Bacterial Skin Research Articles

Hyper IgE Syndromes.

The Hyper IgE Syndromes are rare primary immunodeficiencies characterized by eczema, recurrent skin and respiratory infections and elevated serum IgE levels. Nowadays a geneticmolecular characterization is possible and allows the distinction in various monogenic pathologies, which share some clinical characteristics but also important differences. In addition to long-known STAT3 and DOCK8 gene mutations, in fact, also ZNF341, CARD11, ERBB2IP, IL6R and IL6ST genes mutations can cause the disease. The main clinical manifestations are represented by newborn rash, eczema similar to atopic dermatitis, bacterial and viral skin infections, cold abscesses, respiratory infections with possible pulmonary complications, allergies, gastrointestinal manifestations, malignancies and connective tissue abnormalities. Diagnosis is still a challenge because, especially in the early stages of life, it is difficult to distinguish from other pathologies characterized by eczema and high IgE, such as atopic dermatitis. Several scores and diagnostic pathways have been developed, but it is essential to seek a genetic diagnosis. Treatment is based on prevention and early treatment of infections, meticulous skincare, intravenous immunoglobulins and HSCT, which, in some HIES subtypes, can modify the prognosis. Prognosis is related to the affected gene, but also to early diagnosis, timely treatment of infections and early HSCT.

Assessment of pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics to support omadacycline dosing regimens for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships for efficacy were evaluated using data from omadacycline-treated patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) enrolled in two phase 3 studies. Patients received omadacycline 100 mg intravenously (IV) every 12 hours for two doses, followed by 100 mg IV every 24 hours (q24h), with the option to switch to 300 mg oral (PO) q24h after 3 days or 450 mg PO q24h for two doses, followed by 300 mg PO q24h for a total duration of 7-14 days. Clinical response was evaluated at 48-72 hours [early clinical response (ECR)], end of treatment (EOT), and 7-14 days after EOT. Using a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and PK data from patients with Staphylococcus aureus at baseline, omadacycline free-drug plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values were determined, and the relationships between free-drug plasma AUC:MIC ratio and dichotomous efficacy endpoints were evaluated. Using these relationships, the population PK model, simulation, and an omadacycline MIC distribution for S. aureus, mean percent probabilities of response were evaluated. Statistically significant PK--PD relationships were identified for ECR (P = 0.016 and 0.013 for optimized two- and three-group free-drug plasma AUC:MIC ratios, respectively). At an MIC value of 0.5 µg/mL, percent probabilities of model-predicted success for ECR based on the univariable PK-PD relationships using continuous and two-group free-drug plasma AUC:MIC ratio variables were 91.9 and 95.6%, respectively, for the IV-to-PO dosing regimen and 89.3 and 88.4%, respectively, for the PO-only dosing regimen. These data support for omadacycline IV-to-PO and PO-only dosing regimens for ABSSSI and an omadacycline susceptibility breakpoint of 0.5 µg/mL for S. aureus.

Usefulness of dalbavancin in early discharge and nonhospitalization. It's time to throw your heart over the obstacle?

Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide long-acting antibiotic approved for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs). Its features can be useful in the current healthcare scenario characterized by the shortage of available hospital beds. We implemented several actions in order to optimize the use of dalbavancin allowing an improvement strategy both from the healthcare system and the patient's perspective in two hospital settings. In the Emergency Department we hospitalized only patients who met the clinical criteria and not the logistic criteria (i.e., the need for antibiotic therapy infusion). During the years 2017-2023, this strategy was applied in 40 cases, thus avoiding 40 hospitalizations for a total saving of 280 days of hospitalization.In the Internal Medicine ward and surgery department when there was no longer any need for hospitalization, we discharged the patient as early as possible. During the years 2017-2023, this strategy was applied in 189 cases, saving at least 1,134 days of hospitalization. The outcome of the treated patients was favorable in 228 out of 229 patients (99.5%). Our experience using dalbavancin in ABSSSI has been very satisfactory overall. The efficacy was close to 100%. Minor adverse events of slight severity occurred rarely. At the same time, this strategy allowed a more efficient allocation of hospital beds. Dalbavancin presents an ideal pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic profile for the management of ABSSSI especially in settings where shortage of hospital beds is critical.

Generation of genome-wide SNP markers from minimally invasive sampling in endangered animals and applications in species ecology and conservation.

