Bacterial Culture Testing Research Articles

Double manual versus automated cleaning of loaner depth gauges used in clinical practice

Background: Automated cleaning is recommended for reprocessing complex design surgical instruments, as it is reproducible and cleaning parameters can be controlled. However, automated equipment may not be a reality for many hospitals, particularly in lower-middle income countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of double manual cleaning and automated cleaning of depth gauges in use in clinical practice and supplied in a loaner system. Design: Twenty four depth gauges available for use in a loaner system were evaluated before double manual cleaning (Group 1) or immediately after double manual cleaning (Group 2), or automated thermal disinfector cleaning (Group 3) or automated ultrasonic cleaning (Group 4). Thereafter, the depth gauges in each group were analysed by visual inspection (n = 24), bacterial culture (n = 12), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) test (n = 12). Results: Stains, grooves, oxidation or visible debris were detected on at least one of the depth gauges from each group, and most were positive for bacterial growth (n = 11/12). Cleaning methods significantly reduced the amount of ATP (P < 0.05), except for automated ultrasonic cleaning. Conclusions: Double manual cleaning of depth gauges was similar to automated cleaning in a thermal disinfector, suggesting the possibility for implementing double manual cleaning as an alternative in sterilising service units where automated cleaning equipment is not avaliable.

Identification of Salmonella carriers by amplification of FimA, Stn and InvA genes and bacterial culture methods in fecal samples of buffalo.

Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases in human and animals. Rapid diagnosis and sub sequence accurate treatment of Salmonella carriers help reduce the salmonellosis in human and livestock animals. In this study, 420 fecal samples were taken during year 2019 from buffalo in the Urmia, Khoy and Piranshahr regions in west Azerbaijan province, Iran. Samplings were carried out in different seasons. Presence of Salmonella invasion genes (FimA, Stn and InvA) were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. The bacterial culture and biochemical tests were performed on feces samples for isolation of bacterium Salmonella; however, all samples were negative in culture method. PCR findings showed that, 50 (11.90%) fecal samples were positive to the genes. The analysis of results showed that frequency of salmonellosis outbreak in different parts of west Azerbaijan province followed a similar pattern and the incidence of salmonellosis according to forecast in the warm seasons (spring and summer) was more than in cold seasons (autumn and winter). The prevalence of Salmonella in buffalo's feces based on warm and cold seasons were 32 (64.00%) and 18 (36.00%), respectively. The results showed significant difference between cold and warm season in the prevalence of salmonellosis. Therefore, the application of molecular technics is essential for the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis. The results also showed that specificity of PCR method was better than culture method for detection of Salmonella in feces sample.

Isolation and Evaluation of Microorganisms on Mobile Phone Surfaces of Health Care Professionals Working at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Mysuru

Background amp Objectives Health care practitioners mobile devices may contain bacteria that can spread nosocomial diseases to patients their families and the general public. The purpose of this study was to detect bacterial isolates evaluate their patterns of antibiotic susceptibility and ascertain the prevalence of bacterial contamination on the mobile phones belonging to healthcare professionals.Methods A cross-sectional study involving 52 healthcare professionals and their mobile phones was carried out between February 2023 and April 2023. Using a self-administered questionnaire data was gathered. Each cell phone of the participating healthcare professional was swabbed and the sample was taken to the microbiology lab for bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. SPSS programme version 16 was used to analyse the data collected.Results In our study 51.92 of the swabs showed bacterial growth. Majority of cell phones belonged to technicians 29.6 followed by nursing staff physiotherapists and ward boys 14.8. Cell phones of laboratory technicians were 80 contaminated and those of doctors were 20 contaminated. Coagulase negative Staphylococci CoNS 77.7 and Klebsiella species 14.8 were the most predominant bacterial isolates. Majority of CoNS 80.9 were resistant to Cefoxitin and Ciprofloxacin indicating the presence of Methecillin resistant CoNS. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas were sensitive to all the tested antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Cotrimoxazole and sensitive to all others.Conclusion Mobile devices are frequently contaminated with nosocomial pathogens. Most of the isolates exhibited antibiotic resistance.

Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles Isolated from Medical Equipment and Inanimate Surface.

