Bacterial Hydrolysis Research Articles

Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from human breast milk and their bioactive metabolites with potential application as a probiotic food supplement.

The probiotic properties of twenty-five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from human breast milk were investigated considering their resistance to gastrointestinal conditions and proteolytic activity. Seven LAB were identified and assessed for auto- and co-aggregation capacity, antibiotic resistance, and behavior during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Three Lacticaseibacillus strains were further evaluated for antifungal activity, metabolite production (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS) and proteolytic profiles (SDS-PAGE and HPLC-DAD) in fermented milk, whey, and soy beverage. All strains resisted in vitro gastrointestinal digestion with viable counts higher than 7.9 log10 CFU mL-1 after the colonic phase. Remarkable proteolytic activity was observed for 18/25 strains. Bacterial auto- and co-aggregation of 7 selected strains reached values up to 23 and 20%, respectively. L. rhamnosus B5H2, L. rhamnosus B9H2 and L. paracasei B10L2 inhibited P. verrucosum, F. verticillioides and F. graminearum fungal growth, highlighting L. rhamnosus B5H2. Several metabolites were identified, including antifungal compounds such as phenylacetic acid and 3-phenyllactic acid, and volatile organic compounds produced in fermented milk, whey, and soy beverage. SDS-PAGE demonstrated bacterial hydrolysis of the main milk (caseins) and soy (glycines and beta-conglycines) proteins, with no apparent hydrolysis of whey proteins. However, HPLC-DAD revealed alpha-lactoglobulin reduction up to 82% and 54% in milk and whey, respectively, with L. rhamnosus B5H2 showing the highest proteolytic activity. Overall, the three selected Lacticaseibacillus strains demonstrated probiotic capacity highlighting L. rhamnosus B5H2 with remarkable potential for generating bioactive metabolites and peptides which are capable of promoting human health.

Ethanol Production from Jaggery Powder

Abstract: This exploration depicts about the Development of Ethanol by Jaggery. We use Jaggery which assists us with creating the Ethanol. Ecologically maintainable energy sources are called for because of contemporaneous advancement in businesses alongside the fast speed of urbanization. Ethanol created from biomass can be thought as a spotless and most secure fluid fuel and an option in contrast to fossil and oil fills are they have given exceptional natural, key financial advantages. For as far back as decade, it has been seen that there is a rising pattern found in bioethanol creation which has made an upgrade to go for progression in bioethanol creation advancements. A few feed stocks have been utilized for the bioethanol creation yet the secondage bioethanol has focused on the lignocellulose biomass. Plenteous lignocellulose biomass on the planet can be tapped for Ethanol creation, yet it will require huge advances in the ethanol creation process from lignocellulose as a result of a few specialized and monetary obstacles tracked down in business scale. The principal objective of the ongoing task is to decrease the purposes of Fuel in the public arena since it isn't eco-accommodating for nature. Trial studies have been done to enhance the pre-treatment process for expanding the proficiency of bacterial hydrolysis, the effective transformation of glucose from Jaggery corrupting microorganisms and to change over sugars delivered to Ethanol by utilizing Maturation process. Processing, refining, aging and parchedness associated with the Creation of Ethanol. In the aging system, the yeast breaks down the glucose into sucrose and fructose. The Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae was utilized for aging cycle, which helped in changing over the jaggery into sugar and isolated in refining process. This audit will incorporate the ongoing status of bioethanol creation. During the examination we got 250ml of Ethanol from 1kg of Jaggery blended in with 1liter of water. As far as their monetary and ecological practicality alongside some exploration holes as well as strategy ramifications.

