Plaque Bacteria Research Articles

Evidence Supporting Oral Hygiene Management by Owners through a Genetic Analysis of Dental Plaque Bacteria in Dogs.

With the increase in the number of households raising dogs and the reports of human-to-dog transmission of oral bacteria, concerns about dogs' oral health and the need for oral hygiene management are increasing. In this study, the owners' perceptions about their dogs' oral health and the frequency of oral hygiene were determined along with the analysis of dog dental plaque bacteria through metagenomic amplicon sequencing so as to support the need for oral hygiene management for dogs. Although the perception of 63.2% of the owners about their dogs' oral health was consistent with the veterinarian's diagnosis, the owners' oral hygiene practices regarding their dogs were very poor. The calculi index (CI) and gingiva index (GI) were lower in dogs who had their teeth brushed more than once a week (57.89%) than in dogs brushed less than once a month (42.10%); however, the difference was nonsignificant (CI: p = 0.479, GI: p = 0.840). Genomic DNA was extracted from dental plaque bacteria removed during dog teeth scaling, and metagenomic amplicons were sequenced. The 16S amplicons of 73 species were identified from among the plaque bacteria of the dogs. These amplicons were of oral disease-causing bacteria in humans and dogs. The 16S amplicon of Streptococcus mutans matched that of the human S. mutans, with type c identified as the main serotype. This result suggests that human oral bacteria can be transmitted to dogs. Therefore, considering the high frequency of contact between dogs and humans because of communal living and the current poor oral health of dogs, owners must improve the oral hygiene management of their dogs.

EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ARABICA COLD BREW AND ARABICA SPENT COFFEE GROUNDS ON STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS

Spent coffee grounds or coffee waste pose a growing environmental problem as it can harm the ecosystem by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere during their decomposition process [1]. On the other hand, spent coffee ground extracts have been shown to contain polyphenols, trigonelline, phenolic acids, and melanoidins which show strong antibacterial activity toward Gram+ bacteria and yeast [2]. Given its activity towards Gram+ bacteria, this study seeks to find an alternative use of spent coffee grounds, aiming to mitigate their environmental impact. This research focuses on the investigation on whether arabica spent coffee grounds could be used as a natural alternative to iodine mouthwash solution, a commonly used product to kill dental plaque bacteria. Arabica coffee extract was prepared by a 24-hour cold brew procedure then spent coffee grounds extract was produced from the Arabica coffee waste. To obtain results, the antibacterial activity of both spent coffee grounds and coffee on S. mitis was analyzed using the well diffusion test and inhibition zones were measured and compared. The caffeine contents of the Arabica coffee grounds were quantified using HPLC. From our quantitative analysis, the spent arabica coffee grounds collected from the cold brew procedure consist of less caffeine, compared to that of the cold brew, but still showed antibacterial activity towards S. mitis. The inhibition zone of the spent coffee grounds was significantly lower than cold brew coffee but still comparable to iodine mouthwash solution. Our novel findings indicate that spent coffee grounds can be used as a natural antibacterial and an alternative to povidone-iodine mouthwash which leads to reduction of environmental harm from coffee waste.

Determination of dysbiosis by the method of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction in chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the microbiota of dento-gingival plaque in children to improve the quality of treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Materials and Methods: It was examined 16 children aged 9-16 years with a diagnosis of K05.1: chronic gingivitis and 10 persons with intact gums were taken as a comparison group. A clinical dental examination was performed on the study participants and a sample was taken to determine the bacteria in the periodontal plaque. Results: The results of statistical processing of the research data allowed us to establish that in patients with chronic gingivitis, quantitative indicators of the total bacterial mass, Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Gardnerella vaginalis/Prevotella bivia/Porphyromonas spp. in the sample of periodontal plaque significantly exceeded the indicators of healthy patients. It was determined that the examined children with chronic gingivitis, the total number of Lactobacillus spp. significantly exceeds its amount in people with intact gums. Conclusions: The changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the main representatives of the microf i lm of dento-gingival plaque, which characterize dysbiosis, are of signif i cant clinical signif i cance. Study of the quantitative characteristics of Lactobacterium spp., Enterobacterium spp., Streptococcacea spp., Gardnerella spp., Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Eubacteridacea spp., Mycoplasma (hominis + genitalium), Candida spp. is a diagnostic factor in determining the condition of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.

Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial Microflora in Dental and Atherosclerotic Plaques of Patients With Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.

