm (GF), 21.0 mm (NF) and 23.5 mm (CF). The percent reductions of bacteria for the antibacterial air fiber materials treated with triclosan against E. coli were 71.4% (CF) and 62.6% (GF), while the percent reductions against S. albus were 61.3% (NF) and 84.6% (CF). These findings could help to reduce the transmission and threat of epidemic and purify the environment through the use of environmentally friendly antibacterial filter fibers.

Doping metal–organic framework composites to antibacterial air filter development for quality control of indoor air

AbstractBuilding airtightness for acquiring greater energy efficiency have impacted indoor air quality. The control of pollution requires air filtration. Bioaerosols serve as an essential quality indicator of indoor air. The contamination of bioaerosols is a filtration barrier. The present study proposes a novel metal–organic framework (MOFs) antimicrobial air filter. This study is the first to employ Ag/MOFs/IMI in order to build an air filter for the deactivation and removal of indoor airborne microbes. The media of the Ag/MOFs/IMI/EPA filter was fabricated using the dip‐coating of Ag/MOFs/IMI by imidazole and silver NPs. The deactivation and removal efficiency of the Ag/MOFs/IMI/EPA filter was assessed by bioaerosols, including “Escherichia coli” (E. coli) and “Staphylococcus aureus” (S. aureus) within a closed‐loop chamber at the RH degrees of 30% and 70%. The findings suggested that the Ag/MOFs/IMI filter's removal efficiency by nearly 17.88% without significant increase in pressure drop in comparison to the raw EPA filter for the bioaerosol of S. aureus. Furthermore, the Ag/MOFs/IMI filter media's deactivation efficiency under 3% loading was obtained to be 95.62% ± 1.2% and 99.4% ± 3.25% for the bioaerosol of S. aureus at an RH of 30% and 70%, respectively. Moreover, the E. coli deactivation efficiency under an Ag/MOFs/IMI loading of 1% was found to be 68.33% ± 1.98% and 96.27% ± 3.04% for an RH of 30% and 70%, respectively. The findings indicated the Ag/MOFs/IMI filter's media to be able to effectively inactivate bioaerosols and prevent their spread from the air filter into the indoor place. Furthermore, these findings provide a pioneer contribution to the antibacterial quality development of commercial filters.

CuO-Coated Antibacterial and Antiviral Car Air-Conditioning Filters.

The demand for improved indoor air quality, especially during the pandemic of Covid-19, has led to renewed interest in antiviral and antibacterial air-conditioning systems. Here, air filters of vehicles made of nonwoven polyester filter media were sonochemically coated with CuO nanoparticles by a roll-to-roll coating method. The product, aimed at providing commuters with high air quality, showed good stability and mechanical properties and potent activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, H1N1 influenza, and two SARS-CoV-2 variants. The filtering properties of a coated filter were tested, and they were similar to those of the uncoated filter. Leaching tests as a function of airflow were conducted, and the main outcome was that the coating was stable and particles were not detached from the coated media. Extension to other air-conditioning systems was straightforward.

Sustainable Antibacterial and Antiviral High-Performance Copper-Coated Filter Produced via Ion Beam Treatment.

With the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), disease prevention has become incredibly important. Consequently, mask and air-purifier use has increased. The filter is the core component of these items. However, most filter materials lack antimicrobial properties. Copper is a sustainable antimicrobial material. When copper is deposited onto the filter’s surface, the microorganisms that come into contact with it can be effectively inactivated. In this study, we used an oxygen ion beam with a controlled process temperature to treat filter surfaces with copper. This enabled a strong adhesion of at least 4 N/cm between the copper and the filter fibers without damaging them. Upon exposing the filter to bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) for one hour, a >99.99% removal rate was attained; when the filter was exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus for one hour, it inactivated more than 99%. These beneficial properties minimize the risk of secondary infections, which are significantly more likely to occur when a conventional filter is replaced or removed.

Glycosylated MoS2 Sheets for Capturing and Deactivating E. coli Bacteria: Combined Effects of Multivalent Binding and Sheet Size

AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) holds great promise for antibacterial applications owing to its strong photothermal performance and biocompatibility. Most of its antibacterial explorations have sought enhanced antibacterial potency through designing new hybrid inorganic materials, the relationship between its physiochemical properties and antibacterial activities has yet to be explored. This work is the first to investigate the combination effects of different sized and functionalized MoS2 sheets on their antibacterial activities. The bacterial capture abilities of 3 µm mannosylated, galactosylated, and glucosylated sheets, as well as 300 nm mannosylated sheets, all with similar sugar densities, are compared. Only mannosylated MoS2 sheets are found to agglutinate normal Escherichia coli (E. coli) and large mannosylated MoS2 sheets show the strongest E. coli agglutination. Despite slightly weaker photothermal performance under near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, large mannosylated MoS2 sheets exhibit higher antibacterial activity than the smaller sheets. By much stronger specific multivalent binding, large sheets capture E. coli more efficiently and compensate for their reduced photothermal activity. Besides providing a facile approach to eliminate E. coli bacteria, these findings offer valuable guidance for future development of 2D nanomaterial‐based antibacterial agents and filter holder materials, where large‐functionalized sheets can capture and eliminate bacteria powerfully.