High-density genotyping methods have revolutionized the field of population and conservation genetics in the past decade. To exploit the technological and analytical advances in the field, access to high-quality genetic material is a key component. However, access to such samples in endangered and rare animals is often challenging or even impossible. Here, we used a minimally invasive sampling method (MIS) in the endangered cave salamander Proteus anguinus, the olm, to generate thousands of genetic markers using ddRADseq for population and conservation genomic analyses. Using tail clips and MIS skin swabs taken from the same individual, we investigated genotyping data properties of the two different sampling types. We found that sufficient DNA can be extracted from swab samples to generate up to 200,000 polymorphic SNPs in divergent Proteus lineages. Swab and tissue samples were highly reproducible exhibiting low SNP genotyping error rates. We found that SNPs were most frequently (~50%) located within genic regions, while the rest mapped to mostly flanking regions of repetitive DNA. The vast majority of DNA recovered from swabbing was host DNA. However, a fraction of DNA recovered from swabs contained additional ecological information on the species, including eDNA from the surrounding environment and bacterial skin fauna. Most exogenous DNA recovered from swabs were bacteria (~80%), followed by vertebrates (~20%). Our results demonstrate that MIS can be used to (i) generate tens of thousands of ddRADseq markers for conservation and population genomic analyses and (ii) inform on the species health status and ecology from exogenous DNA.

Clinical study of common bacterial, fungal and parasitic skin diseases in cats

Background: The skin is a big, metabolically active organ that has a significant need for other nutrients and protein in its body. The study pointed high significant infection with fungal, scabies, alopecia, bacterial and wounds in the white color cats more than the others because it is represented the better color choice for the families then the orange and grey colors while the black color is the less in number of domestic cats. The aim of present study was investigated of some skin disease in cats in Basrah, Iraq.Methods: The present study includes two hindered animals of both sexes with different ages, colors, weights and sizes were studied clinically in Basrah veterinary hospital and the private veterinary clinics in Basrah. The study extended from October 2022 to March 2023 during the winter season. Clinical signs were reported carefully, and the initial diagnosis of skin diseases was confirmed by apparent lesions on the skin, the skin samples of the cases were collected for laboratory diagnosis in veterinary medicine college ̸ Basrah University and Basrah veterinary hospital laboratories to confirmed diagnosis.Results: Clinical signs were reported carefully and the initial diagnosis of skin diseases. The two hindered sample cases were divided according to cases in Basrah veterinary hospital and Basrah private clinic: 60 Cases fungal infection, 40 cases scabies, 10 case alopecia, 50 cases of bacterial infection and 40 cases of wound. Conclusion: The present study shows the fungal diseases were common causes for skin diseases in Cats follow by Bacterial, Parasitic and Alopecia respectively.Keywords: Cat infection; Skin diseases in cat; Scabies; Fungal disease

An exploratory study of the efficacy and safety of amenamevir for the treatment of herpes zoster in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs.

Amenamevir is an oral once-daily antiherpesvirus drug that can be administered without dose adjustment in patients with impaired renal function. There are currently no clinical data on immunocompromised patients with herpes zoster treated with amenamevir. Therefore, an exploratory study of the efficacy and safety of amenamevir against herpes zoster in patients with immunosuppression was conducted. Inclusion criteria included patients with acute herpes zoster receiving immunosuppressive drugs or those with malignant tumors or autoimmune diseases. Twenty-four patients were included and received amenamevir (400 mg once daily after meals) for up to 14 days. The primary end point of overall improvement in skin symptoms 7 days after treatment initiation (day 7) was 58.3% for "markedly improved" and 20.8% for "improved." The combined improvement rate was 79.2% (95% confidence interval, 57.8-92.9), and 20.8% of patients experienced "worsened" symptoms. The secondary end points of overall improvement in skin symptoms on day 14 and day 28 were 95.7% and 100%, respectively. The skin symptoms progressed during treatment, peaking on day 7, and then began to heal. By Kaplan-Meier estimation, the median periods to complete crusting and healing were both day 14. There were five adverse events with a possible causal relationship to amenamevir (bacterial skin infection, anemia, hyponatremia, headache, and abnormal liver function) in one of the 24 patients. Although the bacterial skin infection was severe, all events in this patient were reported to be either recovered or recovering. These findings indicate that amenamevir can be effective and safe in immunocompromised patients with herpes zoster. However, as worsening can happen around day 7, it is necessary to carefully monitor such patients and switch to other therapies such as intravenous acyclovir if necessary. Clinical trial identifier: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials jRCTs031190208.

Development of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Standard Treatment Workflows for Skin Diseases: A Step Toward Universal Health Coverage.