The hospital environment, especially the intensive care unit, is a leading reservoir of nosocomial bacteria. Equipment and inanimate surfaces are among the most transmission vehicles for nosocomial bacteria. This study is to assess the bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates from medical equipment and inanimate surfaces at intensive care unit wards in Bahir Dar City government hospital, North West Ethiopia. A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between March 01/2021 and May 30/2021 at Felege Hiwot and Tibebe Gihon Compressive Specialized Hospitals. A total of 158 surface swab samples from the patient bed, table, chair, sphygmomanometer, and stethoscopes were collected. Sterile cotton-tipped swabs moistened with normal saline were used. Using standard protocols, the collected samples were processed at Bahir Dar University, Microbiology Laboratory. All isolates were cultured and identified by using routine bacterial culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on each isolate following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26 and the results were explained by using percentages and tables. In this study, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae were the most predominant isolated bacteria, which accounted for 52.8%, 47.2%, and 43.2% respectively. Chairs, sphygmomanometers, and patient beds were the most contaminated. Imipenem and clindamycin were the most effective antibiotics for all Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates, respectively. Among the total isolates, 84 (57.5%) were multidrug resistant and of these, 78.4% were Gram-negative isolates. Inanimate objectives and key medical devices of the hospital are heavily contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, the recovered isolates are multidrug resistant, making the control and prevention strategy more challenging. Thus, the hospital infection prevention and surveillance system must be activated and perform periodic disinfection of objects. Furthermore, large-scale surveillance is desirable.

Infection Characteristics and Drug Susceptibility of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

We aimed to analyze the infection characteristics of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and their resistance to antibiotics in patients with diabetic foot and provide guidance for the use of antibiotics in clinical practice. The clinical data of 737 patients with diabetic foot who were hospitalized at our institution from February 2020 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Purulent secretions were collected from the patient's ulcers and bacterial culture, identification, and drug susceptibility tests were performed. The multidrug resistance (MDR) rate of different bacteria, composition ratio of MDROs, drug resistance characteristics of the main MDROs, distribution characteristics of multidrug-resistant gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli in patients with different Wagner Grades, MDR in patients with different Wagner Grades, bacterial infection rate, and other indicators were analyzed. Pathogenic bacteria from wound secretions of 505 patients were cultured, and 509 pathogenic bacteria were obtained. Among the pathogenic bacteria, 225 strains were gram-positive cocci, of which 172 (76.44%) were MDROs, and 284 were gram-negative bacilli, of which 232 (81.69%) were MDROs. Among the 404 multidrug-resistant strains, gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli accounted for 42.57% and 57.43%, respectively. The top five dominant MDROs were Staphylococcus aureus (18.56%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (10.89%), Escherichia coli (10.15%), Proteus mirabilis (8.17%), Proteus vulgaris (6.19%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.19%). Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were more resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin, with resistance rates of 50.0 - 95.0%. The resistance rates of E. coli to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime were > 75%. With an increase in Wagner Grade, the proportion of gram-negative bacilli among the pathogenic bacteria of MDROs increased significantly (p < 0.05), as did the infection rate of MDROs in patients with diabetic foot (χ2 = 14.045, p < 0.05). MDROs in patients with diabetic foot are mainly gram-negative bacilli, followed by gram-positive cocci. The drug resistance of various MDROs varies greatly. With the increase in Wagner Grade and MDR of diabetic foot patients, the infection rate of drug-resistant bacteria has increased significantly. Therefore, clinicians should use drugs rationally according to drug sensitivity results.

Pharmacokinetics of biapenem in critically ill patients

Objective. To assess biapenem PK parameters in critically ill adult patients and define the optimal dosing regimens based on TDM data. Materials and Methods. An open, prospective, uncontrolled, single-center study based on City Clinical Hospital No. 24, Moscow (October 2022 – April 2023), included patients over 18 years of age with a diagnosed severe bacterial infection received 600 mg of biapenem as 3-hour intravenous infusion every 12 hours in the intensive care unit. Blood sampling during the TDM included taking blood samples immediately before the next infusion of biapenem to determine the residual concentration (Ctrough) and immediately after the end of the infusion to determine the peak concentration (Cmax). Concentrations were assessed using HPLC-UV method. Results. Total population – 20 patients (75% ≥ 60 years; 65% women). The main indications for biapenem were lower respiratory tract infections (80%) and intra-abdominal infections (35%). Bacterial culture tests revealed growth in 45% (Klebsiella pneumoniae – 87,5%). During the TDM 40 samples were obtained (Cmax from 15 to 42 mg/l (mean – 28.7 mg/l), Ctrough from 0.5 to 15 mg/l (mean – 3.56 mg/l)). The Kel value ranged from 0.09 to 0.48 1/h (mean – 0.29 1/h); Vd – from 7.41 to 42.49 l (mean – 16.33 l); T1/2 – from 1.4 to 7.5 hours (mean 2.94 hours). Probability of target attainment (%fT ≥ MIC) was assessed depending on MIC. For MIC of 2 mg/l, 40%fT ≥ MIC was achieved in 100%, 60%fT ≥ MIC – in 100%; 80%fT ≥ MIC – in 75%. For MIC – 8 mg/l, 40%fT ≥ MIC was achieved in 90%, 60%fT ≥ MIC – in 45%, 80%fT ≥ MIC – in 15%. Conclusions. The dosing regimen 600 mg of biapenem as 3-hour intravenous infusion every 12 hours demonstrated achievement of effective antibiotic concentrations in blood plasma of critically ill patients exceeding the MIC (2 mg/l). To manage patients infected with resistant strains (MIC of 4–16 mg/l) it is necessary to perform additional studies assessing PK parameters of biapenem at higher doses.

