Bacterial Extracts Research Articles

Hydrobiome of Thermal Waters: Potential Use in Dermocosmetics

Over the course of the last 20 years, numerous studies have identified the benefits of thermal waters on different skin conditions. Consequently, several investigations have been carried out on their effects on the skin, which are linked to their chemical composition, and, recently, scientists have turned their attention to the role of the thermal spring’s microbiota, named “hydrobiome”, regarding these therapeutic effects. At the same time, the development of cosmetics based on pre, pro, and postbiotics has reached great relevance and research is increasing every day. This review gathers information on the biological diversity of thermal spring waters and their potential use in obtaining biological compounds, metabolites, or bacterial extracts for use in dermocosmetics as active ingredients. These bioactive compounds are able to improve dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis or rosacea and ameliorate pruritus and xerosis; moreover, they can increase protection against UV exposure, strengthen barrier function, maintain good homeostasis of skin defenses, repair damaged skin, promote wound healing, improve skin condition, reduce uneven skin pigmentation, and prevent skin aging. From a future perspective, fruitful cooperation among researchers, hydrologists, thermal spa centers, and cosmetic industries will drive this sector toward a better understanding of the role of the hydrobiome of thermal spring waters on healthy skin and dermatological diseases and consider the inclusion of derivatives of this hydrobiome (in the form of fermenters, lysates, extracts, etc.) in dermocosmetic formulations. Therefore, and being aware of the potential of the hydrobiome in dermatological and skin care applications, the future prospects for the use of bioactive substances derived from it in dermocosmetic formulations are promising.

Evaluation of Aztreonam and Ceftazidime/Avibactam Synergism against Klebsiella pneumoniae by MALDI-TOF MS.

Resistance to carbapenems due to the co-production of NDM and ESBL or NDM and KPC is increasing. Therefore, combined therapy with aztreonam (ATM) plus ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) has been recommended. Then, it is necessary to develop and evaluate fast and simple methods to determine synergism in vitro in microbiology laboratories. To develop a method to determine the synergism of ATM and CZA by MALDI-TOF MS (SynMALDI). Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 22) isolates with blaNDM and/or blaKPC genes were tested. The time-kill curve assay was performed for four isolates (three positives for blaNDM and blaKPC and one positive for blaNDM only). For SynMALDI, each isolate was incubated for 3 h in 4 tubes containing brain-heart infusion broth with the following: (1) no antibiotic; (2) ATM at 64 mg/L; (3) CZA at 10/4 mg/L; and (4) ATM at 64 mg/L plus CZA at 10/4 mg/L. After incubation, the bacterial protein extract was analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS, and the relative growth (RG) was determined for each isolate, considering intensities of the peaks of the bacterium incubated with antibiotic (tubes 2, 3, and 4) to the same bacterium incubated without antibiotic (tube 1), as follows: RG = IntensityWith antibiotic/IntensityWithout antibiotic. The combination was determined as synergistic when there was an RG decrease of 0.3 in the antibiotic combination in relation to the RG of the most active antibiotic alone. The combination of ATM plus CZA proved to be synergic by time-kill curve assay. All isolates tested with the SynMALDI method also presented synergism. Detection of synergism for ATM plus CZA combination can be determined by MALDI-TOF MS, providing fast results in order to improve patient treatment.

Deconvolution of multichannel LC-MS/MS chromatograms of glucosamine-phosphates: Evidence of a GlmS regulatory difference between Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium

Resolving isomeric analytes is challenging given their physical similarity – making chromatographic resolution difficult, and their identical masses – making simple mass resolution impossible. MS/MS data provides a means to resolve isomeric analytes if their MS/MS intensity profiles are sufficiently different. Glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6P) and glucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcN-1P) are early bacterial cell wall intermediates. These and other isomeric hexosamine-phosphates are highly polar and unretained on reverse-phase chromatography media. Three commercially available hexosamine-phosphate standards (GlcN-6P, GlcN-1P, and GalN-1P) were derivatized with octanoic anhydride, and chromatographic conditions were established to resolve these analytes on C18 columns. GlcN-1P and GalN-1P overlapped chromatographically under all tested chromatography conditions. Three MS/MS fragments (79, 97, and 199 m/z) were common to all three commercially available hexosamine-phosphates. Intensity ratios of the three MS/MS fragments from these three hexosamine-phosphate standards were used to deconvolute mixture chromatograms of these standards by non-negative linear regression. This approach allowed the complete resolution of these analytes. The chromatographically overlapping GlcN-1P and GalN-1P, which shared similar but modestly different MS/MS intensity profiles, were fully resolved with this non-negative deconvolution approach. This approach was then applied to MRSA, VSE, and VRE bacterial extracts before and after exposure to vancomycin. This demonstrated a substantial (3-fold) increase in GlcN-6P in vancomycin-treated MRSA samples but not in vancomycin-treated VSE or VRE samples. These observations appear to localize previously observed differences between MRSA and VRE/VSE peptidoglycan biosynthesis regulation to GlmS, which synthesizes GlcN-6P and is the product of a regulatory ribozyme sensitive to the levels of GlcN-6P

