Bacterial Rot Research Articles

Escherichia coli Survival on Dry Bulb Onions Treated with Crop Protection Sprays Prepared using Contaminated Water in the Treasure Valley Growing Region

Contaminated agricultural water has been implicated in produce-associated outbreaks, including dry bulb onions (Allium cepa). This study was designed to quantify risks associated with t contaminated water used to prepare crop protection sprays applied immediately before the onset of field curing of dry bulb onions. Laboratory experiments determining the behavior of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in crop protection chemical solutions were performed to guide selection for field use. Field trials were conducted (2022, 2023) in eastern Oregon (Treasure Valley) using two onion cultivars (‘Red Wing’ and ‘Cometa’) inoculated with a rifampicin-resistant E. coli cocktail (3–4 log CFU/100 mL) suspended in fungicide solution or clay suspension, and applied with a backpack sprayer at the end of the growing season. Onions were sampled through the next 4 weeks of field curing and after 1 and 4–5 mos of postharvest storage. In 2022, onions were initially contaminated at a maximum cell density of 48 MPN/onion (Geometric mean (GM): 3.7 MPN/onion). At the end of curing, a single onion (out of 320) tested positive at 2 MPN/onion. In 2022, E. coli was not detected during postharvest storage (n = 160). In 2023, the application of contaminated sprays resulted in a maximum contamination of 275 MPN/onion (GM: 8.6 MPN/onion). At the end of the 2023 curing period, three out of 320 onions (0.9%) had detectable levels of E. coli (1–2 MPN/onion). Three ‘Cometa’ onions from the same plot that were treated with fungicide were positive for E. coli after 5 months of postharvest storage (2, 11, and 83 MPN/onion). These field trials indicate field curing conditions in the Treasure Valley help mitigate risks associated with contaminated water used for applying crop protection sprays. E. coli was detected on a small percentage of onions at low cell density after curing. The single onion with elevated E. coli populations after postharvest storage had internal damage characteristic of bacterial rot.

Effect of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Incubation Time on the Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium spp. Responsible for Dry Rot in Potato Tubers.

Potato is the fourth most consumed crop in the world. More than half of the crop is stored for three to nine months at cold temperatures (3-10 °C) for the fresh and seed market. One of the main causes of fresh potato waste in the retail supply chain is the processing of fungal and bacterial rots during storage. Dry rot is a fungal disease that mainly affects the potato crop during storage and is responsible for 1% of tuber losses in the UK. It is produced by Fusarium spp., such as Fusarium sambucinum and F. oxysporum, which can lead to the accumulation of mycotoxins in the potato tuber. Little is known about the impact of environmental factors on the accumulation of mycotoxins in potato tubers. Understanding the ecophysiology of these fungi is key to mitigating their occurrence under commercial storage conditions. Therefore, this work aimed to elucidate the effect of three different temperatures (5, 10, and 15 °C) and two different water activities (aw; 0.97, 0.99) on the ecophysiology and mycotoxin accumulation of F. sambucinum and F. oxysporum in a potato-based semi-synthetic medium. The mycotoxin accumulation was then studied in vivo, in potato tubers cultivated under organic farming conditions, stored for 40 days at 8.5 °C. Results showed that higher temperatures and aw enhanced fungal growth, lag time, and mycotoxin accumulation in vitro. Growth rate was 2 and 3.6 times higher when the temperature increased from 5 to 10 and 15 °C, respectively. Six different mycotoxins (T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol, 15-acetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, and beauvericin) were detected in vitro and in vivo. T-2 was the most abundant mycotoxin detected in vitro, observing 106 ng of T-2/g media after 21 days of incubation at 10 °C and 0.99 aw. Due to the long period of time that potato tubers spend in storage, the fluctuations of environmental factors, such as temperature and relative humidity, could promote the development of fungal rot, as well as mycotoxin accumulation. This could result in important food and economic losses for the potato market and a threat to food safety.

