Bacterial Inhibition Zone Research Articles

Utilization of experimental design in the formulation and optimization of hyaluronic acid–based nanoemulgel loaded with a turmeric–curry leaf oil nanoemulsion for gingivitis

Numerous problems affect oral health, and intensive research is focused on essential oil–based nanoemulsions that might treat prevent or these problems. Nanoemulsions are delivery systems that enhance the distribution and solubility of lipid medications to targeted locations. Turmeric (Tur)- and curry leaf oil (CrO)–based nanoemulsions (CrO-Tur-self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems [SNEDDS]) were developed with the goal of improving oral health and preventing or treating gingivitis. They could be valuable because of their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory capabilities. CrO-Tur-SNEDDS formulations were produced using the response surface Box-Behnken design with different concentrations of CrO (120, 180, and 250 mg), Tur (20, 35, and 50 mg), and Smix 2:1 (400, 500, and 600 mg). The optimized formulation had a bacterial growth inhibition zone of up to 20 mm, droplet size of less than 140 nm, drug-loading efficiency of 93%, and IL-6 serum levels of between 950 ± 10 and 3000 ± 25 U/ml. The optimal formulation, which contained 240 mg of CrO, 42.5 mg of Tur, and 600 mg of Smix 2:1, was created using the acceptable design. Additionally, the best CrO-Tur-SNEDDS formulation was incorporated into a hyaluronic acid gel, and thereafter it had improved ex-vivo transbuccal permeability, sustained in-vitro release of Tur, and large bacterial growth suppression zones. The optimal formulation loaded into an emulgel had lower levels of IL-6 in the serum than the other formulations evaluated in rats. Therefore, this investigation showed that a CrO-Tur-SNEDDS could provide strong protection against gingivitis caused by microbial infections.

Antibacterial intraosseous implant surface coating that responds to changes in the bacterial microenvironment.

Bone implant-associated infection is one of the most challenging problems encountered by orthopedic surgeons. There is considerable interest in the development of drug-loaded antibacterial coatings for the surfaces of metal implants. However, it is difficult to achieve the stable local release of an effective drug dose for many antibacterial coatings. In the present study, analyses of the thickness and water contact angle of multiple layers confirmed the successful assembly of multilamellar membrane structures. Measurement of the zone of bacterial inhibition indicated gradual degradation of the (montmorillonite [MMT]/hyaluronic acid [HA])10 multilamellar film structure with concentration-dependent degradation during incubation with hyaluronidase solution and Staphylococcus aureus. In vivo results resembled the in vitro results. Overall, the findings confirm that the (MMT/HA-rifampicin)10 multilamellar film structure exhibits good antibacterial properties and excellent biocompatibility. Further studies of the clinical potential of the antibacterial coating prepared in this experiment are warranted.

Test of Inhibitory Power of Virgin Coconut Oil and Olive Oil From Various Brands Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria, and The Review According to Islamic Prespective

Infectious disease is a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. One of the bacteria that can cause infection is Staphylococcus aureus. Along with an increase in bacterial resistance, one of which is caused by the inappropriate use of antibiotics, it reduces the effectiveness and performance of treatment methods. Alternative medicine can use pure coconut oil (virgin coconut oil) which contains lauric acid as an antibacterial and olive oil which contains oleuropein as an antibacterial. Experimental research using the Kirby Bauer diffusion disc method by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The materials tested were various types of pure coconut oil and olive oil on the market with 50%, 75% and 100% inhibition zones. In the inhibition test of virgin coconut oil and olive oil, the bacterial inhibition zone was only found at a concentration of 100%, while at a concentration of 50% and 75% there was no bacterial inhibition of the two tested materials. The conclusion is that there is an effect of virgin coconut oil and olive oil on the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of 100%.

Screening assessment of antibacterial activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus marsсhallianus Willd. and Pimpinella anisum L. essential oils against uropathogens, isolated from pregnant women

Plant essential oils of certain genera and species are important sources of antimicrobial substances.The goal of this study was a screening assessment of antibacterial activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus marsсhallianus Willd. and Pimpinella anisum L. essential oils against opportunistic gram-negative uropathogens. The essential oils were obtained by steam hydrodistillation, and the screening assessment of their antibacterial activity was performed by the disk diffusion method. Two standard species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) and 6 clinical strains (1 — P. aeruginosa, 5 — E. coli), isolated from the pregnant women with infections of the urinary passages, were used as the test bacterial cultures. The study determined that T. marsсhallianus Willd. and T. serpyllum L. essential oils possess strong inhibitory action on all test cultures until the absence of the bacterial lawn. P. anisum L. essential oil did not show antibacterial activity against all test strains, no zones of visible bacterial growth inhibition were formed. T. serpyllum L. and T. marsсhallianus Willd. essential oils are promising antibacterial agents against uropathogens of the species P. aeruginosa and E. coli.