The Potential of Tapak Dara (Catharanthus roseus) Leaves Endophytic Bacteria BETD5 as Antioxidant and Anticancer Against T47D Breast Cancer Cells

This study aimed to measure antioxidant activity, to characterize biochemical properties and to measure cytotoxicity activity in BETD5 isolates. The method used in this research was experimental method. Parameters observed were antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity activity consisting of IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) and biochemical properties. Isolate used was extract of endophytic bacteria of Tapak Dara (BETD5). antioxidant activity was conducted using various sample extract concentration, namely 5ppm, 10ppm, 25ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm. The biochemical tests carried out included Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) test, Simmons Citrate (SC) test, motility test, indole test, catalase test and Methyl Red (MR) test. Cytotoxicity test on cell line T47D was performed by MTT assay using concentration (%) of 3.125; 6.25; 12.5; 25 and 50. The results showed that antioxidant activity of BETD5 was strong because IC50 value obtained was 78.485 ppm. Based on biochemical tests, BETD5 was suspected belong to the genus Staphylococcus. Cytotoxicity activity of BETD5 obtained an IC50 value of 15.58 ppm. This indicates that endophytic bacterial extract of Tapak Dara (BETD5) had moderate cytotoxicity against the T47D breast cancer cell line. GCMS test results showed that the endophytic bacterial isolate BETD5 had the highest secondary metabolite content, namely cis-Ocimene (24.31%).

Genomic and in-vitro characteristics of a novel strain Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis AACE3 isolated from fermented blueberry.

Numerous different species of LAB are used in different fields due to their unique characteristics. However, Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis, a newly established species in 2018, has limited microorganism resources, and lacks comprehensive evaluations of its properties. In this study, L. chiayiensis AACE3, isolated from fermented blueberry, was evaluated by genomic analysis and in vitro assays of the properties. The genome identified genes associated with biofilm formation (luxS, ccpA, brpA), resistance to oxidative stress (tpx, trxA, trxB, hslO), tolerance to acidic conditions (dltA, dltC), resistance to unfavorable osmotic pressure (opuBB, gbuA, gbuB, gbuC), and adhesion (luxS, dltA, dltC). The AACE3 showed 112 unique genes, relative to the other three L. chiayiensis strains. Among them, the presence of genes such as clpP, pepO, and feoA suggests a possible advantage of AACE3 over other L. chiayiensis in terms of environmental adaptation. In vitro evaluation of the properties revealed that AACE3 had robust antibacterial activity against eight common pathogens: Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, AACE3 showed more than 80% survival rate in all tests simulating gastrointestinal fluid, and it exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Interestingly, the cell culture supernatant was superior to intact organisms and ultrasonically crushed bacterial extracts in all tests of antioxidant capacity. These results suggested that the antioxidant capacity may originate from certain metabolites and extracellular enzymes produced by AACE3. Moreover, AACE3 was a moderate biofilm producer due to the self-agglomeration effect. Taken together, L. chiayiensis AACE3 appears to be a candidate strain for combating the growing incidence of pathogen infections and antioxidant production.