Bacterial Rot of Paddy Straw Mushroom and its Management

Bacterial Rot of Paddy Straw Mushroom and its Management

Application of Case Base Reasoning Algorithm in Detecting Disease in Pineapple Fruit

Pineapple fruit is a type of horticultural plant that has the potential to be developed. In the process of pineapple cultivation, it is very susceptible to pests and diseases. Diseases that often attack pineapples such as; wilt disease, stem base rot, fusariosis, bacterial rot, and urethral disease. The process of identifying pineapple diseases is often done manually so it takes a long time. In addition, in the process of controlling pests and diseases, farmers only spray pesticides or other handling techniques that are not suitable for the pests and diseases that attack them. Thus, the treatment is not optimal and has an impact on the emergence of new pests and diseases in pineapple. Currently, computer technology can be used in various branches of science, one of which is artificial intelligence. The expert system is a scientific branch of artificial intelligence that can solve problems. The purpose of this research is to assist farmers in identifying pests and diseases in pineapples so that the control process can be carried out optimally, quickly, and on target. The implementation of an expert system uses the Case Base Reasoning (CBR) method which will produce a diagnostic similarity value and provide recommendations for diseases that attack. This research processes data in the form of symptoms seen in pineapple plants. The test results obtained a percentage of 100%. Thus, the application of the CBR method is very relevant in identifying pests and diseases of pineapple plants.

CAUSES OF SOFT ROTS OF VEGETABLE CROPS OF THE DICKEYA GENUS

The significant changes taking place recently in the agrocenoses of our country are quite a challenge for specialists in plant protection. Among other problems, attention is drawn to the increase in the number and harmfulness of bacterial diseases. Vegetable crops are in the area of special attention. The spread of soft bacterial rot during the cultivation and storage of vegetables causes significant losses to farms. Forecasting the spread and organization of measures to control pathogens of bacterial soft rots of vegetable crops requires an assessment of the spectrum of widespread pathogens. In recent years, pathogens of the genus Dickeya have attracted special attention among the causative agents of bacterial soft rots of vegetable crops. This pathogen was previously found only in the tropics and subtropics. However, in recent years, the number of reports on damage to various vegetable crops by this phytopathogen in European countries has been increasing. The movement of the pathogen to the north is also accompanied by an increase in the aggressiveness of the pathogen and an increase in economic losses from damage by wet bacterial rot both during the cultivation of plants and during the period of crop storage. The purpose of the presented research is to analyze and summarize data on the harmfulness, ways of spreading, identification and methods of control of pathogens of bacterial soft rots of vegetable crops of the genus Dickeya. The work uses general scientific (generalization, comparison, system analysis) methods. It was established that phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Dickeya have a significant potential for introduction on the territory of Ukraine. Bacterial rot caused by representatives of this genus can affect the most important vegetable crops for our country: potatoes, carrots, tomatoes. The spread of pathogens of the genus Dickeya occurs with seed material during agricultural work. To prevent significant economic losses from this pathogen, it is necessary, first of all, to introduce pre-sowing control of seed material.

Phytopathogenic Bacteria Associated with Bacterioses of Common Oak (Quercus robur L.) in Ukraine

Studying the biological characteristics of the causative agents of bacteriosis of the common oak (Quercus robur L.) (to highlight the links between the key factors of pathogenesis and bacterial groups) is a new and relevant area of research. This work aims to identify the species composition of phytopathogenic bacteria associated with common oak bacteriosis and to study the morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties of pathogens. To establish the general phytosanitary state of the surveyed stands, classical forest inventory and phytopathological (visual on based on typical symptoms of the disease and macroscopic) methods were used. The properties of isolated bacteria were studied using microbiological methods. The weakening and dieback of common oak in the forests of Ukraine is directly related to four types of bacterioses and their pathogens: the soft bacterial rot of acorns (Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, bacterial wetwood (Lelliottia nimipressuralis), dry rot of branches and trunks (Erwinia rhapontici), and canker disease (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas sp.). Research on the correspondence between the biological properties of common oak bacteriosis pathogens has established that the synthesis of pectin-degrading enzymes and the ability to ferment with the release of acid and gas in many carbohydrate media by phytopathogenic bacteria is the main characteristic. This ensures the intensity and typical symptoms of the pathogenesis of a particular bacteriosis.

