INTRODUCTION The problem of soil biology is concerned to a considerable extent with studies of the activities of the oligocarbophilous and of the oligonitrophilous bacteria. Representatives of both the groups appear to be very widely distributed, and the inference is that they are more or less active in all normal arable soils. Of the former group the Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, and the Nitrobacter of Winogradsky (the nitrifying bacteria) are the most widely known, while of the latter group the Azotobacter and the Bacillus radicicola or legume bacteria (the nitrogen-fixing bacteria) are the most familiar examples. All of these and related forms have been the subjects of extended research, and consequently an immense and growing literature exists on this general subject. Although the physiological powers and the presence in ordinary soil of these organisms can be readily proven by suitable incubation experiments with soils or impure culture, attempts to isolate and grow these organisms, especially the Azotobacter and the nitrifiers, in synthetic media of entirely known composition lead to very great difficulties. Pure cultures are not readily isolated, and when obtained their growth on media of entirely known composition is so slow that inves-
Read full abstract