Biocontrol and plant growth promoting traits of two avocado rhizobacteria are orchestrated by the emission of diffusible and volatile compounds.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a tree crop of great social and economic importance. However, the crop productivity is hindered by fast-spreading diseases, which calls for the search of new biocontrol alternatives to mitigate the impact of avocado phytopathogens. Our objectives were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of diffusible and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by two avocado rhizobacteria (Bacillus A8a and HA) against phytopathogens Fusarium solani, Fusarium kuroshium, and Phytophthora cinnamomi, and assess their plant growth promoting effect in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that, in vitro, VOCs emitted by both bacterial strains inhibited mycelial growth of the tested pathogens by at least 20%. Identification of bacterial VOCs by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed a predominance of ketones, alcohols and nitrogenous compounds, previously reported for their antimicrobial activity. Bacterial organic extracts obtained with ethyl acetate significantly reduced mycelial growth of F. solani, F. kuroshium, and P. cinnamomi, the highest inhibition being displayed by those from strain A8a (32, 77, and 100% inhibition, respectively). Tentative identifications carried out by liquid chromatography coupled to accurate mass spectrometry of diffusible metabolites in the bacterial extracts, evidenced the presence of some polyketides such as macrolactins and difficidin, hybrid peptides including bacillaene, and non-ribosomal peptides such as bacilysin, which have also been described in Bacillus spp. for antimicrobial activities. The plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid was also identified in the bacterial extracts. In vitro assays showed that VOCs from strain HA and diffusible compounds from strain A8a modified root development and increased fresh weight of A. thaliana. These compounds differentially activated several hormonal signaling pathways involved in development and defense responses in A. thaliana, such as auxin, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA); genetic analyses suggested that developmental stimulation of the root system architecture by strain A8a was mediated by the auxin signaling pathway. Furthermore, both strains were able to enhance plant growth and decreased the symptoms of Fusarium wilt in A. thaliana when soil-inoculated. Collectively, our results evidence the potential of these two rhizobacterial strains and their metabolites as biocontrol agents of avocado pathogens and as biofertilizers.

Metabolites Profiling and Antimicrobial Activity of Actinobacteria Associated with Plants Collected from Thumama in Riyadh Region Saudi Arabia

Plants are emerging as a vital source of microbial diversity and, therefore, of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study aimed to metabolomes profiling and invistigate the antimicrobial activity of actinobacteria associated with plants collected from thumama desert in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Assessment of the antimicrobial potential has been done using agar well diffusion method and the metabolites profiling has been carried out using HPLC and GC-MS. Several actinobacterial extracts showed antimicrobial activity against multiple tested microbes, NA118 and N182 exhibited antimicrobial activity against the three tested microbes Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. Actinobacterial strains showed differential levels of amino acids, Isolate NA118 showed the highest increases in valine, proline, ornithine, leucine. Highest levels of hexadecatrienoic (C16:3) and hexadecanoic (C16:0) were recorded for isolate NA8. Isolate NA182 was rich in several phenolics and flavonoids. High contents of beta-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol and gama-tocopherol were recorded for isolate NA118 and NA18. Finally, The pharmacological characteristics of the bacterial extracts were assessed. Antibacterial testing revealed that 10 of 12 bacterial extracts were having antimicrobial activities against at least one of the microorganisms examined. Therefore, Further studies needs to be performed in which we can isolate and identify various actinobacterial species using different media beside it could have interesting biologically active metabolites.

Identifikasi dan Uji Penangkapan Radikal 2,2 Difenil-1-Pkrilhidrazil (DPPH) dari Ekstrak Kasar Pigmen Bakteri Simbion Rumput Laut

Abstrak Seaweed belongs to the group of natural antioxidants, these antioxidants are able to counteract free radicals. Secondary metabolites that are antioxidants include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, and terpenoids and carotenoids. This study aims to identify and test the radical scavenging of 2,2 diphenyl-1-pkrylhydrazyl (DPPH) from the crude extract of the macroalgae symbiont pigment Turbinaria conoides originating from the coastal waters of Hamadi Jayapura, Papua. The method used in this study is an experimental method by identifying pigments using Thin Chromatography (TLC), and for Antioxidant testing using the DPPH Method. The results of the study used the TLC plate Spot 1 on the yellow TLC plate, which had a Retardation frequency (Rf) value of 5/8 = 0.62 and was identified as a carotenoid. The pigment extract of the TC.11 symbiont bacterial pigment extract also has antioxidant potential which was tested by the DPPH method. See the IC50 value of TC.11 bacteria of 24315 ppm compared to the β-carotene marker of 4103 ppm

Polyethylene glycol dictates the therapeutic response (anticancer and wound healing) of silver oxide nanomaterials