The effect of vanillin nanoparticles on antimicrobial and mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive.

To evaluate the effect of adding vanillin nanoparticles on the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of the orthodontic adhesive. Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA) was modified with 1% and 2% vanillin nanoparticles. The chemical composition and degree of chemical conversion in orthodontic adhesive before and after adding vanillin nanoparticles to orthodontic adhesive were measured using Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Mechanical properties of unmodified orthodontic adhesive (UMOA) and 1% and 2% vanillin-modified orthodontic adhesive (VMOA) were assessed in shear bond strength (SBS) and tensile bond strength (TBS). The antimicrobial properties were evaluated using a Mueller-Hinton plate swapped with streptococcus mutans. The zone of bacterial inhibition for UMOA, 1% VMOA, and 2% VMOA was measured. Descriptive statistics, multiple comparisons, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Duncan's test were used to compare among the results. FTIR showed no chemical conversion of 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA. There was significant streptococcus mutans growth inhibition in 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA compared to UMOA. No significant difference in streptococcus mutans growth inhibition in 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA. The SBS decreased significantly in 1% VMOA compared to UMOA. In addition, SBS decreased insignificantly when comparing 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA. TBS significantly reduced in 2% VMOA compared with UMOA. In addition, there was no significant difference in TBS between UMOA and 1% VMOA, and 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA, respectively. The 1% VMOA has improved antimicrobial properties and kept mechanical properties of orthodontic adhesive within the acceptable level.

A biopolymer functionalized two-dimensional WS2@TiO2 nanocomposite for in vitro biomedical and photocatalytic applications: facile synthesis and characterization.

Organic dyes and microorganisms in industrial wastewater have harmed both the environment and human health. In this present study, the in vitro biological and photocatalytic properties of a synthesized biogenic chitosan functionalized WS2@TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite (NC) are investigated. The chitosan-functionalized WS2@TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite (NC) was synthesized hydrothermally. Its microstructure and compositional properties were studied. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) was evaluated. The NC exhibits the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae at bacterial inhibition zones of 27 mm. It also showed remarkable anticancer effects in MCF-7 cells (cell inhibition of 74% at 100 μg mL-1). The biocompatibility of the composite was tested against the Vero (kidney epithelial) cell line. The results suggest that the NC had no obvious cytotoxicity. Also, the NC showed good photocatalytic performance (degradation rate of 89.43% at 150 min; K = 0.0175 min-1). The results suggest that chitosan functionalized WS2@TiO2 NCs are a potential candidate for biological and environmental applications.

Formulation and Physical Stability Test Preparation of Anti-Acne Gel Extract of Tebu Leaves (Saccharum officinarum (Linn) as Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus Epidermis

Increased processing of Tebu as sugar causes the resulting waste, namely the shoots of Tebu leaves. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds in Tebu are reported to have strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutation and tyrosine inhibitor activities. Infectious diseases are diseases caused by the presence of pathogenic microbes, one of which causes infection, namely bacteria. Utilization of Tebu waste is expected to produce alternative products in the form of antibacterial preparations, especially anti-acne. Staphylococcus epidermis is one of the bacteria that causes infection on skin with acne. This study aims to determine the physical stability of the preparation Tebu leaf extract anti acne gel and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus Epidermis bacteria. Methods: This research design is an experimental method, making Tebu leaves extract by weighing as much as 400 grams of fine powder of Tebu leaves then put in a maceration container, closed then added 70% 2 liters of ethanol until completely submerged and stored for 24 hours protected from direct sunlight while stirring occasionally. Then filtered, separated the dregs and filtrate. The dregs were re-extracted with the same amount of new 70% ethanol for 2 days. The obtained 70% ethanol filtrate was evaporated to obtain a thick extract using a Vacuum Rotary Evaporator. Tebu leaves extract gel was made at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and an antibacterial test was carried out using the well diffusion method. Results: The results of the physical stability test of the acne extract cream showed that the results met the requirements both in terms of pH, dispersion test, homogeneity. The results of the antibacterial test of Tebu leaves extract showed the presence of a zone of bacterial inhibition which was indicated by the presence of a clear area around the well. Conclusion: The results of the evaluation showed that the Tebu leaves extract gel met the requirements for the physical quality of the gel preparation, both organoleptic, pH, viscosity, adhesion, and spreadability. Tebu leaves extract gel was able to inhibit the growth of S. epidermis bacteria with the best concentration in 3rd formula, consentration 15% Tebu leaves extract gel.