Properties of a backfill material prepared by cementing coal gangue and fly ash through microbial-induced calcite precipitation

Microbes can induce the production of calcium carbonate deposits, which cement solid wastes such as coal gangue to form backfill materials. Filling such backfill materials in underground goafs can facilitate the disposal of solid wastes and control surface subsidence. In view of this, the idea of preparing a backfill material by cementing coal gangue and fly ash through microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) induced by B. pasteurii was proposed and the preparation procedure and test methods of properties of the backfill material were introduced. Changes in the slump flow and bleeding rate of the backfill material under conditions of different bacterial concentration, urea concentration, and mass concentration were studied. Influences of factors including the bacterial concentration, urea concentration, mass concentration, curing time, and curing temperature on the compressive strength of the backfill material were estimated. Results show that as the bacterial concentration increases, the slump flow increases, the bleeding rate decreases, while the compressive strength of the backfill material increases. An increase in the urea concentration reduces the slump flow and bleeding rate of the backfill material while first increasing, then decreasing the compressive strength; excessive concentrations of urea suppress bacterial activities. An increase in the mass concentration decreases the slump flow and bleeding rate of the backfill material, while increasing the compressive strength. As the curing temperature is increased, the compressive strength of the backfill material first increases, then decreases and the temperature range of 30 ∼ 40℃ is more conducive to bacterial hydrolysis of the urea and chemical reactions in the coal gangue-fly ash slurry. The prolonged curing time can significantly improve the compressive strength of the backfill material. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the application of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) in backfilling mining of coal mines.

Detoxification pathways of multiple metals from intensive copper production by indigenous ureolytic microbes coupled with soil nitrogen transformation

The ubiquitous ureolytic microbes were potential to clean up toxic heavy metals from environment. Their responses and detoxification mechanisms are largely unknown for multiple metals in field soils. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of the urease-encoding genes and deep learning from bioinformatic analysis were conducted for identifying ureolytic prokaryote-related processes throughout China. The passive adsorption of heavy metals onto cell walls or cell surfaces was mainly performed by G+ ureolytic bacteria in soils located in the large-scale smelting areas with slightly high Hg and low Cu/Zn/Ni contents. For the large-scale smelting areas with the highest Cr and lowest Cu/As contents, the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by G– ureolytic bacteria and then accumulated in their periplasmic spaces or cell surfaces. The G– ureolytic bacteria detoxified high contents of multiple metals by intracellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and extracellular urease-induced (co)precipitation in the medium-scale smelting areas, consistent with high urease activities and ureolytic microbial diversity. In addition, this large-scale field work verified that toxic metals stimulated the bacterial hydrolysis of urea as soil nitrogen fertilizers and depressed the bacterial fixation of nitrogen from air. Simultaneously, the heavy metals used nitrate-N and nitrite-N as alternative electron acceptors, driving the soil denitrification processes.

Production of Ethanol from Jaggery

Abstract: This exploration depicts about the Development of Ethanol by Jaggery. We use Jaggery which assists us with creating the Ethanol. Ecologically maintainable energy sources are called for because of contemporaneous advancement in businesses alongside the fast speed of urbanization. Ethanol created from biomass can be thought as a spotless and most secure fluid fuel and an option in contrast to fossil and oil fills are they have given exceptional natural, key financial advantages. For as far back as decade, it has been seen that there is a rising pattern found in bioethanol creation which has made an upgrade to go for progression in bioethanol creation advancements. A few feed stocks have been utilized for the bioethanol creation yet the secondage bioethanol has focused on the lignocellulose biomass. Plenteous lignocellulose biomass on the planet can be tapped for Ethanol creation, yet it will require huge advances in the ethanol creation process from lignocellulose as a result of a few specialized and monetary obstacles tracked down in business scale. The principal objective of the ongoing task is to decrease the purposes of Fuel in the public arena since it isn't eco-accommodating for nature. Trial studies have been done to enhance the pre-treatment process for expanding the proficiency of bacterial hydrolysis, the effective transformation of glucose from Jaggery corrupting microorganisms and to change over sugars delivered to Ethanol by utilizing Maturation process. Processing, refining, aging and parchedness associated with the Creation of Ethanol. In the aging system, the yeast breaks down the glucose into sucrose and fructose. The Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae was utilized for aging cycle, which helped in changing over the jaggery into sugar and isolated in refining process. This audit will incorporate the ongoing status of bioethanol creation. During the examination we got 250ml of Ethanol from 1kg of Jaggery blended in with 1liter of water. As far as their monetary and ecological practicality alongside some exploration holes as well as strategy ramifications. Keywords: Bioethanol, biomass, Lignocelluloses, Yeast, Jaggery;

Purification and characterization of cellulase produced by Novosphingobium sp. Cm1 and its waste hydrolysis efficiency and bio-stoning potential.