330. BioFire ® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel (PN) Results Compared to Standard Microbiologic Testing and Clinical Adjudication in Adults Hospitalized with Respiratory Illness.

Abstract Background Inability to define microbial etiology of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) leads to unnecessary antibiotic use. Though multiplex PCR improves viral detection, bacterial LRTI diagnosis remains problematic. We evaluated the clinical utility of BioFire ® FilmArray ® Pneumonia (PN) Panel which detects 8 viruses, 3 atypical and 15 pathogenic bacteria by semi-quantitative PCR to inform bacterial diagnosis. Methods As part of a study to distinguish bacterial from non-bacterial LRTI in hospitalized adults, clinical, laboratory, and X-ray data were collected. Adequate sputa (&amp;lt; 10 Epithelial &amp; &amp;gt;25 PMNs) processed by Gram stain and culture were tested with FilmArray® PN. Microbial LRTI etiology (viral alone, bacterial with or without concomitant viruses, or indeterminate) was adjudicated by a four physician panel using all clinical data except bacterial PCR results. Bacterial PCR was compared to Gram stain and culture and clinical adjudication. Results From 737 illnesses evaluated, 423 sputa were collected and 201 deemed adequate and were tested with FilmArray® PN. Most common discharge diagnoses were pneumonia (24%), AECOPD (21%), viral illness (13%) and asthma exacerbations (9%). FilmArray® PN detected 155 typical bacteria, 9 atypical and 101 viruses. Most bacterial detections were monomicrobial (58%) often with concomitant viruses (43%). Compared to Gram stain and culture, FilmArray® PN detected more bacterial pathogens and was less affected by antibiotics. (Figure) Cases were adjudicated as viral Alone (37), bacterial (93) and indeterminate (71). Bacteria were detected by PCR in 41% of viral and 96% of bacterial cases, p=0.0001 and 76% of indeterminate cases. In cases with no bacteria detected by PCR, only 4 (9%) were adjudicated as bacterial; all deemed caused by anaerobic bacteria which are not included in the PCR panel. Comparing bacterial vs. non-bacterial (Viral + Indeterminate), FilmArray® PN bacterial PCR had 96% sensitivity, 36% specificity, 56% positive predictive value and 91% negative predictive value. Finally, sputum PCR detected 4 mycoplasma and 56 viral infections missed by standard of care testing. FigureRelationship of Gram Stain and Time on Antibiotics to Bacterial Culture and Bacterial PCR Results Conclusion Multiplex PCR testing of sputa for bacteria is useful to rule out bacterial infection with added value to detect viruses and atypical bacteria. Disclosures Ann R. Falsey, MD, BioFire Diagnostics: Grant/Research Support|Janssen: Grant/Research Support|Merck, Sharp and Dohme: Grant/Research Support|Novavax: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Angela R. Branche, MD, Cyanvac: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Advisor/Consultant|Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Expert Testimony|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Edward E. Walsh, MD, Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Janssen: Grant/Research Support|Janssen: Honoraria|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support.

Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Abattoir Workers in Busia, Kenya.