Effect of Steam Distillation Time on Antimicrobial Activity of Kaffir Lime Hydrosol to Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

This study was conducted in order to investigate the antimicrobial activity of kaffir lime hydrosol produced from steam distillation at different times to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The study measured the antimicrobial activity of kaffir lime hydrosol produced from steam distillation at different times against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria. Hydrosols were obtained from steam distillation time of 4, 6 and 8 hours. Antimicrobial activity was represented by the clear zone in the disk-diffusion method. The clear zone on the paper disk indicates the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone. Testing for the strength of inhibition was done using paper disks. The largest diameter of the zone of inhibition was found in the hydrosol of kaffir lime oil obtained from 6 hours of distillation time, amounting to 0.783 cm in gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and 0.73 cm in gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). Hydrosol of kaffir lime oil with variation in distillation times proved resistant to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Antimicrobial and Ion-exchange Properties of Layered KHSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Compounds Prepared Using Amorphous Silicon Dioxide (a-SiO<sub>2</sub>) Blocks

A layered silicate, KHSi2O5, was synthesized via a hydrothermal method using an amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) block, which is industrial waste. This layered silicate was used as a host compound for ion-exchange reactions with Ag+ and Cu2+ ions, and the antibacterial properties of the ion-exchanged compounds were investigated. The crystal structures of the compounds were retained during the ion-exchange reaction; however, in the case of Cu2+, a small amount of Cu(OH)2 coexisted. The M/Si (where M is Ag or Cu) ratios of the ion-exchanged compounds were 0.03 - 0.50 and 0.01 - 0.32 for M = Ag and Cu, respectively. The antibacterial activity was analyzed by the inhibition zone method using two standard model bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus,gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (E. coli, gram-negative). The Ag-KHSi2O5 and Cu-KHSi2O5 samples showed good antibacterial activity owing to the release of Ag+ and Cu2+ ions from their host silicates. Here, the antibacterial activity of each sample were compared by relative antibacterial activity which was calculated based on the bacterial inhibition zone area. The antibacterial activity of Ag-KHSi2O5 against S. aureus was higher than that against E. coli, whereas the antibacterial activity of Cu-KHSi2O5 against S. aureus was lower than that against E. coli.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BAYAM MERAH (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus & Eschericia coli

Red spinach has function as skin antiseptic. It has antibacterial activity because it contains compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The purpose of formulation and test of antibacterial activity of hand sanitizer gel preparation red spinach extract and evaluation of physical quality of hand sanitizer. Antibacterial activity test was measured by diffusion method using paper disk to measuring the diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zone of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Concentration extract ethanol of leaf red spinach (and formula of hand sanitizer gel used (F1) blanco; (F2) 5%; (F3) 10%; (F4) 20% and (F5) control positive/detol. Evaluation of physical properties of hand sanitizer gel include of: homogeneity test, stability test and pH test. The results has found showed that antibacterial activity test of gel extract leaves red spinach (on Escherichia coli inhibited at without extract/blanco was 0 mm, concentration of 5% with diameter of inhibit was 14,99 mm, concentration of 10% with diameter of inhibit was 17,26 mm, concentration of 20% with diameter of inhibit was 18,26 mm and using control positive was 19.33. And then for bacteri Staphylococcus aures at concentration of without extract/blanco was 0 mm, 5% with diameter of inhibit was 15,5 mm, concentration of 10% with diameter of inhibit was 15,96 mm and concentration of 20% with diameter of inhibit was 17,43 mm and using control positive was 18.33 mm. So we can conclude that hand sanitizer gel of leaf red spinach have less inhibited growth against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Newly Prepared Calcium Oxide Based Nanosealer Using Agar Diffusion Test