Pseudomonas aegrilactucae sp. nov. and Pseudomonas morbosilactucae sp. nov., pathogens causing bacterial rot of lettuce in Japan.

Phytopathogenic bacterial strains (MAFF 301350T, MAFF 302030T and MAFF 302046), isolated from lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) with bacterial rot disease in Japan, were subjected to polyphasic characterization to determine their taxonomic affiliations. The cells were Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile with polar flagella and rod-shaped. The results of similarity searches and phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, as well as the analysis results of the cellular fatty acid composition and genomic DNA G+C content indicated that these strains belong to the genus Pseudomonas . Phylogenetic analyses using the rpoD gene sequences and phylogenomic analyses of the whole genome sequences grouped them into the Pseudomonas putida group (MAFF 301350T) and the Pseudomonas fluorescens group (MAFF 302030T and MAFF 302046), but the phylogenetic positions of the strains did not match those of any known Pseudomonas species. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the strains and their closely related species were lower than the thresholds for prokaryotic species delineation (95–96 and 70 %, respectively). Phenotypic characteristics, pathogenicity toward lettuce, cellular fatty acid composition and whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry profiles could differentiate the strains from their closest relatives. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data obtained in this study showed that the strains represent two novel species of the genus Pseudomonas , Pseudomonas aegrilactucae sp. nov. for MAFF 301350T and Pseudomonas morbosilactucae sp. nov. for MAFF 302030T and MAFF 302046. The respective type strains are MAFF 301350T (= ICMP 23989T) and MAFF 302030T (= ICMP 24377T).

Fertilizer Nitrogen Application for Short-Day Onion Production: From Field to Table

Long growing seasons, relatively shallow root system, coarse textured soils, and variability of the subtropical environmental conditions of the southeastern U.S. create challenges for nitrogen (N) fertilizer management of short-day onions. The objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate the impact of fertilizer N rates on the yield and bulb quality of three short-day onion cultivars grown under the subtropical conditions of the southeastern U.S., and (ii) to assess the impact of fertilizer N rate for short-day onions on consumers’ preference. Field experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020 at the Vidalia Onion and Vegetable Research Center at the University of Georgia located in Lyons, GA, in which a two factorial experimental design of five fertilizer N rates (84, 101, 117, 134, and 151 kg of N ha−1) and three short-day onion cultivars (Sweet Agent, Vidora, and Quick Start) was evaluated in a randomized complete block design. During both growing seasons, rainfall events directly impacted soil mineral N content. While soil mineral N availability increased with fertilizer N application, there was no significant difference among fertilizer N rate treatments due to rainfall distribution in both years studied, except at bulb initiation when the application of 117 kg of N ha−1 sustained soil mineral N availability that maximized with the application of 128 kg of N ha−1. Onion total yield averaged 37,365 kg ha−1 in 2019 and 34,699 kg ha−1 in 2020. In general, colossal, jumbo, and medium-sized onions represented 7%, 76%, and 17% of total yield, respectively. Jumbo-sized onions are of most interest to growers due to their high value, and the yield of jumbo-sized onions was maximized with 158 kg of N ha−1 in 2019 and with 138 kg of N ha−1 in 2020. Bulb bacterial rots were not impacted by fertilizer N rate treatments. Contrarily, bulb gallic acid (GAE) linearly increased and pyruvic acid quadratically increased with the application of fertilizer N rate. Ultimately, a taste panel indicated that sensory characteristics were also not affected by different rates. Overall, a fertilizer N rate application of 117 to 134 kg of N ha−1 could sustain soil mineral N availability without impacting yield; however, an investigation on the timing of application should be conducted to determine a fertilizer N strategy that will promote optimum yield, bulb quality, flavor, and consumer acceptability.