Abattoir workers have been identified as high-risk for livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus carriage. This study investigated S. aureus carriage in abattoir workers in Western Kenya. Nasal swabs were collected once from participants between February-November 2012. S. aureus was isolated using bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing performed using the VITEK 2 instrument and disc diffusion methods. Isolates underwent whole genome sequencing and Multi Locus Sequence Types were derived from these data. S. aureus (n = 126) was isolated from 118/737 (16.0%) participants. Carriage was higher in HIV-positive (24/89, 27.0%) than HIV−negative participants (94/648, 14.5%; p = 0.003). There were 23 sequence types (STs) identified, and half of the isolates were ST152 (34.1%) or ST8 (15.1%). Many isolates carried the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin gene (42.9%). Only three isolates were methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (3/126, 2.4%) and the prevalence of MRSA carriage was 0.4% (3/737). All MRSA were ST88. Isolates from HIV-positive participants (37.0%) were more frequently resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim compared to isolates from HIV-negative participants (6.1%; p < 0.001). Similarly, trimethoprim resistance genes were more frequently detected in isolates from HIV-positive (81.5%) compared to HIV-negative participants (60.6%; p = 0.044). S. aureus in abattoir workers were representative of major sequence types in Africa, with a high proportion being toxigenic isolates. HIV-positive individuals were more frequently colonized by antimicrobial resistant S. aureus which may be explained by prophylactic antimicrobial use.

Laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in regions of Kenya: An assessment of capacities, practices, and barriers by means of multi-facility survey.

Adequate laboratory capacity is critical in the implementation of coherent surveillance for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We describe capacities and deficiencies in laboratory infrastructure and AMR surveillance practices among health facilities in Kenya to support progress toward broader sustainable laboratory-based AMR surveillance. A convenience sample of health facilities from both public and private sectors across the country were selected. Information was obtained cross-sectionally between 5th October and 8th December 2020 through online surveys of laboratory managers. The assessment covered quality assurance, management and dissemination of AMR data, material and equipment, staffing, microbiology competency, biosafety and certification. A scoring scheme was developed for the evaluation and interpreted as (80% and above) facility is adequate (60-79%) requires some strengthening and (<60%) needing significant strengthening. Average scores were compared across facilities in public and private sectors, rural and urban settings, as well as national, county, and community levels. Among the participating facilities (n = 219), the majority (n = 135, 61.6%) did not offer bacterial culture testing, 47 (21.5%) offered culture services only and 37 (16.9%) performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The major gaps identified among AST facilities were poor access to laboratory information management technology (LIMT) (score: 45.9%) and low uptake of external quality assessment (EQA) programs for cultures (score 67.7%). Access to laboratory technology was more than two-fold higher in facilities in urban (58.6%) relative to rural (25.0%) areas. Whilst laboratories that lacked culture services were found to have significant infrastructural gaps (average score 59.4%), facilities that performed cultures only (average score: 83.6%) and AST (average score: 82.9%) recorded significantly high scores that were very similar across areas assessed. Lack of equipment was identified as the leading challenge to the implementation of susceptibility testing among 46.8% of laboratories. We identified key gaps in laboratory information management technology, external quality assurance and material and equipment among the surveyed health facilities in Kenya. Our findings suggest that by investing in equipment, facilities performing cultures can be successfully upgraded to provide additional antimicrobial susceptibility testing, presenting a chance for a major leap toward improved AMR diagnostics and surveillance in the country.

Acquired and Transmitted Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among the Incarcerated Population and Its Determinants in the State of Paraná-Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. The study analyzed the factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the prison population of the state of Paraná. (2) Methods: Ecological study of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases registered in the Paraná Information System, Brazil (2008 to 2018). We performed descriptive statistics of quantitative parameters calculated with absolute frequencies. Additionally, we used binary regression logistics, where the odds ratio with its respective confidence interval was calculated. (3) Results: Of the 653 cases registered as cases of tuberculosis in the incarcerated population, 98 were drug-resistant tuberculosis. We observed that educational level of up to 8 to 11 years of schooling, negative bacterial culture (test outcome) and no tobacco use were factors associated with the non-development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, while clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up showed an association for the development of drug resistance. (4) Conclusions: The study showed that clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and a positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up were associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Physician practices in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in home care settings: A questionnaire study.

To elucidate the current practices of infectious disease management in home care settings in Japan, we sent a questionnaire to 36 physicians working at 13 clinics that specialize in providing care to patients in their homes or residential care facilities. The questionnaire described three hypothetical scenarios (aspiration pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and neoplastic fever) in older patients with terminal cancer, and 25 respondents answered questions on testing and treatment strategies. Most respondents chose to obtain cultures for aspiration pneumonia (sputum) and for pyelonephritis (urine), although fewer respondents chose to obtain blood cultures. For neoplastic fever, most of respondents elected to continue observation without antibiotic treatment. The most frequently selected antibiotics were cephalosporins and quinolones. The results indicated that most respondents would perform bacterial culture tests before prescribing antibiotics and observe patients when bacterial infections are not suspected. Standardized guidelines are needed to optimize infectious disease management in home care.