 Aim of the study: The antimicrobial activity of a root canal sealer can increase the success rate of endodontic treatments. The key of antimicrobial properties of calcium based sealers laid in their composition and alkalinity. The invention and applications of newer materials are quintessential in every field especially in endodontics. This reality has led to growing interest in the use of biomaterials products that comprised of both mineral and organic components as those in the teeth. This study was performed to assess the antibacterial activity of newly prepared calcium oxide based nanosealer and compare the result with BioRoot sealer
 Materials and methods: The CaO nanopowder was firstly prepared from calcinated cowrie seashell using ball milling and ultrasonic irradiation methods, and then the CaO nanopowder was used as the main component in the preparation of an experimental nanosealer powder part. After several pilot studies, the final formula for the prepared sealer that gave the best clinical sealer consistency and properties within the limits of ANSI/ADA Specification No.57/2012 was as the following. The powder part consists mainly of nano CaO (44%) in addition to glutamic amino acid, zirconium oxide (20nm), and silica oxide (15-20) nm, while the liquid part consists mainly from distilled water in addition to propylene glycol. The Antimicrobial activity of the prepared sealer was evaluated by agar diffusion test against E.faecalis and E.faecium, after 1, 2, 3, and 7 days of incubation at 37˚C. Zone of bacterial inhibition was measured and analyzed statistically using Independent sample t – test at (p=0.05) levels.

Different Concentrations of Honey's Antimicrobial Activity Against ‎Staphylococcus Aureus by HPLC Determination

Honey has been used in ancient times as a treatment. It is used for healing wounds and also can be used as antiseptic to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. The aim of this study was to examine the activity of honey as a bactericidal and bacteriostatic and to measure the most active compounds of honey with highly bacterial inhibition zone using HPLC technique. In this experiment and the honey was used to check whether the honey can be used as an antimicrobial agent or not. First by well diffusion method is done by adding different concentrations of honey (25, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, microliter). Th results showed a little inhibition zone for the three types of honey but in different size for each type. The industrial honey showed the largest effect. Different concentrations were used (10 %, 30 % 50%). The antibiotic sensitivity was applied, the result showed only two resistant antibiotics (Azithromycin and Erythromycin). The concentration of Catalase, Amylase, Invertase, Glucose oxidase in honey tested by HPLC and showed the concentration of each substance cons of catalase = (32877 ÷ 170253 ) x 20 = 3.862 u/ml; cons of amylase = (136985 ÷ 180849) x 20 = 15.149 u/ml; cons of Invertase = (58466 ÷ 193624) x 20 = 6.039 u/ml; cons of glucose peroxide = (105204 ÷ 163245) x 20 =12.889 u/ml. Moreover, the presence of gluconic acid ‘Organic acid’ gives the honey its acidic characteristic which is about 3.2 pH.

Modification of glass-ionomer cement properties by quaternized chitosan-coated nanoparticles

Glass ionomers (GICs), because of their qualities, are in a good position to be modified to resist masticatory stresses as permanent posterior restoration and prevent recurrent caries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding quaternized chitosan-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HTCC@MSNs) to conventional GIC on its mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity and fluoride release and the effect of 1- and 3-month water aging on the studied properties. HTCC@MSNs was synthesized, added to commercially available conventional GIC at 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight forming three experimental groups and compared with plain GIC as a control group. Flexural strength, modulus, Vickers microhardness and wear volumes were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was tested against Streptococcus mutans and fluoride release in de-ionized water was measured. All properties were evaluated before and after one- and three-month aging (n = 10 specimens per test/per time). Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Characterization confirmed successful preparation of HTCC@MSNs. The flexural strength, modulus, hardness and wear resistance of the GICs improved significantly by adding 1–3% HTCC@MSNs, while 5% HTCC@MSNs group showed no significant difference compared to control group. Bacterial inhibition zones and fluoride release increased proportionally to the amount of filler added. Mechanical properties were improved by artificial aging. Fluoride release values, and bacterial inhibition zones decreased with aging for all groups. HTCC@MSNs as a filler with the optimized proportion provides strengthening and antibacterial effect. In addition, aging is an important factor to be considered in evaluating experimental fillers.

Synthesis and characterisation of Fe3O4/MWCNT/ZnO nanocomposites covered by a soft template as a new antibacterial agent

This study successfully developed a new antibacterial agent based on Fe3O4/MWCNT/ZnO nanocomposites prepared using diethylamine as a soft template. The prepared samples were characterised using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and antibacterial tests by the diffusion method. The results of the data analysis showed that Fe3O4/MWCNT/ZnO nanocomposites were composed of Fe3O4, MWCNT, ZnO with inverse cubic spinel, hexagonal, and hexagonal wurtzite structures, respectively. The nanocomposite particles tended to agglomerate and their size decreased with increasing volume of added diethylamine in the range of ∼23–26 nm. The nanocomposites remain stable even after being stored for more than 3 years. The nanocomposites had superparamagnetic properties with saturation magnetisation values of 24 to 31 emu g−1 and band gap values of 2.96 to 2.99 eV. The diameters of the bacterial inhibition zone of the nanocomposites were 12.57–20.38 mm, 14.25–17.25 mm, and 14.63–16.38 mm against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis, respectively. Therefore, the combination of Fe3O4, MWCNT, ZnO, and diethylamine with natural base materials such as iron sand has good potential to develop new antibacterial agents.