AbstractIn this study, polymer (polyethylene glycol [PEG] and Chitosan)‐coated silver oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared by hydrothermal method. The polymer‐encapsulated NPs are characterized by materials‐related characterization techniques such as X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), photoluminescence (PL), and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystallite size of silver oxide NPs is 43.39 nm and reduces to 34.56 nm and 30.43 nm for PEG and Chitosan functionalized NPs, respectively. SEM micrographs show the spherical morphology of the synthesized nanomaterials with the grain size of pristine, PEG, and Chitosan functionalized silver oxide NPs as 60.9 ± 14.1, 70.9 ± 10.3, and 57.2 ± 7.8 nm, respectively. The band gap of silver oxide NPs increases upon polymer functionalization. PEGlyation of silver oxide NPs has enhanced its anticancer potential significantly against liver cancer cell line (HuH‐7), shows least cell viability, and IC50 value is as low as 0.106 μg/mL and in the case of Chitosan coating 4.505 μg/mL. The antibacterial properties and biofilm inhibition are investigated against bacterial extracts of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The polymer‐coated silver oxide NPs have shown enhanced antibacterial potential against both S. aureus and E. coli. CAM assay is used to evaluate the wound‐healing ability of nanomaterials. Alginate gels incorporated with NPs have promoted wound healing. Our results revealed that the surface modification by PEG and Chitosan improved the therapeutic potential of silver oxide NPs.

Pyoverdine Analysis - From High-resolution MS/MS Fragmentation to Ion Mobility Measurements.

Microorganisms produce iron chelators called siderophores that are a rich source for drug discovery or plant protective agents. Pyoverdines are a class of siderophores from fluorescent Pseudomonas members and consist of different peptide chains specific to each bacterial species. The structural elucidation and characterization of pyoverdines require comprehensive analytical methods as bacterial extracts are complex mixtures. Here, we present a high-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS pipeline and the application of ion mobility spectrometry to facilitate research in the field of medicine and agriculture.

Enhanced recombinant protein capture, purity and yield from crude bacterial cell extracts by N-Lauroylsarcosine-assisted affinity chromatography

BackgroundRecombinant proteins cover a wide range of biomedical, biotechnological, and industrial needs. Although there are diverse available protocols for their purification from cell extracts or from culture media, many proteins of interest such as those containing cationic domains are difficult to purify, a fact that results in low yields of the final functional product. Unfortunately, this issue prevents the further development and industrial or clinical application of these otherwise interesting products.ResultsAiming at improving the purification of such difficult proteins, a novel procedure has been developed based on supplementing crude cell extracts with non-denaturing concentrations of the anionic detergent N-Lauroylsarcosine. The incorporation of this simple step in the downstream pipeline results in a substantial improvement of the protein capture by affinity chromatography, an increase of protein purity and an enhancement of the overall process yield, being the detergent not detectable in the final product.ConclusionBy taking this approach, which represents a smart repurposing of N-Lauroylsarcosine applied to protein downstream, the biological activity of the protein is not affected. Being technologically simple, the N-Lauroylsarcosine-assisted protein purification might represent a critical improvement in recombinant protein production with wide applicability, thus smothering the incorporation of promising proteins into the protein market.

Bioactive components, sun protective properties, and total phenolic contents of halobacterial extracts

Halophilic bacteria are microorganism groups with key industrial potential due to their primary and secondary metabolites. In this study, three halophilic bacteria were identified biochemically and phylogenetically, and visualized with advanced imaging systems such as scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. The data obtained identified the following species strains, Salinicoccus roseus strain EMK96, Salinicoccus amylolyticus strain RB5, and Salicola marasensis strain OSK. The industrial potential of halophilic bacteria were identified by investigating the catalase, oxidase, gelatinase, amylase, caseinase, and esterase enzyme activities, and pigments. The sun protection factors, total polyphenol content, and bioactive volatile components were also identified. SPF values and total phenolic content of the extracts obtained from different strains showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The highest SPF and total phenolic content were detected in the second extract of S. roseus (P < 0.05). In addition, bacterioruberin, commonly known as archaeal carotenoid, was also detected in the bacterial strain S. roseus. As a result of qualitative volatile component analysis of bacterial extracts, a total of 108 components were identified from different extracts. This is the first study to determine the sun protection factor, total polyphenol content, and volatile chemical components of these three halophilic bacterial extracts.

Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Bacteria isolated from (Pyrrosia piloselloides) (L) M.G. Price

Endophytic bacteria produced analogous secondary metabolites of their hosts. Similarly, the ability to generate antioxidants is not an exception. Dragon scales (Pyrrosia piloselloides), an epiphytic plant of the Polypodiaceae family, are frequently overlooked. This research aims to isolate antioxidant-producing bacteria from dragon-scale fern leaves. The antioxidant activities were tested after the extraction procedure using ethanolic extract. Bacteria were characterized and selected as candidates for antioxidant production by screening for the production of total phenolic compounds. Antioxidant levels were determined utilizing the ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH techniques. The preliminary findings of the entire phenolic compound test revealed that isolates B2, B3, C, and F produced the most phenolic compounds. The highest antioxidant activity was created by bacterial isolates B3. Bacterial isolates D1 have similar characteristics to B3 and it has been identified as Bacillus subtilis isolates D1AS. The assessment technique and extract dosages have the greatest effect on antioxidant concentration. In comparison to other approaches, the DPPH method yields considerable results when screening prospective isolates to manufacture antioxidants. Testing the ability of the results of bacterial extracts on other therapeutic effects needs to be done to ensure that the antioxidant abilities obtained in this study continue to be developed.

Quercetin-Containing Extract from Clove Syzygium aromaticum L. Endophytic Bacteria, Fictibacillus phosphorivorans P1U2, Exhibits Antimutagenic Activity in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Metabolites from clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) have been extensively studied for various pharmacological uses, including quercetin. Endophytic bacteria isolated from plant tissues can produce similar secondary metabolites as their host plants. However, little is known about the antioxidant activity of the endophytic bacterial extract from clove leaves. Amongst the potential bacterial groups, the genera of Bacillus have been widely studied as a source of antioxidants. Thus, this study, we examined the potential antioxidant properties of Bacillus sp., isolated from clove leaves. We have successfully isolated ten endophytic bacteria, of which only one isolate (P1U2) was found non-pathogenic based on a hemolytic assay. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence, P1U2 shared the highest similarity to Fictibacillus phosphorivorans. The extract of extracellular metabolites of P1U2 contains quercetin compounds, based on LC-MS analysis. The results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH assay showed that the P1U2 extract had an IC50 value of 161 mg/ml. The supplementation of the extract on culture media reduced the ability of S. cerevisiae to decolorize mutagen malachite green and increased cell viability. Furthermore, the addition of 161 ppm extract was able to counteract UV mutagens effects of UV exposure and toxicity of malachite green, significantly increasing the growth of S. cerevisiae. Suggesting the bioactivity of the extract in combating mutagens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report a quercetin-rich extract derived from endophytic bacteria, F. phosphorivorans. Thus, further study is required to optimize the synthesis of quercetin from isolate P1U2.

Anti-candida activities of four bacterial endophytic extracts isolated from Urena lobata.

Anti-candida activities of four bacterial endophytic extracts isolated from Urena lobata.

Molecular Characterization of Some Bacillus Species from Vegetables and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Potency.

Numerous natural habitats, such as soil, air, fermented foods, and human stomachs, are home to different Bacillus strains. Some Bacillus strains have a distinctive predominance and are widely recognized among other microbial communities, as a result of their varied habitation and physiologically active metabolites. The present study collected vegetable products (potato, carrot, and tomato) from local markets in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The bacterial isolates were identified using biochemical and phylogenetic analyses after culturing. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed three Gram-positive bacterial isolates BSS11, BSS17, and BSS19 showing 99% nucleotide sequence similarities with Bacillus subtilis O-3, Bacillus subtilis Md1-42, and Bacillus subtilis Khozestan2. The crude extract was prepared from bacterial isolates to assess the antibiotic resistance potency and the antimicrobial potential against various targeted multidrug-resistant strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus group B, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus vulgaris. This study found that the species that were identified have the ability to produce antibiotic chemicals. Additionally, the GC-MS analysis of three bacterial extracts revealed the presence of many antibiotic substances including phenol, benzoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and bis(2-methylpropyl), methoxyphenyl-oxime, and benzaldehyde. This work sheds light on the potential of Bacillus to be employed as an antimicrobial agent to target different multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. The results indicate that market vegetables may be a useful source of strains displaying a range of advantageous characteristics that can be used in the creation of biological antibiotics.