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in Urine of the Children Suffering from UTI

Background : Use of antibiotics are important in the treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Urine culture is the most common and important laboratory test to isolate the microbial agents, their susceptibility pattern and subsequently helps in the selection of appropriate antimicrobial to treat the infection. To isolate and identify the bacterial agents in urine of children suffering from suspected urinary tract infection and determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern this research was performed.&#x0D; Materials and methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, IAHS, Chattogram, Bangladesh from March 2019 and April 2020. Total 2100 urine specimens were collected from the children attended in IAHS Inpatients and Outpatients Department of pediatrics at BBMH with suspected urinary symptoms. Bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done in all urine specimens in BBMH Microbiology laboratory. The isolated samples were classified according to their age, sex, microorganisms and antibiotic susceptibility. Patients were divided into different age groups which are 0-2, 2-6, 6-12 and 12-17 years.&#x0D; Results: Out of total 2100 urine samples, 720 samples showed bacterial growth on culture. That revealed the prevalence of UTI among child about 34%. The most common isolated bacterial agents was Escherichia coli (68.01%), Klebsiellapneumoniae (19.86%), Klebsiellaoxytoca (3.34%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.23%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.95%). In the 0-2 years age group was significantly high in this group (p&lt;0.05) in terms of infectious agents diversity and antibiotic resistance. Isolated bacterial agents shows resistance to ampicillin (70.2%), amoxicillin- clavulanate (49.0%), cefixime (38.2%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (37.1%). The frequency of UTIs were found more in girls (56.6%) than that of boys among 0-2 year age group.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, ampicillin, cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and TMP/SMX should not be empirically commenced. In order to avert a rapid resistance development that is closely associated with widespread and inappropriate antibiotic use, the use of random antibiotics should be avoided and particularly the 3rd generation cephalosporins should be used more selectively. Although our data reflect only the results of patients admitted to a single hospital, classification of pathogens and determination of resistance rates against oral and parenteral antibiotics make this study valuable as it assesses the resistance patterns in the patients.&#x0D; IAHS Medical Journal Vol 4(2), December 2021; 17-23

Identification of candidate blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of septicaemic melioidosis based on WGCNA

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), a gram-negative bacillus. Sepsis is the most prevalent type of melioidosis. Due to factors such as lack of precision and slow presentation of bacterial culture tests, the misdiagnosis rate could exceed 100 per cent. Therefore, more reliable, and adaptable diagnostic methods are urgently needed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to screen the featured modules specially expressed in sepsis patients caused by Bp. Two representative co-expression modules were selected to perform gene ontology(GO) and KEGG analysis using ClusterProfiler package based on R language. We found that antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I pathway, cytosol to ER transport and cell killing related pathways enriched in darkmagenta module which significantly correlated with the sepsis caused by Bp. Eventually, a diagnostic 6-mRNA signature consisting of ASPHD2, LAP3, SEPT4, FAM26F, WARS and LGALS3BP was identified, which could discern the sepsis caused by Bp compared with other organisms. This will provide a new insight in screening markers for early detection of sepsis caused by Bp, and the interaction between pathogens and hosts. This should shed light on the early detection of Bp-caused infectious diseases.

Synthesis and Evaluation of the Immunomagnetic Beads for Separation of the Salmonella typhimurium from Milk.

Salmonella causes zoonotic diseases in humans and many animal species. The bacteria could be spread through fecal-oral transmission and consumption of raw contaminated animal products. Despite the activities which are carried out for the prevention of salmonellosis, it causes economic losses. This study aimed to prepare immunomagnetic beads to separate the Salmonella bacteria from experimentally polluted milk samples. The antibodies were purified from the rabbit's hyperimmune sera and coupled to the Fe nanoparticles using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a linker. The synthesized particles were analyzed using electron microscopy. The limit of bacterial detection by using the immunomagnetic beads coupled with bacterial culture were tested in experimentally contaminated cow milk with Salmonella. The separated bacteria were identified by using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. Using immunomagnetic beads (IMB), the Salmonella bacteria were removed from milk samples, concentrated in sterilized PBS, and cultured in nutrient agar media. The conventional culture method detected the bacteria in samples polluted with at least 3×104 CFU/mL bacteria; however, isolated bacteria were separated from milk samples using IMB and defined on bacterial culture media. The 3 CFU/mL of S. Typhimuriumm were detected in experimentally polluted milk samples using the current immunomagnetic-culture method. The results suggested using the IMB-bacterial culture instead of the conventional culture method.