The aim of the study was to purify and characterize cellulase from a previously isolated Novosphingobium sp. strain Cm1 and to evaluate its waste hydrolysis and bio-stoning efficiency. There is a growing demand for cellulase, a multipurpose enzyme widely used in industrial applications. Here, we purified cellulase from Novosphingobium sp. Cm1 by cellulose chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed a molecular mass of 25kDa. After 18-fold purification, the cellulase had an activity of 31.4U/mg at pH of 5 and 40°C, and it retained activity at a wide range of pH and temperatures. The presence of Fe2+ and Co2+ boosted the enzyme activity by 57% and 25% respectively. The hydrolysing capacity of the strain towards cellulosic material was assessed for two paper types and the highest activity (2.6±0.05U/ml) was found with filter paper as the sole carbon source. Alterations in the structure of the papers as a result of bacterial hydrolysis were confirmed by scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The strain was also tested for its potential in various industrial applications and exhibited pectinolytic activity (6.78±0.68U/ml), xylanolytic activity (0.22±0.14U/ml) and bio-stoning ability. The highly active purified cellulase has a broad pH and temperature range. The strain possesses waste-hydrolysing ability, pectinolytic and xylanolytic ability along with bio-stoning capacity. The efficacy and versatility of the enzyme from Novosphingobium sp. Cm1 make it an excellent candidate for diverse industrial applications.

In vitro stability and ex vivo absorption of thymol monoglucosides in the porcine gut

Thymol α-D-glucopyranoside (TαG) and thymol β-D-glucopyranoside (TβG) are believed to have different kinetic behaviours in the porcine gut than its parent aglycon thymol. However, recently, it was shown that concentrations of both glucosides decreased rapidly in the stomach and proximal small intestine following oral supplementation to piglets as did thymol. Yet, the stability of thymol glucosides in gut contents and their absorption route remains obscure. Therefore, a series of in vitro incubations were performed, simulating the impact of pH, digestive enzymes, bacterial activity and mucosal extracts on stability of these glucosides. Their absorption mechanisms were investigated using the Ussing chamber model in the presence or the absence of inhibitors of sodium-dependent glucose linked transporter 1 and lactase phlorizin hydrolase. Both glucosides remained intact at physiological pH levels in the presence of digestive enzymes. Recoveries from TαG and TβG were below 90% when incubated with small intestinal homogenates from the distal jejunum or from all sampled sites, respectively. However, no aglycon could be detected in these samples. Bacterial inoculum of the small intestine, on the other hand, hydrolysed TβG quickly with up to 44% of free aglycon appearing. TαG proved more resistant to porcine gastro-intestinal bacterial glucosidases with only trace amounts (<1%) of free thymol at the end of the incubations. Electrophysiological measurements in Ussing chambers did not suggest active transport of the glucosides. Mucosal TαG and TβG concentrations were unchanged between start and end of the absorption measurements. Additionally, no TαG and only a very limited amount of TβG were retrieved from the serosal side. Tissue associated concentrations, although marginal (<1% of luminal concentration), were mainly as intact glucoside or as aglycon for TαG and TβG, respectively. Addition of both inhibitors significantly increased the amount of intact glucosides retrieved from the mucosal tissues as compared to controls. In conclusion, bacterial hydrolysis was identified as the most important source of TβG loss, whereas TαG seemed less prone to degradation or absorption in these in vitro and ex vivo models.

Stability of Methylphenidate under Various pH Conditions in the Presence or Absence of Gut Microbiota.