Detection of internal defects in onion bulbs by means of single-point and scanning laser Doppler vibrometry

The number of onion consignments which are rejected or downgraded due to the incidence of internal defects is a continuing problem for wholesalers and growers. Defects may only be up to 4% incidence level, but result in the entire lot being lost for sale. Destructive quality control testing causes waste, so that there is a need for alternative non-invasive assessment. The aim of the current research was to demonstrate whether internal defects could be detected using Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). Several trials, with different types of sensors and levels of onion defect severity were conducted. Both scanning and single-point LDV were employed in order to develop a suitable measurement method to evaluate onion defects. It was necessary to measure resonant frequency at the neck or equator of the bulbs in order to segregate neck rot ( Botrytis allii ) or bacterial rot, respectively, but LDV could not differentiate sprouting and double hearted bulbs from sound onions. In conclusion, it was possible to non-destructively identify onion bulbs with only a 5% area affected with neck rot (visible after cutting). It would be necessary to calibrate for different onion cultivars and origins, if the technique is to be implemented on a commercial sorting line. • Laser Doppler vibrometry is capable of non-destructively identifying neck rot in onion. • Non-invasive laser Doppler vibrometry measures internal defects in onion.

Differential Microbial Communities in Paddy Soils Between Guiyang Plateaus and Chengdu Basins Drive the Incidence of Rice Bacterial Diseases.

Southwest China has the most complex rice-growing regions in China. With great differences in topography, consisting mainly of basins and plateaus, ecological factors differ greatly between regions. In this study, bulk paddy soils collected from long-term rice fields in Chengdu (basins) and Guiyang (plateaus) were used to study the correlation between microbial diversity and the incidence of rice bacterial diseases. Results showed that the microbial community composition in paddy soils and the microbial functional categories differed significantly between basins and plateaus. They shared >70% of the dominant genera (abundance >1%), but the abundance of the dominant genera differed significantly. Functional analysis found that bulk paddy soils from Chengdu were significantly enriched in virulence factor-related genes; soils from Guiyang were enriched in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, especially antibiotics. Correspondingly, Chengdu was significantly enriched in leaf bacterial pathogens Acidovorax, Xanthomonas, and Pseudomonas. Greenhouse experiments and correlation analysis showed that soil chemical properties had a greater effect on microbial community composition and positively correlated with the higher incidence of rice bacterial foot rot in Guiyang, whereas temperature had a greater effect on soil microbial functions and positively correlated with the higher severity index of leaf bacterial diseases in Chengdu. Our results provide a new perspective on how differences in microbial communities in paddy soils can influence the incidence of rice bacterial diseases in areas with different topographies.

First Report of Bacterial Soft Rot Caused by Pantoea agglomerans on Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) in China.

Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.), which belongs to the family of Dioscorea, is widely naturalized throughout China, due to its high economic and medicinal value. Since 2019, water-soaked lesions were frequently observed in the underground tubers of Chinese yam located in Xinyang City, Henan Province. To identify the causal agent, ten pieces of tissue from the underground tubers with disease symptoms were collected. Those infected tissues (5×5 mm) were crushed in 500 μL sterilized water after surface sterilization and streaked onto Luria-Bertani agar plates. Pale-yellowish, rod-shaped, slimy single bacterial colonies with smooth margin were observed after 24 hours of incubation, and three bacterial colonies (named CY-1, CY-2 and CY-3) were randomly selected for further biochemical and molecular characterization. These bacteria were gram-negative with the cell length of 1.0 to 3.0 μm, width of 0.5 to 1.0 μm, and with peritrichous flagella. Subsequently, the bacteria were biochemically analyzed through BIOLOG (Hayward, CA) and identified as Pantoea agglomerans with 99% probability. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis results based on 16S rDNA, DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB), and RNA polymerase sigma factor (rpoD) showed these three isolates were most closely related to P. agglomerans. The sequence of 16S rDNA, gyrB and rpoD of each strain was submitted to GenBank with the accession numbers MZ541065 MZ541066 and MZ541067 for 16S rDNA; MZ669846, MZ669847 and MZ669848 for gyrB; MZ669849, MZ669850 and MZ669851 for ropD. Pathogenicity test was performed to complete Koch's postulates. Tubers of Chinese yam were wounded by sterile needle and inoculated with 500 μL 108 CFU/mL bacterial suspension. Sterilized water was used as a control. Five pots were inoculated for each isolate. Water-soaked lesions appeared after five days incubation at 25°C in a biochemical incubator and no lesions were observed on the control. Bacteria re-isolated from the lesions were similar in phenotypic and molecular characteristics to the original isolates. In brief, based on colony morphology, biochemical tests, characteristic sequence analysis, and pathogenicity verification, the pathogen responsible for the soft rot of Chinese yam in Henan Province was identified as P. agglomerans. In China, P. agglomerans has been reported to associate with bacterial soft rot on Chinese cabbage (Guo et al., 2020). To our knowledge, this work is the first report of bacterial rot caused by P. agglomerans on Chinese yam.