Preparation and characterisation of polycaprolactone-fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds containing allicin.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) and silk fibroin are used to make nanofiber wound dressings, and then allicin is added to PCL and silk fibroin to expand antibacterial properties. The polymer solutions are subjected to various electrospinning parameters, and allicin‐containing and non‐allicin fibres are prepared. Fibres are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle analysis, mechanical testing, bacterial culture, and 3‐(4 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The SEM results show that the addition of fibroin and allicin at a constant voltage provides a direct relationship between the distance and the diameter of the fibres. Also, the total variation algorithm is used for denoising the signal of FTIR that the results confirm the functional groups present in the fibres. Furthermore, the contact angle test for allicin‐free fibres shows that the contact angle of these fibres is 133.3° that decreases to 85.5° by adding allicin to the structure. Moreover, the tensile test of allicin‐free fibres shows that Young's modulus of these fibres is 2.06 MPa, while the value increases to 5.12 MPa with the addition of allicin to the structure and at the end of the bacterial culture test, a growth inhibition zone is seen after 17 and 24 h. According to the obtained results, these fibres have the potential to be used in burn applications.

Analysis of clinical characteristics, pathogen infection, and drug sensitivity of Marine injury patients: A cross-sectional study.

The infection rate is high in patients injured at sea, and because of the unique distribution of marine microorganisms, the infection is often not easily controlled effectively with the empirical application of antibiotics. This study aims to consider the clinical characteristics and pathogen infection and drug susceptibility of patients injured at sea. From 2019 to 2021, there were 635 patients injured at sea in Rizhao People’s Hospital. We assess the patient’s basic condition, while performing bacterial culture and drug susceptibility testing on wound exudate or pus from infected patients. Among the 635 patients injured at sea, 195 people were infected, and the infection rate was 30.71%. Infected patients are usually older, have longer prehospital visits, and have lower normal levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, total protein, and albumin. The causes of injury in infected patients were mainly avulsion and puncture injuries, and the types of injuries were mainly bone fracture, vascular injury, and nerve injury. A total of 305 strains of pathogenic bacteria were cultured in 195 patients. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 77.05% (235 strains), of which Proteus was the most. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 22.95% (70 strains), of which Staphylococcus aureus was the most. Gram-negative bacilli were sensitive to aminoglycosides, lactam antibiotics, carbapenems antibiotics, sulfonamides, quinolones, fourth-generation cephalosporins, and antibacterial drugs containing enzyme inhibitors, while most of the bacteria were resistant to penicillins, first-generation cephalosporins, and second-generation cephalosporins. Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to quinuptin/dafoptin, rifampicin, linezolid, gentamicin, tigacycline, and vancomycin but resistant to penicillin antibiotics. Due to the particularity of marine injuries, patients are prone to infection. Pathogen culture and drug sensitivity analysis play an important role in guiding antiinfective treatment for marine injured patients.

Petrositis caused by fluconazole-resistant candida: case report and literature review

BackgroundPetrositis is a rare and fatal complication associated with otitis media. It is most likely caused by bacterial infections, but in some cases it is caused by fungal infections.Case studyThe case in this report is associated with fungal petrositis. The clinical symptoms are: ear pain from chronic otitis media, severe headache, peripheral facial palsy and diplopia. The case was finally confirmed through imaging of middle ear, bacterial culture, pathology, and blood Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) test. The patient was treated with sensitive antifungal drugs.ConclusionDrug treatment is conservative but efficient method in this case. mNGS can provide pathogenic reference, when antibiotic is not efficient enough for fungal infections or drug-resistant fungal infections cases. This allows we to adjust drug use for the treatment.