Methylphenidate is one of the most widely used oral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The drug is mainly absorbed in the small intestine and has low bioavailability. Accordingly, a high interindividual variability in terms of response to the treatment is known among ADHD patients treated with methylphenidate. Nonetheless, very little is known about the factors that influence the drug’s absorption and bioavailability. Gut microbiota has been shown to reduce the bioavailability of a wide variety of orally administered drugs. Here, we tested the ability of small intestinal bacteria to metabolize methylphenidate. In silico analysis identified several small intestinal bacteria to harbor homologues of the human carboxylesterase 1 enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of methylphenidate in the liver into the inactive form, ritalinic acid. Despite our initial results hinting towards possible bacterial hydrolysis of the drug, up to 60% of methylphenidate is spontaneously hydrolyzed in the absence of bacteria and this hydrolysis is pH-dependent. Overall, our results indicate that the stability of methylphenidate is compromised under certain pH conditions in the presence or absence of gut microbiota.

Переваривание белков, казоморфины и кисломолочные продукты

This review describes a general concept of protein digestion and traditional views on the mechanisms of absorption of amino acids, di- and tripeptides on the example of milk protein. It covers the mechanism of milk fermentation by its own enzymes with the involvement of intestinal microflora. It also describes the ways of oligopeptide absorption, as well as pharmacological effects of biologically active oligopeptides, in particular casomorphine. We discuss the physiological role of casomorphins and some of their pharmacological effects on laboratory animals. Fermented dairy products are a good example of products containing casomorphins. We provide the definition of the ‘gut-brain axis’ with simultaneous nutrition of the brain and microbiota. Depending on fermentation of the product of bacterial hydrolysis by exoenzymes produced by starter or probiotic strains, casomorphins are generated in fermented dairy products. The mechanism of β-casamorphine action (especially in children) is particularly interesting for physiologists, pharmacologists, and psychologists, since their effects on cells and individual systems promote certain neurochemical reactions associated with behavior and vital activities in general. There is also an overview of studies analyzing food consumption and mood modeling with an evidence base for improving mental health and mood associated with consuming certain nutrients and foods, especially dairy products. Key words: casomorphins, fermented dairy products, children

Importance of Defluviitalea raffinosedens for Hydrolytic Biomass Degradation in Co-Culture with Hungateiclostridium thermocellum.

Bacterial hydrolysis of polysaccharides is an important step for the production of sustainable energy, for example during the conversion of plant biomass to methane-rich biogas. Previously, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum was identified as cellulolytic key player in thermophilic biogas microbiomes with a great frequency as an accompanying organism. The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize a recently isolated co-culture of H. thermocellum and the saccharolytic bacterium Defluviitalea raffinosedens from a laboratory-scale biogas fermenter. The characterization focused on cellulose breakdown by applying the measurement of cellulose hydrolysis, production of metabolites, and the activity of secreted enzymes. Substrate degradation and the production of volatile metabolites was considerably enhanced when both organisms acted synergistically. The metabolic properties of H. thermocellum have been studied well in the past. To predict the role of D. raffinosedens in this bacterial duet, the genome of D. raffinosedens was sequenced for the first time. Concomitantly, to deduce the prevalence of D. raffinosedens in anaerobic digestion, taxonomic composition and transcriptional activity of different biogas microbiomes were analyzed in detail. Defluviitalea was abundant and metabolically active in reactor operating at highly efficient process conditions, supporting the importance of this organism for the hydrolysis of the raw substrate.

Application of Relay C−H Oxidation Logic to Polyhydroxylated Oleanane Triterpenoids

Summary Although clinical applications of abundant feedstock triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid are limited because of poor solubility and bioavailability, synthetic access to higher hydroxylated oleanane terpenoids is challenging. We now report the use of relay C−H oxidation logic to mimic the processes carried out in nature by P450 monooxygenase enzymes. To this end, we used the C-23-OH as natural handle for a hydrogen-atom transfer to access C-6, enabling the first syntheses of highly oxidized natural products uncargenin C and protobassic acid as well as uncovering the anti-leukemic activity of a synthetic intermediate.