Internal carotid artery stenosis is primarily attributed to atherosclerosis in the carotid artery bifurcation. Previous studies have detected oral bacteria in atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting an association between oral bacteria and atherosclerosis. In this study, we compared the bacterial flora of the atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery and dental plaque of patients with internal carotid artery stenosis using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) metagenomic sequencing. Fifty-four patients who underwent internal carotid endarterectomy for internal carotid artery stenosis at the Showa University Hospital between April 2016 and February 2018 were included. Polymerase chain reaction targeting the 16S rRNA gene detected bacterial DNA in the carotid plaques of 11 cases, of which only 5 could be further analyzed. Thereafter, DNA extracted from the carotid and oral plaques of these 5 cases were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing targeting 16S rRNA. In addition, their general condition and oral conditions were evaluated. The patients were classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups based on the presence or absence of symptoms of transient ischemic attack, and their bacterial flora was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the microflora of carotid plaques (n = 5) contained bacterial species from 55 families and 78 genera. In addition, 86.5% of the bacteria detected in the carotid plaques were also detected in oral plaques. Cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria accounted for 27.7% and 4.7% of the bacteria in the carotid plaques, respectively. These results suggest that oral bacteria are directly or indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. More extensive studies of oral commensal bacteria detected in extra-oral lesions are warranted to comprehensively investigate the role of oral bacteria in the pathogenesis of systemic diseases.

Photoinactivation Effects of Curcumin, Nano-curcumin, and Erythrosine on Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures of Streptococcus mutans.

Introduction: This in vitro study was conducted to assess the phototoxic effects of curcumin, nano-curcumin, and erythrosine on the viability of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in suspension and biofilm forms. Methods: Various concentrations of curcumin (1.5 g/L, 3 g/L), nano-curcumin (3 g/L), and erythrosine (100 μM/L, 250 μM/L) were examined for their impact on planktonic and biofilm cultures of S. mutans, either individually or in conjunction with light irradiation (photodynamic therapy or PDT). A blue light-emitting diode (LED) with a central wavelength of 450 nm served as the light source. The results were compared to 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) as the positive control, and a solution containing neither a photosensitizer (PS) nor a light source as the negative control group. The dependent variable was the number of viable microorganisms per experiment (CFU/mL). Results: Antimicrobial PDT caused a significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans in both planktonic and biofilm forms, compared to the negative control group (P<0.05). The highest cell killing was observed in PDT groups with curcumin 3 g/L or erythrosine 250 μmol/L, although the difference with PDT groups using curcumin 1.5 g/L or erythrosine 100 μmol/L was not significant (P>0.05). Antimicrobial treatments were more effective against planktonic S. mutans than the biofilm form. Conclusion: PDT with either curcumin 1.5 g/L or erythrosine 100 μmol/L may be suggested as an alternative to CHX to inactivate the bacteria in dental plaque or deep cavities. Nano-curcumin, at the selected concentration, exhibited lower efficacy in killing S. mutans compared to Curcumin or erythrosine.

Effect of chewing betel leaves on salivary pH – A randomized controlled trial

Betel leaves have been described from the ancient time as an astringent, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant. Saliva plays an important role in the maintenance of good oral health. Sucrose is the most cariogenic dietary carbohydrate, because it is fermentable and also serves as a substrate for the synthesis of extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides in dental plaque. The effect of betel leaves over sugar solution has been least explored. The study aimed at comparing the effect of betel leaves chewing on the salivary pH. A randomized controlled trial was conducted among n = 20 participants. The participants were asked to chew fresh betel leaves for 1 min after taking sugar solution and the pH was assessed at following time intervals baseline, 10, 30, and 45 min, respectively. Chewing betel leaves after intake of sugar solution tends to neutralize salivary pH within 10 min after consumption, thereby reducing the acid attack on the tooth surface by plaque bacteria. Betel leaves are effective in neutralizing the salivary pH after intake of sugar solution; therefore, it is suggested to consume plain betel leaves after a meal to neutralize the salivary pH and, thus, reduce the acid attack on the tooth which causes demineralization.

Mechanical plaque removal in step-1 of care.