Complications and Treatments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection After Rhinoplasty With Implants: A Clinical Study.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, and because of its specificity, its treatments appear tricky in postrhinoplasty infections with internal implants. This study summarizes the clinical characteristics and treatment of this type of infections to provide some reference for clinical work. We retrospectively analyzed 10 patients who were diagnosed with a nasal infection of P. aeruginosa after implant nasal augmentation. The results of the bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test of the patients' wound secretions were summarized and analyzed. We summarized the characteristics of the patients' infection and the treatments, and we also summarized the patients' prognosis. In these 10 cases, their implants included rib cartilage and ear cartilage alone, as well as their own cartilage combined with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone. All patients developed wound infections within 1 month after rhinoplasty, with bacterial cultures of P. aeruginosa . Prolonged use of sensitive antibiotics, as well as wound dressing changes, failed to keep the infection well under control. Patients whose implant was removed and thoroughly debrided within 1 week of infection did not experience any serious complications. In patients who were infected for >1 week before surgery to remove the implants, complications such as nasal column necrosis and nasal contracture occurred, and later the nasal repair was performed after multiple surgeries. For bacterial infections in postrhinoplasty wounds with implants, we recommend early bacterial culture. If the infection is clearly P. aeruginosa , the implant should be removed and thoroughly debrided as soon as possible to avoid serious complications. Level IV.

Antimicrobial activity of homemade WHO ethanol-based hand rub solution in pediatric department, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital

Background Hand hygiene is essential in reducing healthcare-associated infections. Alcohol-based hand rub solutions have been reported to have superior antimicrobial efficacy on both bacteria and lipophilic viruses compared to washing with hand soap. In low- and middle-income countries, the cost of infection control poses a challenge. Our hospital produced an ethanol-based hand rub based on a WHO formulation to reduce the infection prevention costs.&#x0D; Objectives To identify the antimicrobial activity of a WHO ethanol-based hand rub solution against bacterial contamination on the hands of healthcare workers at the Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital.&#x0D; Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on the hands of healthcare workers (physicians and nurses) working in the Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta. A total of 225 specimens from 75 subjects were obtained by collecting swabs on both hands before and after participants worked in the Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. Bacterial culture tests were performed to identify gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria were grouped into no-growth/Bacillus sp, Enterobacteriaceae, cocci, and non-fermenter groups.&#x0D; Results The use of our WHO ethanol-based hand rub solution, generally resulted in a statistically significant decrease in bacterial growth from 84 to 54.6%, before compared to after the hand rub was performed. In more detail, there was a 72.7% decrease in Enterobacteriaceae, a 71.4% decrease in non-fermenters, an 8.6% decrease in cocci and a 44.1% increase in the number of specimens showing no growth bacteria/Bacillus sp.&#x0D; Conclusion Our WHO ethanol-based hand rub has significant antimicrobial activity for common nosocomial pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae).

Microbiological Profile and Drug Resistance Analysis of Postoperative Infections following Orthopedic Surgery: A 5-Year Retrospective Review.

Background The distribution of postoperative orthopedic infection and their susceptibility pattern to antibiotics vary regionally and change over time. The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is rising worldwide. Therefore, knowledge of the frequency of the causative microorganisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics are necessary for an improved therapeutic outcome. This study aims to study the frequency and distribution of postoperative orthopedic infection and their resistance pattern to antibiotics. Methods The study utilized a retrospective design that took place over a period of 5 years from 2016 and 2020 at a tertiary care hospital. The bacterial culture testing was performed by a recommended method. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 158 patients (100 males and 58 females) with positive cultures of postoperative orthopedic infection were included. The most common infective organism was Staphylococcus aureus, 64 patients (38.1%); coagulase-negative staphylococci, 40 patients (23.8%); Klebsiella species, 14 patients (8.3%); and Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 10 patients (6%). Data also showed that gram-positive bacteria were detected in 118 patients (70.8%), while gram-negative microorganisms were found in 50 patients (29.8%). Among Staphylococcus aureus, 79.7% were MRSA, and vancomycin was the most effective antibiotic in staphylococcus infections. The antibiotics with the greatest sensitivity to gram-positive bacteria were vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, moxifloxacin, and nitrofurantoin, while the antibiotics for gram-negative bacteria with greater sensitivity were tigecycline, amikacin, ertapenem, imipenem, and cefotaxime. Conclusion Staphylococcus aureus is the most common postoperative orthopedic infection, which was predominantly MRSA with vancomycin being the most effective antibiotic. In addition, the results showed a high resistance pattern to the commonly used antibiotics, leaving few choices. Antibiotic agents should be carefully selected according to specific drug sensitivity through routine monitoring of drug resistance patterns and to help formulate hospital antibiotic policy.