Microbial valorization of shrimp byproducts via the production of thermostable chitosanase and antioxidant chitooligosaccharides

Abstract Chitinous materials present in marine byproducts attract the research focus for their potential agricultural and biomedical applications. In the present study, shrimp processing byproduct was used for the production of chitosanase by solid state fermentation using Bacillus cereus strain SSW1. The isolated strain was identified by Gram stain, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S DNA sequencing. The enzyme production was statistically optimized to reach 39.774U/g dry substrate by 5.3 fold of increase. The activity of the partially purified enzyme was optimized in respect to the effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration in which the enzyme was indicated to be thermo-active and thermo-stable. Although several chitosanases have been previously studied, thermostable enzymes are still rather rare. The Km, Vmax and Kcat values were calculated to be 7.55 mg/mL, 30.3U/mL/min and 1.9min-1 and the half lives of the enzyme at 55, 60 and 65 °C were 693.15, 346.57 and 77.02min-1 respectively, confirming the thermo-stability of the produced enzyme. The antifungal activity of the produced enzyme was indicated against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Additionally, chitooligosaccharides were obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan and by the bacterial hydrolysis of shrimp byproducts that was confirmed by thin layer chromatography analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Finally, the purified chitooligosaccharides showed in vitro antioxidant activity assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay.

Electroanalytical properties of chlorophenol red at disposable carbon electrodes: Implications for Escherichia coli detection

The use of coliforms and Escherichia coli as indicator species for assessing the quality of water is well established and a large variety of methods based on β-galactosidase (B-GAL) activity, inherent to the microbes within this classification, have arisen to enable their detection and enumeration. Chlorophenol red (CPR) is widely used as a chromogenic label, but its capacity for translation to electroanalytical devices has yet to be fully explored. The CPR moiety is capable of undergoing oxidation at carbon substrates (+0.7 V) giving rise to a variety of phenolic intermediates. Electrochemical, XPS and enzymatic techniques were employed to characterise the underpinning chemistry and the intermediate identified as a 1,2-quinone derivative in which the chlorine substituent is retained. The latter was found to accumulate at the electrode and, in contrast to the parent CPR, was found to be detected at a significantly less positive potential (+0.3 V). Bacterial hydrolysis of a CPR labelled substrate was demonstrated with the 1,2-quinone oxidation product found to accumulate at the electrode and detected using square wave voltammetry. Proof of concept for the efficacy of the alternative electrode pathway was established through the detection of E.coli after an incubation time of 2.5 h with no interference from the labelled substrates.

Gut bacterial phospholipase Ds support disease-associated metabolism by generating choline.

The essential nutrient choline is metabolized by gut bacteria to the disease-associated metabolite trimethylamine (TMA). However, most of the choline obtained via the diet and present in the human body is incorporated into larger metabolites, including the lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC). Here, we report that many choline-utilizing gut microorganisms can hydrolyse PC using a phospholipase D (PLD) enzyme and further convert the released choline to TMA. Genetic and in vitro characterization of the PLD from Escherichia coli MS 200-1 showed this enzyme is essential for bacterial hydrolysis of PC and prefers this substrate. PLDs are also found in gut bacterial isolates that are unable to convert choline to TMA, suggesting that additional members of the gut microbiota may influence access to this substrate. Unexpectedly, this PLD is only distantly related to characterized PLDs from pathogenic bacteria, suggesting a distinct evolutionary history. Together, these results reveal a previously underappreciated role for gut microorganisms in phospholipid metabolism and a potential target for inhibiting TMA production.

Urea hydrolysis by gut bacteria in a hibernating frog: evidence for urea-nitrogen recycling in Amphibia.