Skin conditions form a major bulk of diseases in the community. With a disproportionately low number of dermatologists in the country, and a greatly unequal distribution between urban versus rural areas, ineffective treatment and mismanagement of skin conditions are, however, commonplace. To develop standard treatment workflows (STWs) for certain skin diseases for use by clinicians at primary, secondary, and tertiary care centers. Seven members, from various academic institutes across the country, were selected for formulation of the STWs. They were provided logistic and technical support by the ICMR, Department of Health Research (DHR), and WHO India office. Multiple rounds of online and physical discussions were performed to identify topics that would be most useful in the management of skin diseases for the health care personnel (HCP) and subsequently to frame the STW content. The selected diseases included acne and rosacea, alopecia, bacterial skin infections, cutaneous adverse drug reactions, dermatophytosis, eczema/dermatitis, immunobullous dermatoses, psoriasis, scabies, varicella and herpes, vitiligo, and urticaria. There was one separate module on rational use of topical corticosteroids. The STWs for these conditions have been finalised and are available as physical posters in health centers and can also be accessed online and through mobile applications. Thirteen STW modules have been prepared with a view to optimize management of skin diseases at various levels of health care system of the country.

Clinical experience of outpatient treatment of bacterial skin infections in children

Data regarding the role of cutaneous microbiome in physiological and pathological conditions, pharmacological properties of fusidic acid and its clinical use for the treatment of skin infections are presented in the article. Incidence of skin infections in children treated in children’s city polyclinic No. 1 of Izhevsk city through 2019–2022 are analyzed. Outcomes of the treatment of these patients with topical fusidic acid preparations are presented. Due to high activity against typical cutaneous bacterial pathogens including MRSA strains of Staphylococcus aureus, favorable safety profile and pharmacokinetic profile when topically applied along with low resistance of the key pathogens fusidic acid preparations are the first line treatment of primary and secondary pyodermas.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous delafloxacin in healthy subjects: model-based dose optimization.

Delafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic to treat skin infections, exhibits a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The first randomized, open-label phase I clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of intravenous delafloxacin in the Chinese population. A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model based on the clinical trial was conducted by NONMEM software. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of delafloxacin at different doses in different Chinese populations. The PK characteristics of delafloxacin were best described by a three-compartment model with mixed linear and nonlinear clearance. Body weight was included as a covariate in the model. We simulated the AUC0-24h in a steady state at five doses in patient groups of various weights. The results indicated that for patients weighing 70 kg and treated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, a minimum dose of 300 mg achieved a PTA > 90% at MIC90 of 0.25 µg/mL, suggesting an ideal bactericidal effect. For patients weighing less than 60 kg, a dose of 200 mg achieved a PTA > 90% at MIC90 of 0.25 µg/mL, also suggesting an ideal bactericidal effect. Additionally, this trial demonstrated the high safety of delafloxacin in single-dose and multiple-dose groups of Chinese. Delafloxacin (300 mg, q12h, iv) was recommended for achieving optimal efficacy in Chinese bacterial skin infections patients. To ensure optimal efficacy, an individualized dose of 200 mg (q12h, iv) could be advised for patients weighing less than 60 kg, and 300 mg (q12h, iv) for those weighing more than 60 kg.

Off-label use of dalbavancin in children: a case series.

Dalbavancin is an antibiotic active against most Gram-positive bacteria approved for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). Owing to its long half-life, it is being increasingly used for other indications. We present a case series of children and adolescents treated with dalbavancin for osteoarticular, catheter-related and other non-ABSSSI infections. Dalbavancin was prescribed to 15 patients. Six (40%) were female and median age at prescription was 11.9 (IQR 1.3-18.0) years. Most of them (12/15) had significant comorbidities. Patients presented mainly with deep surgical site infections, osteoarticular infections and central-line-associated bloodstream infections. The most common isolate was Staphylococcus aureus followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Major reasons to prescribe dalbavancin were to ensure compliance and patients' convenience. Two patients discontinued the drug due to adverse events possibly related to it. The rest of the patients completed the treatment with dalbavancin, with a median duration of 56 days (IQR 17.5, 115.5). All achieved complete resolution and present no relapse after a median follow-up of 9.9 months (IQR 4.8, 16.6). Dalbavancin was a safe, effective and convenient alternative in selected paediatric patients with complicated non-ABSSSI infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