Streptomyces Bioactive Metabolites Prevent Liver Cancer through Apoptosis, Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A safe and effective treatment for liver cancer is still elusive despite all attempts. Biomolecules produced from natural products and their derivatives are potential sources of new anticancer medications. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of a Streptomyces sp. bacterial extract against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in Swiss albino mice and explore the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The ethyl acetate extract of a Streptomyces sp. was screened for its potential anticancer activities against HepG-2 using the MTT assay, and the IC50 was also determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was used to identify the chemical constituents of the Streptomyces extract. Mice were administered DEN at the age of 2 weeks, and from week 32 until week 36 (4 weeks), they received two doses of Streptomyces extract (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) orally daily. The Streptomyces extract contains 29 different compounds, according to the GC-MS analysis. The rate of HepG-2 growth was dramatically reduced by the Streptomyces extract. In the mice model. Streptomyces extract considerably lessened the negative effects of DEN on liver functions at both doses. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were significantly (p < 0.001) decreased, and P53 mRNA expression was increased, both of which were signs that Streptomyces extract was suppressing carcinogenesis. This anticancer effect was also supported by histological analysis. Streptomyces extract therapy additionally stopped DEN-induced alterations in hepatic oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant activity. Additionally, Streptomyces extract reduced DEN-induced inflammation, as shown by the decline in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Additionally, the Streptomyces extract administration dramatically boosted Bax and caspase-3 levels while decreasing Bcl-2 expressions in the liver according to the Immunohistochemistry examination. In summary, Streptomyces extract is reported here as a potent chemopreventive agent against hepatocellular carcinoma through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation.

Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antifungal Applications

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have emerged as potential materials for various biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, cationic capacity, high stability and redox properties. MgO NPs have become an attractive platform to combat microbes and may be a promising alternative to overcome challenges associated with eliminating microbial biofilms and antibiotic resistance. Hence, due to the increasing use of MgO NPs in biomedicine, new synthetic strategies for MgO NPs are necessary. MgO NPs synthesised using green methods are non-toxic, eco-friendly and have high stability for a wide range of biological, medical and catalytic applications. This review presents the recent advances in biosynthesis strategies of MgO NPs by diverse bio-templates, such as plant, bacterial, fungal and algal extracts. Its photocatalytic properties show a suitable inhibitory function against pathogenic agents, such as microbial proliferation, biofilm formation and fungal growth. Furthermore, MgO NPs and relevant nanocomposites are comprehensively discussed regarding the mechanisms of their effect on microbes, biofilms and fungal strains, as well as challenges and future perspectives.

Inhalable vaccine of bacterial culture supernatant extract mediates protection against fatal pulmonary anthrax

ABSTRACT Pulmonary anthrax is the most fatal clinical form of anthrax and currently available injectable vaccines do not provide adequate protection against it. Hence, next-generation vaccines that effectively induce immunity against pulmonary anthrax are urgently needed. In the present study, we prepared an attenuated and low protease activity Bacillus anthracis strain A16R-5.1 by deleting five of its extracellular protease activity-associated genes and its lef gene through the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system. This mutant strain was then used to formulate a lethal toxin (LeTx)-free culture supernatant extract (CSE) anthrax vaccine, of which half was protective antigen (PA). We generated liquid, powder, and powder reconstituted formulations that could be delivered by aerosolized intratracheal inoculation. All of them induced strong humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses. The vaccines also produced LeTx neutralizing antibodies and conferred full protection against the lethal aerosol challenges of B. anthracis Pasteur II spores in mice. Compared to the recombinant PA vaccine, the CSE anthrax vaccine with equal PA content provided superior immunoprotection against pulmonary anthrax. The preceding results suggest that the CSE anthrax vaccine developed herein is suitable and scalable for use in inhalational immunization against pulmonary anthrax.

A simple &amp; Rapid Method For Detecting Bacterial Myrosinase Corresponding Protein Band

Myrosinases have significant scientific and medical implications. Unfortunately, detection and purification of myrosinase from microbes requires the use of highly cost substrates (glucosinolates) such as sinigrin and expensive instruments such as Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography and or ion exchange chromatography. In this work, we used only 20 mL of bacterial culture supplemented with sinigrin (10 mM) to obtain partially purified myrosinase. The crude protein extract was loaded onto native polyacrylamide gel and putative myrosinase band was identified and eluted. This step successfully minimised the numbers of protein bands of bacterial crude extracts to be further analysed. The current method describes a simple, rapid and cost effective protocol for isolation and detection of active bacterial myrosinases. Furthermore, our method can be used as a purification step.