Maintaining a regular oral hygiene routine is essential for taking care of our mouths, ensuring healthy teeth, and achieving fresh breath. Patient education on oral hygiene is an important component of their overall treatment. Firstly, patients should be informed about the direct connection between bacteria in dental plaque and oral diseases. It is important for patients to understand that these conditions can be treated, but the success of treatment greatly depends on their level of oral hygiene. This journey begins by selecting the appropriate toothbrush and mastering the correct brushing technique to effectively remove dental plaque while avoiding any potential damage to the gums. In addition to toothbrushes, there are other devices available for comprehensive dental cleaning, such as floss, interdental sticks, interdental brushes, and oral irrigators. These aids are particularly beneficial for eliminating dental plaque from hard-to-reach areas. Moreover, tongue brushing or tongue scraping can effectively reduce breath odor and tongue coating. Currently, self-care recommendations for dental implants are primarily based on existing knowledge regarding natural teeth cleaning. Evidence-based recommendations are derived from comprehensive systematic evaluation of various oral hygiene aids.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Cinnamomum Burmanii Leaf Essential Oil in Toothpaste Formulation Against Streptococcus Mutans: An Experimental Study

Background: Traditional cinnamon bark harvesting practices often discard valuable leaves, neglecting their potential benefits such as essential oil with antibacterial properties. Previous studies have highlighted the antibacterial effects of Cinnamomum burmannii leaves from Indonesia, including their potential as antibacterial agents. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Cinnamomum burmanii leaf essential oil in toothpaste formulation against Streptococcus mutans&#x0D; Method: This quasi-experimental study compared the antibacterial effectiveness of toothpaste containing essential oil with Streptococcus mutans cultures in Brain-heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) overnight. Six wells were created on agar plates using sterile 6 mm punches. Each well was filled with the following: Positive control (Chlorhexidine), pure essential oil, 100% essential oil toothpaste, 75% diluted essential oil toothpaste, 50% diluted essential oil toothpaste, and negative control (aquadest). The diameter of inhibition zones was measured after incubating all plates at 36°C for 24 hours.&#x0D; Result: The inhibition zone diameter was measured to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oil toothpaste against dental plaque bacteria. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the diameter produced between Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaf essential oil and the positive control minosep (p=0.10). However, after formulation into toothpaste, a significant decrease in effectiveness was observed (p=0.015).&#x0D; Conclusion: It can be concluded that cinnamon leaf essential oil is effective in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. However, when formulated into toothpaste, its effectiveness decreases with lower concentrations of the toothpaste dilution.

Dextranase enzyme and Enterococcus faecium probiotic have anti-biofilm effects by reducing the count of bacteria in dental plaque in the oral cavity of dogs.

Periodontal disease is a common clinical complication and has a negative impact on the quality of life and the welfare of companion dogs. Periodontal disease occurs when pathogenic bacteria are accumulated in the gingival sulcus, which favors biofilm formation. The oral health of dogs can be significantly compromised by dental plaque accumulation. Thus, this investigation demonstrates the effect of Enterococcus faecium probiotic, dextranase enzyme, and their combination on dental biofilm in the oral cavity of dogs. The 30 dogs were referred to Polyclinic with no oral ulcers, severe periodontitis, and internal diseases. Dextranase enzyme, E faecium probiotic, and their combination were administered in the oral cavity of dogs. Microbiological samples were obtained from tooth surfaces and gums before and after intervention with the substances. Bacterial colonies were enumerated by using a colony counter. Also, Porphyromonas gingivalis hmuY gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The total colony count of the bacterial culture indicated that the dextranase enzyme, E faecium probiotic, and their combination significantly reduced the total bacteria count in the oral cavity. Moreover, in the reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR analysis it was observed that using the combination of E faecium probiotic and dextranase enzyme decreases the hmuY gene expression of P gingivalis bacteria. The results clearly indicated that the dextranase enzyme and E faecium probiotic could be used as preventive agents to reduce oral biofilm in dogs. Furthermore, no side effects were observed while using these substances.

Comparison between HSV-1 Ag detection techniques by ELISA and real-time PCR in breast cancer patients suffering from periodontitis