An Observational Study: Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Bacterial Colony of the Skin Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) often accompanies skin infections, and bacterial skin infections often cause persistent and worsening symptoms. In this study, we explored the key changes in the microbiota of AD patients, as well as the effects of different ages and the severity of rash on changes in the microbiota. A total of 95 AD patients and 77 healthy volunteers were recruited. The AD patients were divided into three groups based age and three groups according to the EASI score. Microorganisms collected from the skin were analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing species diversity via α and β diversity analyses. Species compositions were compared at the phylum and genus levels. The significance of skin microbiota at the genus level was assessed using the random forest algorithm. Finally, the impact of relationships between different microbial communities on the microbial community composition and the pathogenesis of AD was explored using Pearson correlation coefficients. The species diversity of the skin microbiota in the AD group significantly decreased. Compared with that in the healthy volunteers (HV) group, the bacterial diversity in the two groups of samples significantly differed. Staphylococcus dominated the bacterial communities, and as AD symptoms gradually worsened, the abundance of Staphylococcus gradually increased. Among all bacterial genera with a relative abundance greater than 1%, Staphylococcus showed a negative correlation with other genera, and showed significant consistency in specimens from different age groups. Changes in the abundance of Staphylococcus in the skin bacterial colonies are the main cause of AD. Brevundimonas, Paracoccus, Corynebacterium, and Veillonella may serve as characteristic biomarkers for AD. These results indicate that altering the microbiota composition of the skin may aid in the treatment of AD.

Copper‐Cysteine Nanostructures for Synergetic Photothermal Therapy and Chemodynamic Therapy of Bacterial Skin Abscesses

AbstractSkin lesions, including skin bacterial abscesses, have become one of the most important health challenges and usually need systemic high‐dose antibiotics. Therefore, it is of particular importance to develop novel approaches for treating this ever‐growing challenge to human health. To address this challenge, herein a copper nanostructure is developed giving combined photothermal and chemodynamic therapies for focal infection treatment. The Cu‐based nanostructures with intrinsic catalytic properties are prepared by D‐L or L cysteine (Cys) as ligand and copper ions. It is shown that the multifunctional copper‐Cys (Cu‐Cys) nanostructures can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and they exhibit near infrared (NIR)‐enhanced catalytic activities to improve ROS production for highly efficient eradication of bacteria. Moreover, the results proved O2 evolution property of the Cu‐Cys nanoparticles (NPs). The nanostructures show shape‐dependent antibacterial activity where DL‐Cu‐Cys NPs show higher bactericidal performance than L‐Cu‐Cys NPs. In vitro results demonstrate that 2.5 and 1.25 µg mL−1 of DL‐Cu‐Cys NPs is enough to achieve rapid killing of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) respectively under 808 nm light irradiation in 10 min. This work introduces a unique photoactive nanoagent to efficiently treat subcutaneous abscess by combining NIR light‐triggered photothermal effect and catalytic generation of ROS without using any antibiotic.

Real-life experience with IV dalbavancin in Canada; results from the CLEAR (Canadian LEadership on Antimicrobial Real-life usage) registry

We report the use of IV dalbavancin in Canadian patients using data captured by the national CLEAR registry. The CLEAR registry uses the web-based data management program, REDCap™ (online survey https://rcsurvey.radyfhs.umanitoba.ca/surveys/?s=TPMWJX98HL) to facilitate clinicians entering details associated with their clinical experiences using IV dalbavancin. Data were available for 40 patients. The most common infections treated were acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) (62.5% of patients), bone/joint infection (22.5%), bloodstream/vascular infection (7.5%) and endocarditis (5.0%). Dalbavancin was used as directed (75.0%) and empiric therapy (25.0%). MRSA was the most common identified pathogen (70.0%). Dalbavancin was used both in outpatient (e.g., emergency department) (65.0%), and inpatient treatment settings (e.g., hospital ward) (35.0%). Dalbavancin was used due to the convenience of a single dose treatment (77.5%) as well as to facilitate hospital discharge (7.5%). Dalbavancin was primarily used alone (90.0%), and most commonly using a single 1500 mg dose (77.5%). Microbiological success (pathogen eradicated or presumed eradicated) occurred in 88.2% of known cases, while clinical success (cure and/or improvement) occurred in 93.3% of known cases. No adverse events were reported. In Canada, IV dalbavancin is used as both directed and empiric therapy to treat ABSSSI as well as off-label (bone/joint, bacteremia/vascular, endocarditis, device-related) infections. It is used in both outpatient and inpatient settings due primarily to its convenience as a single-dose treatment regimen and to facilitate early hospital discharge. Dalbavancin use is associated with high microbiological and clinical cure rates along with an excellent safety profile.