Evaluation of antibacterial and mechanical features of dental adhesives containing colloidal gold nanoparticles

In this study, colloidal gold nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes less than 20 nm were added to the dentin adhesive in various concentrations to achieve favorable antibacterial properties. The effect of gold NPs on mechanical, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity features of adhesive was evaluated systematically. It was shown that the addition of gold NPs at the concentration of 5X (i) increased flexural strength of dentin tooth adhesive by 75%, (ii) increased the micro-shear bond strength by 60%, and (iii) increased the tensile diameter strength of adhesive by 65% compared to the based adhesive. Multiscale modeling was used to simulate and calculate stress and strain distribution around the nanoparticles and within the adhesive matrix. Antibacterial properties of adhesives containing gold NPs were examined using disk diffusion and the pour plate methods. The results showed that adhesive with the 5X concentration of gold NPs had a bacterial growth inhibition zone with a diameter of 2 mm is in the disk diffusion method which indicates the antibacterial characteristics of adhesive at this concentration. Also, the antibacterial effect of adhesive-containing NPs was observed in the pour plate method and the reduction of bacterial growth is increased by the addition of nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of NPs is examined in pure form and combination with dental adhesive using the MTT assay. The results showed that pure gold NPs have shown no toxicity for the growth of cells and the incorporation of gold NPs has increased the cell viability in the base adhesive.

Antagonistic and Antibacterial Activity of Stapylocossus aureus and Isolates of Oral Bacteria from the Endogenous Fungus Apis dorsata Binghami Nest

Apis Dorsata Binghami honey bee is a honey bee endemic to Indonesia, living naturally in the forests of Sulawesi. This study aimed to obtain isolates and characteristics of endogenous fungi antibiotic activity from Apis dorsata Binghami nest. The research consisted of isolation of fungi from beehives using potato dextro agar, pure culture of fungi, antagonist test and antibiotic test using disc diffusion method. Antibiotic test was performed on oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The results obtained six isolates of fungi from the nest of Apis dorsata Binghami, namely isolates FAB1, FAB2, FAB3, FAB4, FAB5 and FAB6. The results of the antagonist test showed that the isolates FAB2 and FAB3 had the best antagonist properties, while the FAB6 isolates had the weakest antagonist properties. The FAB2 isolate showed the best bacterial growth inhibition zone average for the isolates of oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone lasts up to 3 x 24 hours so that the activity of the bacteria is bactericidal. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the endogenous fungus Apis dorsata Binghami is a potential source of antibacterial bioactives.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic and Water Extracts of Stingless Bees Tetrigona binghami, Heterotrigona itama, and Geniotrigona thoracica Propolis Found in Brunei

In the present study, the antibacterial activities of ethanolic and water extracts of propolis produced by stingless bees Tetrigona binghami, Heterotrigona itama, and Geniotrigona thoracica found in Brunei against four different bacterial strains were quantified. Additionally, spectroscopic and colorimetric methods, including Fourier transform infrared, absorption, fluorescence, aluminum chloride, and Folin-Ciocalteu analyses were used to characterize the propolis extracts. Flavonoid, phenolic, and aromatic acid compounds in the propolis extracts were also quantified, as these compounds are responsible for their antioxidant capacity. The antibacterial activity was determined based on bacterial growth inhibition zones using the disc diffusion, and it was further confirmed by the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, which were evaluated using the broth macrodilution method. The propolis extracts exhibited antibacterial activities but were lower compared to streptomycin, which was used as a standard antibiotic. The MIC values of the water extracts were 2500 μg/mL, and those of the ethanolic extracts were in the range of 2500‒10000 μg/mL, much higher than other reported propolis from different countries. Their MBC test further suggested that the propolis extracts were bacteriostatic. The overall findings evidenced the quantities of the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the propolis extracts, although the results suggested low antibacterial activities of the propolis extracts from Brunei stingless bees.