Gut bacteria that produce urease, the enzyme hydrolysing urea, contribute to nitrogen balance in diverse vertebrates, although the presence of this system of urea-nitrogen recycling in Amphibia is as yet unknown. Our studies of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), a terrestrial species that accrues urea in winter, documented robust urease activity by enteric symbionts and hence potential to recoup nitrogen from the urea it produces. Ureolytic capacity in hibernating (non-feeding) frogs, whose guts hosted an approximately 33% smaller bacterial population, exceeded that of active (feeding) frogs, possibly due to an inductive effect of high urea on urease expression and/or remodelling of the microbial community. Furthermore, experimentally augmenting the host's plasma urea increased bacterial urease activity. Bacterial inventories constructed using 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the assemblages hosted by hibernating and active frogs were equally diverse but markedly differed in community membership and structure. Hibernating frogs hosted a greater relative abundance and richer diversity of genera that possess urease-encoding genes and/or have member taxa that reportedly hydrolyse urea. Bacterial hydrolysis of host-synthesized urea probably permits conservation and repurposing of valuable nitrogen not only in hibernating R. sylvatica but, given urea's universal role in amphibian osmoregulation, also in virtually all Amphibia.

The human digestive tract has proteases capable of gluten hydrolysis

ObjectiveTo identify, purify, and characterize the proteins responsible for glutenase activity in the feces of healthy subjects and patients with celiac disease (CD). MethodsSixteen subjects were included in this study; 8 were healthy with no known food intolerances, and 8 were treated CD patients on a gluten-free diet. Fecal samples were homogenized, and precipitated proteins were purified by chromatography. Glutenase activity was evaluated by bioassays, zymography, and high-performance liquid chromatography with immunogenic 33-mer, 19-mer, and 13-mer gliadin peptides. ResultsThe gastrointestinal elastase 3B (CEL3B), elastase 2A (CEL2A), and carboxypeptidase A1 (CBPA1) enzymes degraded human gluten. These proteins fully hydrolyzed 13-mer and 19-mer gliadin peptides that trigger immune-mediated enteropathy in individuals genetically predisposed to CD and partially digested a 33-mer. Feces from patients with CD showed more glutenase activity than feces from individuals without CD (171–466% higher). Peptidase activity against the gliadin peptides also increased in patients with CD. ConclusionThe digestive tracts of patients with CD and healthy subjects have enzymatic machinery needed for gluten degradation. Patients with CD showed more gluten hydrolysis than did healthy individuals, although, in both cases, a fraction of 33-mer peptide remained intact. Gliadin peptides derived from gastrointestinal digestion, especially the 33-mer, can potentially be used by commensal microbiota from both CD-positive and CD-negative individuals, and differences in bacterial hydrolysis can modify its immunogenic capacity.

Broccoli Consumption Impacts the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota

BackgroundThe human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is increasingly linked to health outcomes; however, our understanding of how specific foods alter the microbiota is limited. Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli have been associated with cancer prevention as a result of their high levels of glucosinolates, especially glucoraphanin. The activation of glucoraphanin to its isothiocyanate form, sulforaphane, is dependent on the enzyme myrosinase. Myrosinase is naturally found in broccoli, but is degraded by cooking. It has been hypothesized that plasma sulforaphane observed in persons eating cooked broccoli may be related to glucoraphanin hydrolysis by microbial myrosinase. Myrosinase activity is greater in rodents who regularly consume cruciferous vegetables compared to those who do not, suggesting a priming effect on the microbiota. However, it remains to be discovered which members of the microbiota are responsible for this action in clinical populations.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the impact of broccoli consumption on the GI microbiota of healthy adult men and women as a means to understand the role of microbes in glucosinolate hydrolysis.MethodsA controlled feeding, randomized, crossover study consisting of two 17‐day treatment periods separated by a 24‐day washout was conducted in healthy adults (n=18). Participants were fed at weight maintenance, and received a Brassica‐free control diet or the same diet with 200 g of cooked broccoli and 20 g of fresh daikon radish (as a source of plant myrosinase) per day. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each treatment period for microbial analysis. Following DNA isolation, bacterial, archaeal, and fungal barcoded amplicon pools were generated using a Fluidigm Access Array system prior to high‐throughput sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq. Data were analyzed using QIIME 1.8.0 and 1.9.1 and SAS 9.4.ResultsBeta diversity analysis based on 97% operational taxonomic unit composition and abundances indicated that bacterial communities were impacted by treatment (p=0.03). Broccoli consumption resulted in a significant change in the proportion of Bacteroidetes relative to Firmicutes, whereby participants consuming broccoli increased this ratio by 37% from baseline to end, compared to a 5% reduction during the control period (p=0.02). Bacteroides increased by 6% following broccoli consumption and decreased by 2% in the control group, but the difference between these two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.15).ConclusionThese novel results reveal that broccoli consumption affects the diversity and composition of the GI microbiota of healthy adults. These data help fill the gap in knowledge related to the role of bacterial hydrolysis of phytonutrients. The increase in Bacteroides spp. is particularly relevant because Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron has been shown in vitro to utilize glucosinolates. Additional study is ongoing to determine if phenotypic responses are related to archaea and body mass index.Support or Funding InformationFunding provided by the National Cancer Institute and the USDA.