Potential therapeutic agents of Bombyx mori silk cocoon extracts from agricultural product for inhibition of skin pathogenic bacteria and free radicals.

Pathogenic bacteria are the cause of most skin diseases, but issues such as resistance and environmental degradation drive the need to research alternative treatments. It is reported that silk cocoon extract possesses antioxidant properties. During silk processing, the degumming of silk cocoons creates a byproduct that contains natural active substances. These substances were found to have inhibitory effects on bacterial growth, DNA synthesis, the pathogenesis of hemolysis, and biofilm formation. Thus, silk cocoon extracts can be used in therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of skin pathogenic bacterial infections. The extract of silk cocoons with pupae (SCP) and silk cocoons without pupae (SCWP) were obtained by boiling with distilled water for 9 h and 12 h, and were compared to silkworm pupae (SP) extract that was boiled for 1 h. The active compounds in the extracts, including gallic acid and quercetin, were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, the total phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts were investigated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. To assess antioxidant activity, the extracts were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Additionally, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of silk extracts and phytochemical compounds were determined against skin pathogenic bacteria. This study assessed the effects of the extracts and phytochemical compounds on growth inhibition, biofilm formation, hemolysis protection, and DNA synthesis of bacteria. The HPLC characterization of the silk extracts showed gallic acid levels to be the highest, especially in SCP (8.638-31.605 mg/g extract) and SP (64.530 mg/g extract); whereas quercetin compound was only detected in SCWP (0.021-0.031 mg/g extract). The total phenolics and flavonoids in silk extracts exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Additionally, SCP at 9 h and 12 h revealed the highest anti-bacterial activity, with the lowest MIC and MBC of 50-100 mg/mL against skin pathogenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Cutibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hence, SCP extract and non-sericin compounds containing gallic acid and quercetin exhibited the strongest inhibition of both growth and DNA synthesis on skin pathogenic bacteria. The suppression of bacterial pathogenesis, including preformed and matured biofilms, and hemolysis activity, were also revealed in SCP extract and non-sericin compounds. The results show that the byproduct of silk processing can serve as an alternative source of natural phenolic and flavonoid antioxidants that can be used in therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of pathogenic bacterial skin infections.

Customizable Fabrication of Photothermal Microneedles with Plasmonic Nanoparticles Using Low-Cost Stereolithography Three-Dimensional Printing.

Photothermal microneedle (MN) arrays have the potential to improve the treatment of various skin conditions such as bacterial skin infections. However, the fabrication of photothermal MN arrays relies on time-consuming and potentially expensive microfabrication and molding techniques, which limits their size and translation to clinical application. Furthermore, the traditional mold-and-casting method is often limited in terms of the size customizability of the photothermal array. To overcome these challenges, we fabricated photothermal MN arrays directly via 3D-printing using plasmonic Ag/SiO2 (2 wt % SiO2) nanoaggregates dispersed in ultraviolet photocurable resin on a commercial low-cost liquid crystal display stereolithography printer. We successfully printed MN arrays in a single print with a translucent, nanoparticle-free support layer and photothermal MNs incorporating plasmonic nanoaggregates in a selective fashion. The photothermal MN arrays showed sufficient mechanical strength and heating efficiency to increase the intradermal temperature to clinically relevant temperatures. Finally, we explored the potential of photothermal MN arrays to improve antibacterial therapy by killing two bacterial species commonly found in skin infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time describing the printing of photothermal MNs in a single step. The process introduced here allows for the translatable fabrication of photothermal MN arrays with customizable dimensions that can be applied to the treatment of various skin conditions such as bacterial infections.

Dalbavancin, a Second Generation Lipoglycopeptide is a New Addition to Therapy Armamentarium

Gram-positive infections with widespread developing resistance have posed considerable challenges to the long stay of antimicrobials in the market. Also, there has been a dearth in the provision of a suitable antimicrobial to treat the evolving resistance. Dalbavancin a 2nd generation lipoglycopeptide has shown its activity against gram-positive and multidrug resistant isolates. Owing to a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and supporting evidence this drug moiety has been used as long-term therapy for various indications. These indications include infective endocarditis (IE), osteomyelitis, bloodstream infections, and prosthetic joint infections. However, it is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) only for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs). Dalbavancin can be a valuable alternative to daily in-hospital intravenous or outpatient antimicrobial regimens in the treatment of long-term Gram-positive infections and ‘niche’ but important indications. This systematic review demonstrates comparative microbiology, chemistry, in vitro susceptibility, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, and administration of dalbavancin. Additionally, it highlights past, present, and upcoming evidence of real-world use of dalbavancin alone or in combination with different indications. Keywords: Dalbavancin, Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, Gram-positive, Long-term, and pharmacokinetics.