J Fac Med Baghdad 2023; Vol.65, No. 3 Received:March., 2023 Accepted: June. 2023 Published: Oct. 2023 Background: Periodontitis is a long-standing infection that destroys the gums, periodontal ligaments, and the alveolar bone that supports the teeth. Inflammation of the gums and chronic periodontitis are both caused by the bacteria in the dental plaque and the herpes viruses, especially types 1 and 2 of the herpes simplex virus. Objectives: To compare the ELISA and real-time PCR as ways to detect the herpes simplex virus in breast cancer patients with periodontitis who are receiving chemotherapy. Cases and methods: In this case-control study, a total of 90 subjects (30 with periodontitis with breast cancer after receiving chemotherapy, 30 with periodontitis (without chemotherapy treatment), and 30 cases which do not have periodontitis (healthy gingiva) and without breast cancer as a healthy control group. The mean ±SD age was (51.06±8.521). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used for the analysis and Real-Time PCR to detection of Herpes simplex virus-1 in saliva samples. Results: In the present study, the incidence of HSV-1 Ag in patients having periodontitis and receiving chemotherapy was high but not significantly so compared with those having periodontitis but without chemotherapy and the healthy control group. In contrast, the result of Real-time PCR was positive (13.3%) and (10.0%), which proves the presence of HSV in most patients with periodontitis without chemotherapy and with periodontitis receiving chemotherapy but was not significant (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Real-time PCR was able to back up ELISA's findings in this study. Since ELISA is more cost-effective than real-time PCR, it is advised that the first screening may be performed using ELISA, and then positive samples might be investigated with real-time PCR to confirm the presence of HSV-DNA Received:March., 2023 Accepted: June. 2023 Published: Oct. 2023

In vitro Study: Determining the Antibacterial Activity of Different Concentrations of Essential Oil against Streptococcus sanguinis Isolated from supragingival Plaque

Several mouth diseases are common health issues, including dental caries and periodontal disease. In the absence of prevention, these conditions result in periodontal pockets. It has been proven that periodontal diseases are associated with supra-gingival plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis. To avoid antibiotic side effects and bacteria becoming increasingly resistant, an alternative to antibacterial agents must be developed to ensure no side effects or increased resistance. As a consequence, natural herbs and Ayurveda drugs have become increasingly important. This research aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria. An evaluation of the anti-microbial effects of different concentrations of Eucalyptus Globules oil on Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria was conducted using a well-plate approach was also utilized to compare the effects of Eucalyptus Globules oil on bacterial growth in comparison to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. It was found that Eucalyptus Globules essential oil was highly antibacterial against Streptococcus sanguinis as the concentration of extract increased, with a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) between all concentrations and chlorhexidine. Thus, this antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis suggests that it could be used as a natural antibacterial component in treating oral infections. Keywords: Essential oil, Eucalyptus Globules, Dental plaque, Antibacterial activity.

Oil Pulling and Polyphenols: Treatment of Gingivitis Patients with 'Itri Extra-Virgin Olive Oil'.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of extra virgin olive (EVO) oil and fruity oil for the treatment of gingivitis. A sample of 75 patients over 18 years of age with gingivitis induced by plaque bacteria was divided into three groups: study group A, with extra virgin olive oil; study group B, with fruity oil; and control group C. In the two study groups, EVO oil was administered as a mouthwash to patients with gingival inflammation. The protocol included a daily application of the product for 30 days, with three recalls 15 days apart. Clinical parameters of plaque formation and gingivitis, including plaque index (PI) and bleeding index (BI), were assessed at each recall and scored on a specific periodontal chart. The control group received no mouthwash treatment in addition to normal daily oral hygiene procedures, and the same clinical parameters as the study group were evaluated. Data were evaluated using SPSS 27.0 software for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Then, the pre- and post-treatment values of the groups were compared using Student's t-test, setting p < 0.05 as the significance level. Comparison of the three groups showed that extra-virgin olive oil was an adjuvant in the treatment of gingival inflammation, improving PI and BI. In group A, the mean plaque index showed a 48% reduction, and the bleeding index showed a 64% reduction after 30 days. In group B, the mean plaque index showed a 35% reduction and a bleeding index reduction of 43% after 30 days. The collected data showed significant improvements in the formation of bacterial plaque and gingivitis. The exact mechanism of such treatment is still to be elucidated. As a result of this, further studies with a different sample of patients than those used and a comparison with other products need to be addressed to verify and demonstrate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of the components of this natural product.

COMPARISON OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECT BETWEEN ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri) BARK EXTRACT AND Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% AGAINST Streptococcus sanguinis

Background: Gingivitis is caused by a build up of plaque bacteria, one of which is Streptococcus sanguinis. Streptococcus sanguinis act as an anchor for the attachment of oral organisms that colonize the surface of the teeth, forming plaque so that it becomes the development of gingivitis. Currently, many natural ingredients, as alternatives, have antibacterial effects. One of which is Eusideroxylon zwageri, because it contains flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Purpose: to compare the inhibitory effect between ulin bark extract and Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% against Streptococcus sanguinis. Method: True experimental research with post test only with control group design using ulin bark extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% and Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% as the K(+). The maceration method was used to extract ulin bark while the inhibitory test was using the diffusion method with 6 treatment groups and 4 replications, so that there were 24 samples. All treatment groups were incubated 24 hours at 37oC then measurement of inhibition zones was using callipers. Results: The results of the test showed that ulin bark extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, and Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% obtained an average inhibition zone with diameter of 7.18 mm, 9.06 mm, 11.08 mm, 13 mm, 15.09 mm, and 18.14 mm. Analysis of One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Games-Howell data showed a significant difference between treatment groups. Conclusion: Ulin bark extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis but has not been able to equal to Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%. Keywords: Chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2%, gingivitis, inhibitory activity, ulin bark extract, Streptococcus sanguinis.

PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT DAN SURVEY INDEKS DMF-T DAN def-t PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 07 MARGASARI, KECAMATAN MARGASARI, KABUPATEN TEGAL, JAWA TENGAH

Background: Caries is a chronic disease of the dental hard tissue. The main cause of this disease is plaque bacteria, starting with the formation of white spot lesions due to the dissolving of minerals in tooth enamel caused by acids from the metabolism of bacterial carbohydrates. Caries often occurs in elementary school children because they tend to consume a lot of cariogenic food. The prevalence of caries can be reduced by preventive efforts. Several preventive efforts can be made by providing sufficient information, reducing cariogenic food consumption, always maintaining oral and dental hygiene and preventive dentistry actions. Method: This community service located at SD N Margasari 07. The counseling activity uses phantom and video animation followed by DMF-T/def-t data collection. Result: It was found that 41.8% of students had high category DMF-T/def-t index Conclusion: It is necessary to have a sustainable program to increase children's knowledge and awareness in maintaining dental and oral hygiene including promotive, preventive and curative efforts.

Investigation of the effects of Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy on the Structural Morphology of Dental Plaque.

To investigate the effects of radiofrequency (RF) energy, applied through a power toothbrush, on the structural morphology of dental plaque and its bacteria components. Previous studies showed that a toothbrush powered by RF (ToothWave) effectively reduces extrinsic tooth stains, plaque, and calculus. However, the mechanism by which it reduces dental plaque deposits is not fully established. Multispecies plaques at sampling time points of 24, 48, and 72 hours were treated with the application of RF using ToothWave with the toothbrush bristles 1 mm above the plaque surface. Groups that underwent the same protocol but without RF treatment served as paired controls. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to determine cell viability at each time point. Plaque morphology and bacteria ultrastructure were viewed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-tests. At each time, RF treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the viable cells in plaque and caused a substantial disruption of plaque morphology, while the untreated plaque had intact morphology. Cells in treated plaques showed disrupted cell walls, cytoplasmic material, huge vacuoles, and heterogeneity in electron density, while these organelles remained intact in untreated plaques. The application of RF via a power toothbrush can disrupt plaque morphology and kill bacteria. These effects were enhanced by the combined application of RF and toothpaste.

HERBAL MOUTHWASH FOR THE TREATMENT OF DENTAL CARIES

In terms of overall health, oral health is crucial. People may experience more oral health issues today, such as plaque, gingivitis, sore throats, and periodontal disease. Various formulations are created to maintain good oral health. For the purpose of preventing plaque buildup, bad breath, toothaches, and bacteria, mouthwash is advised. Herbal mouthwash is favored compared to chemical mouthwash since it has fewer negative effects and is less poisonous, irritating, and contains no alcohol. Due to their antiviral and antibacterial effects on human microorganisms, medicinal plants play a signicant role in the treatment and prevention of disease. The herbs that are effective in dentistry are cinnamon, neem, guava, pomegranate, Basil, wintergreen, peppermint, miswak, and clove. Mouth rinses that can be reliably made and administered to homeowners using organic elements may improve the general oral health of the population. One of the most prevalent and signicant oral health problems that exists nowadays is dental caries, a debilitating condition that is specic to humans. Prevention is less expensive. This review's main objective is to highlight natural mouthwash as a means of maintaining dental health.