Bacterial rot of Chinese yam caused by Pseudomonas allii

Bacterial rot of Chinese yam caused by Pseudomonas allii

Phylogeny and Identification of Pantoea Species Associated with Bulb Rot and Bacterial Leaf Blight of Onion Crops in Uruguay.

Onion is among the most consumed vegetables in Uruguay, grown in the northwestern and southern regions of the country. The onion supply presents interannual variations associated with significant postharvest losses, mainly caused by bacterial rots. Besides bulb rotting, onion leaf lesions as well as infections on seed-stalks during seed production may be devastating for some varieties under conducive conditions. This research aimed to identify the causal agents of bulb rots and leaf blight of onion crops in Uruguay. Symptomatic bulbs, seeds-stalks, and leaves were collected from commercial fields from 2015 to 2020. Bacterial colonies were isolated and identified at genera level using physiological tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A collection of 59 Pantoea spp. isolates was obtained (11 from bulbs and 48 from leaves and seeds-stalks). Multilocus sequence analysis using four housekeeping genes (rpoB, gyrB, leuS, and fusA) allowed the assignment of the isolates to five Pantoea species: P. ananatis, P.agglomerans, P. allii, P. eucalypti, and P. vagans. The last two species were not previously reported as onion pathogens elsewhere. The ability to cause disease symptoms was tested by leaf inoculation and red onion scale assays. P. ananatis isolates showed the highest aggressiveness in both assays. Specific isolates from P. allii (MAI 6022), P. eucalypti (MAI 6036), P. vagans (MAI 6050), and Pantoea sp. (MAI 6049) ranked second in aggressiveness on onion leaves, whereas only three isolates belonging to P. eucalypti (MAI 6036 and MAI 6058) and P. agglomerans (MAI 6045) exhibited the same scale-clearing phenotype as P. ananatis. Leaf inoculation assays were also performed on a set of eight onion cultivars and breeding lines. Overall, P. ananatis MAI 6032 showed the highest aggressiveness in all tested cultivars, followed by P. eucalypti MAI 6036. The presence of new reported bacterial species leads to complex disease management and highlights the need for further studies on virulence factors and the epidemiology of these pathogens.

Distribution of bacterial stalk rot disease of maize in India and identification of causal agent using biochemical and fliC gene based marker and its sensitivity against chemicals and bacterial antagonist

Distribution of bacterial stalk rot disease of maize in India and identification of causal agent using biochemical and fliC gene based marker and its sensitivity against chemicals and bacterial antagonist

First report of bacterial stalk rot of maize caused by Dickeya zeae in Turkey

First report of bacterial stalk rot of maize caused by Dickeya zeae in Turkey

First Report of Bacterial Rot Caused by Pantoea endophytica on Tobacco in Liuyang, China.

Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., is produced largely in China (~1/3 of the global market). In the monsoon summer of 2020, tobacco plant petioles, where axillary buds were removed, became black-rotten, and thick ooze appeared, when squeezed. Lesions encompassed more than half of petiole circumference. Ten tobacco fields (100 plant/field) were investigated in Liuyang, China and 5% disease severity founded in each infected field (Fig. 1A, B, C). Six infected stalks leave of different tobacco were sampled from severe field in Liuyang (N28°21', E113°52') and were surface sterilized (1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min.), rinsed thrice in sterile distilled water, grounded, and streaked on Luria Bertani agar (LBA). After 24 hours at 28ºC, circular and convex colonies appeared. Hundred colony from ten plates were picked, amplified, and sequenced with the primer 16S-27F/16S-1492R by colony PCR (Lane et al. 1991). 16S rRNA sequence from 100 colony were assembled and fell into two sequences, either similar to Leclercia sp. (86%), or Pantoea sp. (14%). Identification and homology search was done by BLASTn analysis against NCBI and the EzBio Cloud database (Yoon et al. 2017). The Pantoea isolate HN-23 (1,408 bp, MW405831) and the other 16S sequence of 13 Pantoea showed 99.57% identity to the type strain P. endophyitca 596T (PJRT0100022) based on the EzBio Cloud database to identify novel bacteria. Colonies of HN-23 were smooth, translucent, convex with entire margin on LBA, and 1mm and 3mm (diameter), white to yellow, after 24h and 48h (Fig.1 H, I), respectively but white (Fig.1 J, K) on Nutrient Agar (NA). Phenotype of HN-23 (S-1) was performed using API 20E and API ZYM system (bioMérieux, France) and found identical to P. endophytica 596T (Gao et al. 2019). Draft genome of HN-23 (size 4.96Mbp, total Scaffold 79, Scaf N50 218,098bp and Scaf N90 61,041bp) was studied by Illumina sequencing (JAFLWX000000000) and was found to have 98.24% nucleotide identity with the genome of P. endophytica type strain 596. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were calculated using Ortho ANIu algorithm (Yoon et al 2017a). HN-23 had 83.89% and 83.65% ANI with P. rodasii LMG26273T and P. dispersa CCUG25232T, respectively (S-2). Six tobacco seedlings (cultivar K326, 30cm height plants grown at greenhouse at 28℃ and 70-80% humidity) were injected by 20μl of culture (109 CFU/ml) of HN-23 and three with dominant species Leclercia sp. HN-7, and reisolated from infected tissues. Pathogenic tissue extract and sterile water were also used as positive and negative control, respectively and experiments were performed in triplicate. After 20h, symptoms of water-soaked decay appeared in the injected leaf axils (Fig. 1D). After 2 days, a severe rot is developed (Fig.1 E). Though, the controls were symptomless (Fig.1 F, G). The bacterium was then isolated from the rotten tissues and identity was confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This species was also reported as endophytes to be isolated from root, stem and leaf of maize planted in diverse parts of China and identified as P. endophytica. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. endophytica as a plant pathogen, which was firstly isolated from Tobacco planted in southern China.

Genetic sources of resistance to root rots chicory

Relevance. One of the significant problems in the technology of obtaining root chicory is the protection of root vegetables from the defeat of root rots. The most common lesions of root vegetables chicory various pathogenic species of fungi causing phomosis (Phoma rostrupii Sacc.), gray rot (Botrytis cinerea (R.) Fr.J), wet bacterial rot (Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Holt.). An important place in solving this problem is the breeding of new varieties that are resistant to major diseases and adapted to the conditions of cultivation in the soil-climatic conditions of the chicory-seeding zone. This requires, first of all, to determine the range of donor varieties of the sign of resistance to root rots, both during the growing of culture, and during long-term storage.Material and methods. In 2018-2020, studies were carried out to assess gene sources of different ecological and geographical origin (including against a provocative background) in the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation and to isolate donors of resistance to root rot from them. Research on the Rostov Vegetable experimental station on chicory.Results. Studies have shown that the defeat of root vegetables chicory root rots genetic sources were very different from each other, so Harpachi, Luxor did not affect the. root rots neither on the usual nor on provocative backgrounds.

First report of Pseudomonas oryzihabitans causing fruit black rot in prickly ash in China

Since the summer of 2017, bacterial fruit black rot disease was observed on prickly ash (Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Yongqing No. 1) in three counties (Yongshan, Qiaojia and Ludian) of Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, that kills the fruit, results in significant yield reduction, severely affects quality of fruit and even worst has no harvest. A combination of cultural, biochemical and physiological characterizations, Biolog analyses, MALDI-TOF MS analyses, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity assays revealed that Pseudomonas oryzihabitans was the pathogen associated with the fruit black rot. The pathogenicity was verified with Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of fruit black rot caused by P. oryzihabitans on prickly ash.

Cutting edge technologies to end food waste

Cutting edge technologies to end food waste

The influence of wet bacterial rot on the productivity of different potato varieties

The influence of wet bacterial rot on the productivity of different potato varieties