ER-mitochondria association negatively affects wound healing by regulating NLRP3 activation

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common causative agent of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSI), one of the major challenges to the health system worldwide. Although the use of antibiotics as the first line of intervention for MRSA-infected wounds is recommended, important side effects could occur, including cytotoxicity or immune dysregulation, thus affecting the repair process. Here, we show that the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid (LZD) impairs wound healing by aberrantly increasing interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) production in keratinocytes. Mechanistically, LZD triggers a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-independent mitochondrial damage that culminates in increased tethering between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, which in turn activates the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex by promoting its assembly to the mitochondrial surface. Downregulation of ER-mitochondria contact formation is sufficient to inhibit the LZD-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production, restoring wound closure. These results identify the ER-mitochondria association as a key factor for NLRP3 activation and reveal a new mechanism in the regulation of the wound healing process that might be clinically relevant.

Chitosan aerogel loaded with biogenic palladium nanoparticles CH/Pd NPs exert antibacterial activity and wound addressing application in vitro and in vivo against bacterial skin infections

Bacterial skin infections that infect wounds and burns are considered one of the most serious medical problems that lead to delay wound healing, toxicity and even death. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an effective pharmaceutical material that promotes the treating of skin bacterial infections. Within this, we aimed in this study to synthesis and assess the effectiveness of novel chitosan/palladium nanoparticles (CH/Pd NPs) aerogel composites in treating bacterial skin infections and wound healing. Green method was employed for synthesis of Pd NPs using Allium sativum (A. sativum) extract, while crosslinking process and freeze-drying cycle were utilized for preparation of CH/Pd NPs aerogel composites. The prepared Pd NPs and CH/Pd NPs aerogel composite were thoroughly characterized using UV–vis, FTIR, XRD and SEM. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the main components in the A. sativum were diallyl disulfide (55.88 %) and diallyl trisulfide (24.34 %) which were among the four identified components. Additionally, the total phenols and flavonoids contents were 61.3 mg GAE/100 g and 18.8 mg QE/100 g, respectively. The swelling capacity of CH/Pd NPs aerogel microspheres reach 400 % with blood compatibility and slightly hemolysis ratio about 0.4 %. In vitro, the antibacterial studies demonstrated that loading Pd NPs with CH aerogel microspheres enhanced their effectiveness against MDR bacteria with complete inhibition for all bacterial strains growth. The CH/Pd NPs aerogel microspheres exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation. The biofilm inhibition percentage was found to be 87 % against the biofilm of S. aureus and 80 % against the biofilm of P. aeruginosa. In vivo infection model in rats, CH and CH/Pd NPs aerogel films stimulated skin tissue formation and healing wounds completely in 6 days with highly reduced in MDR and biofilm producing bacterial count. Finally, CH/Pd NPs aerogel composites represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the effective and enhanced healing of infected wounds.

Bakteriální infekce kůže III. - infekce vyvolané Mycobacterium tuberculosis a atypické mykobakteriální infekce kůže

Bakteriální infekce kůže III. - infekce vyvolané Mycobacterium tuberculosis a atypické mykobakteriální infekce kůže

Evaluation of Some Medicinal Plant Crude Extracts (Aqueous, Ethanol, and Acetone) Against Several Pathogenic Bacteria

Abstract Background: The Terminalia chebula fruit extract possesses various biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protoparasite. Objective: This study aimed to detect the active compounds in the aqueous, ethyl alcoholic, and acetone extracts of the seeds of Terminalia chebula, Pimpinella anisum, and Artemisia herba-alba against the bacterial species that will be isolated from bacterial skin infections. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 pathological isolates were isolated from patients with bacterial skin infections; aqueous, alcoholic, and acetone extracts were prepared; the efficiency of these plant extracts against bacterial species was evaluated; and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Results: A total of 100 bacterial isolates were obtained out of 120 samples, which included 42 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 33 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 25 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The alcoholic extract of the seeds of the Terminalia chebula plant was the best plant extract in inhibiting the isolated bacterial species. Conclusions: The Iraqi environment is rich in medicinal plants such as Terminalia chebula, Pimpinella anisum, and Artemisia herba-alba. Conclusion: It was also found that the alcoholic extracts of the seeds of the Terminalia chebula showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria species under study, and all studied plants contain most of the active compounds.