Oxygen Nanobubble-Loaded Biochars Mitigate Copper Transfer from Copper-Contaminated Soil to Rice and Improve Rice Growth

Copper (Cu)-contaminated paddy soil has caused substantial concerns for human health through biomagnification in the soil–rice–human chain. In this study, oxygen nanobubble-loaded biochars (ONBC), including pyrochars (NPC) and hydrochars (NHC), were used to amend Cu-contaminated paddy soils and reduce rice Cu toxicity. The ONBC amendment improved the rhizospheric redox potential and dissolved oxygen concentration via slow, continuous oxygen release, promoting root iron plaque formation and effectively inhibiting root Cu influx. Moreover, the ONBC amendment improved soil microbial diversity. The abundance of bacterial genes involved in cytosolic Cu complexation and Cu export to the periplasm space for Cu stabilization markedly improved. The sequestered Cu in root iron plaque and soil bacteria inhibited Cu influx into the shoots to avoid Cu overaccumulation in the edible parts. This was reflected by the Cu content decreasing by 1.91-fold and 2.38-fold in shoots under NPC and NHC treatments, respectively. Furthermore, the improved oxygen-enriched rhizosphere environment via the ONBC amendment promoted root activity and the abundance of bacterial genes involved in nutrients mineralization, further promoting shoot biomass by 1.46-fold and 2.29-fold under NPC and NHC treatments, respectively. This study proposes an environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate Cu transfer from soil to crops and improve crop productivity.

Inhibitory test of andaliman (Zanthoxylum achantopodium DC) extract mouthwash against dental plaque bacteria

Background: Andaliman (Zanthoxylum achantopodium DC) is an endemic plant that is found in the province of Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. It contains secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids/steroids, which can potentially be used as a mouthwash. Streptococcus sanguinis and Staphylococcus aureus are the primary colonizing bacteria in plaque formation. Bacterial plaque is known to be the main cause of periodontal disease but can be controlled mechanically and chemically using mouthwash. Purpose: To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of andaliman extract mouthwash (2%, 4%, 8%) against Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC®10556™ and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923™. Methods: This is a laboratory study with a post-test control-only design. The sample consists of andaliman extract mouthwash (2%, 4%, 8%), a positive control (chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%), and a negative control (mouthwash formulation without andaliman extract) with three repetitions for each group. Data were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA test and post hoc LSD test. Results: The andaliman extract mouthwash with concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 8% significantly reduced the number of Streptococcus sanguinis and Staphylococcus aureus colonies (p&lt;0.05), and there was a significant difference in the andaliman extract mouthwash with concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 8% compared to the negative control. Conclusion: Andaliman extract mouthwash with a concentration of 8% was more effective in inhibiting Streptococcus sanguinis growth than Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC values for both bacteria were 2%, but the study could not determine the MBC value.

Perbandingan Daya Lekat Pewarna Ekstrak Daging Buah Naga Merah dan Kulit Manggis dengan Disclosing Solution

Dental plaque is a bacterial biofilm structure, neatly organized and attached to the tooth surface, which contains inorganic components such as calcium and phosphorus derived from saliva. Bacteria in plaque that stick to the surface of the teeth will provide a place for new bacteria to grow. Disclosing solution is a plaque coloring agent that works to change the color of dental plaque to contrast with the color of the white tooth surface. Erythrosine is a red coloring agent commonly used for disclosing solutions, but erythrosine is a synthetic dye which is carcinogenic. Anthocyanins are natural dyes that have met the requirements as additional food coloring agents, which are internationally permitted as food coloring agents. This study aims to determine the adhesive power comparison of red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus costaricencis) and mangosteen rind extract (Garcinia mangostana) with a disclosing solution made in manufactured. The research design was an experiment conducted at the Dwi Farma Pharmacy Laboratory in Bukittinggi. The research was conducted in November 2020. This research was conducted on 10 preparations. Analysis of the results of the study used the t test independent with a 95% confidence level and a significance level at α = 0.05. Statistical test results showed that there was a difference in the average length of adhesion between mangosteen rind extract and disclosing solution, between red dragon fruit peel extract and disclosing solution, and between mangosteen rind extract and red dragon fruit peel. A comparison of the duration of adhesion of mangosteen peel extract and red dragon fruit peel extract showed that the average duration of adhesion of mangosteen rind extract was faster than that of red dragon fruit peel extract and factory-made disclosing solution.

Relevant mechanisms of MAIT cells involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a group of unconventional T cells that are abundant in the human body, recognize microbial-derived vitamin B metabolites presented by MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1), and rapidly produce proinflammatory cytokines, which are widely involved in the immune response to various infectious diseases. In the oral mucosa, MAIT cells tend to accumulate near the mucosal basal lamina and are more inclined to secrete IL-17 when activated. Periodontitis is a group of diseases that manifests mainly as inflammation of the gums and resorption of the alveolar bone due to periodontal tissue invasion by plaque bacteria on the dental surface. The course of periodontitis is often accompanied by a T-cell-mediated immune response. This paper discussed the pathogenesis of periodontitis and the potential contribution of MAIT cells to periodontitis.