Mining pollution control using biogrouting

The wind-induced dispersion of waste materials from mining operations results in the dust accumulation around mines, which in turn lead to negative environmental and economical impacts. In addition, the oxidation of sulphidic minerals extracted from mines promotes the creation of sulphuric acid which subsequently promotes the release of a whole range of metals. As a result, Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) contains high concentrations of acid and dissolved metals. When this toxic mixture flows into groundwater, streams and rivers, it gives rise to several environmental problems. Here, in this paper, we investigate the stability and permeability of the sulfide soil in the Angouran mine, the largest lead and zinc mine in the Middle East, by employing a biological process, biogrouting. Angouran mine is subject to a considerable amount of AMD production due to the water penetration in the soil, which is largely deposited by the dust produced from the mine and storage factories. Biogrouting method exploits bacterial hydrolysis to form calcium carbonate. Consequently, calcium carbonate sediments in the form of cement and consolidates the soil. Our findings show that the soil is stabilized through the inhibition of dust dispersion by biogrouting. The biogrout prevents the protrusion of water inside depots and decelerates the formation and protrusion of acidic drainage and latex consisting of heavy metals into the ground.

Sa1398 Immunogenic Gluten Is Modulated by Small Intestinal Bacterial Hydrolysis

Sa1398 Immunogenic Gluten Is Modulated by Small Intestinal Bacterial Hydrolysis

Production of Bioethanol from Waste Newspaper

Paper, which is one of the largest constituent of Municipal solid waste, has become a severe problem for disposal in developed and developing countries due to the shrinking landfill capacity. It is very important and challenging task in managing the solid waste. Newspaper, which is a cellulosic feed stock, is emerging as an attractive option for the production of bio-ethanol because of lower feedstock costs, higher potential for fossil fuel displacement and also there will be reduction in greenhouse gas emission as compared to production of ethanol from corn. The main objective of the current project is to minimize the newspaper load on municipal solid waste by efficiently utilizing the waste newspaper in the production of bio-ethanol. Experimental studies have been carried out to optimize the pre-treatment process for increasing the efficiency of bacterial hydrolysis, the efficient conversion of cellulose to sugars from cellulose degrading microorganisms and to convert the sugars released to Ethanol by using Fermentation process. Pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation are the steps involved in the production of Bioethanol. In the pre-treatment process, the Lignin, Hemicellulose and Cellulose are separated to enhance the hydrolysis process. The optimized condition for the pre-treatment was found to be 1.5% concentration of H2SO4 at 121 °C and 45 minutes. The bacteria CytophagaHuchnosonni was used for hydrolysis process, which helped in converting the cellulose to sugars and was analysed using DinitroSalicilicacid. The reducing sugars were fermented to produce Bioethanol using the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisae and the yield was estimated using specific gravity method and also by using HPLC.