Characterization of nanofiber composite membrane for high water flux and antibacterial properties

Nanostructured membranes are introduced as a new technology for water purification and treatment. In this work, a facile and simple route of alkaline treatment of polymeric and nanocomposite fiber membranes was developed using electrospinning technique. A blended polysulfone (PSF) and cellulose acetate (CA) polymers incorporated with (0.2 wt%, ZnO NPs), followed by immersion in 0.1 M NaOH solution was performed to enhance membrane surface properties. The membranes were characterized using field emission microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), mechanical strength, water contact angle (WCA), permeate flux, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and antimicrobial test. Interestingly, the proposed filtration membrane materials exhibited superhydrophilic property i.e. (WCA = 13° ± 3°) corresponding to (PSF/CA/ZnO NPs) membrane with highest water flux of 0.46 m3 m−2 h−1. Additionally, mechanical properties of the developed membranes showed that addition of ZnO NPs resulted in tensile strength of 0.29 MPa without treatment and 0.13 MPa after membrane treatment which is higher than that of pristine membrane tensile strength (0.11 MPa). The composite nanofibrous membrane displayed a strong antibacterial activity against E. coli, with a bacterial growth inhibition zone diameter of 10 ± 0.6 mm. The overall membrane river Nile water filtration resulted in slight decreasing water total dissolved ions (TDS), lower turbidity, and high-water flux. This facile membrane development route could facilitate not only the sustainable development of membrane technology but also achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) for clean water and sanitation for drinking water purification and wastewater treatment.

Rapid Assessment of Biological Activity of Ag-Based Antiviral Coatings for the Treatment of Textile Fabrics Used in Protective Equipment Against Coronavirus.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants have rapidly spread worldwide, causing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with numerous infected cases and millions of deaths. Therefore, developing approaches to fight against COVID-19 is currently the most priority goal of the scientific community. As a sustainable solution to stop the spread of the virus, a green dip-coating method is utilized in the current work to prepare antiviral Ag-based coatings to treat cotton and synthetic fabrics, which are the base materials used in personal protective equipment such as gloves and gowns. Characterization results indicate the successful deposition of silver (Ag) and stabilizers on the cotton and polypropylene fiber surface, forming Ag coatings. The deposition of Ag and stabilizers on cotton and etched polypropylene (EPP) fabrics is dissimilar due to fiber surface behavior. The obtained results of biological tests reveal the excellent antibacterial property of treated fabrics with large zones of bacterial inhibition. Importantly, these treated fabrics exhibit an exceptional antiviral activity toward human coronavirus OC43 (hCoV-OC43), whose infection could be eliminated up to 99.8% when it was brought in contact with these fabrics after only a few tens of minutes. Moreover, the biological activity of treated fabrics is well maintained after a long period of up to 40 days of post-treatment.

In vitro susceptibility of canine corneal bacterial pathogens to three cross-linking protocols.

To assess in vitro antibacterial efficacy of three cross-linking (XL) protocols on bacteria associated with canine ulcerative keratitis. Three XL protocols: UVA 3mW/cm2 for 60 min, UVA 3mW/cm2 for 30 min, and UVA 30 mW/cm2 for 3min with and without application of riboflavin and a riboflavin-only protocol were performed in vitro on the four most common bacterial genera isolated from cases of canine ulcerative keratitis treated at Dick White Referrals, UK. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition (GIZ) associated with treatment were measured and compared. The four most common isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) (48/140, 34.3%), Streptococcus spp. (32/140, 22.9%), Staphylococcus spp. (24/140, 17.1%) and Escherichia coli (EC) (11/140, 7.9%). PA, EC, Streptococcus canis (SC), and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP), isolated from canine corneas, were selected for testing. EC and SC demonstrated growth inhibition following all UVA/riboflavin protocols. PA and SP only displayed growth inhibition following the 60 min UVA/riboflavin protocol. GIZ areas for 60 min UVA/riboflavin protocols were significantly greater than 30 and 3min UVA/riboflavin protocols (p < .01) and there was no significant difference between 30 and 3min UVA/riboflavin protocols. In respect to GIZ areas, EC was significantly more susceptible to XL than SP (p=<.01). All UVA/riboflavin XL protocols caused growth inhibition of EC and SC in vitro. PA and SP did not show clear growth inhibition in vitro following exposure to XL protocol settings of UVA 3mW/cm2 for 30 min and UVA 30 mW/cm2 for 3min.