Bacteria In Human Health Research Articles

Advanced probiotics: bioengineering and their therapeutic application.

The role of gut bacteria in human health has long been acknowledged and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been correlated with a variety of disorders. Synthetic biology has rapidly grown over the past few years offering a variety of biological applications such as harnessing the relationship between bacteria and human health. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are thought to be appropriate chassis organisms for genetic modification with potential biomedical applications. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind their beneficial qualities is essential to assist the multifunctional medicinal sectors. Effective genome editing will aid in the creation of next-generation designer probiotics with enhanced resilience and specialized capabilities, furthering our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the physiological impacts of probiotics and their interactions with the host and microbiota. The goal of this review is to provide a brief overview of the methods used to create modified probiotics with the scientific rationale behind gene editing technology, the mechanism of action of engineered probiotics along with their application to treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, bacterial infections, and various metabolic diseases. In addition, application concerns and future directions are also presented.

Impacts of gut microbiota on human health and diseases

Numerous microorganisms that are important to the health of their host are found in abundance in the human gut. They can, however, also be potentially dangerous because of the alteration in their composition that occurs when the gut ecosystem experiences aberrant changes as a result of the use of antibiotics, sickness, stress, age, poor dietary practices, and lifestyle choices. Dysbiosis of the gut micro biota on humans has harmful health effects that can result in a number of chronic disorders. The potential of probiotics to treat certain disorders has led to much research into them. They are typically thought of as helpful microbes; additionally, when their products are supplied to humans in sufficient doses, they act as health adjuvants. Probiotics can prevent the beginning of disease through a number of processes, including altering gut bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids, reducing intestinal pH, producing antimicrobial compounds, and suppressing epithelial binding growth. Additionally, they help to inhibit the invasion of pathogenic organisms, regulate the transfer of food antigens, enhance intestinal barrier performance, and alter host immunological responses. Probiotic tests have revealed encouraging outcomes in the prevention of diseases such as diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, and Crohn’s disease. Numerous epidemiological and experimental investigations, particularly those focusing on the gut microbiota, have contributed to shed light on the role of probiotics as preventative agents. This review provides a potential target for the illness prevention and treatment by summarizing and discussing the roles and potential mechanisms of gut bacteria in human health and disorders.

Cell wall deficiency - an alternate bacterial lifestyle?

Historically, many species of bacteria have been reported to produce viable, cell wall deficient (CWD) variants. A variety of terms have been used to refer to CWD bacteria and a plethora of methods described in which to induce, cultivate and propagate them. In this review, we will examine the long history of scientific research on CWD bacteria examining the methods by which CWD bacteria are generated; the requirements for survival in a CWD state; the replicative processes within a CWD state; and the reversion of CWD bacteria into a walled state, or lack thereof. In doing so, we will present evidence that not all CWD variants are alike and that, at least in some cases, CWD variants arise through an adaptive lifestyle switch that enables them to live and thrive without a cell wall, often to avoid antimicrobial activity. Finally, the implications of CWD bacteria in recurring infections, tolerance to antibiotic therapy and antimicrobial resistance will be examined to illustrate the importance of greater understanding of the CWD bacteria in human health and disease.

Probiotics 연구의 방향성과 신개념 Probiotics

The association of lactic acid bacteria in human health has been investigated from early 1900s. The term of probiotics was defined in 1953 and various strains (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus etc) have been isolating with diverse beneficial effects on human health. Over the century, the concept of traditional probiotics was based on observation of natural properties to restore healthy condition within different human ecosystems (intestine, skin etc) following by development of processing optimization for the stability of bacteria. Nowadays, the aim of probiotics for human health has been moving from gut stabilization towards expanded concept of pharmabiotics like as controlling disease (e.g. obesity, immune system, psychiatric stabilization etc). Along with the expansion, scientists and industry still remained to investigate reliability of efficacy by consumption of probiotics. In recent, probiotics and bacteriophage cocktails have been commercialized in the US market. The cocktails consist of several probiotic strains with four phages targeting pathogenic E. coli. The phages induce reduction of population in E.coli and Clostridium perfringens while prevalence of Eubacterium increased in a gut to 4–5 times prior to consumption. Also, immunological stabilization was observed by consumption ‘probiotics with phage’. Now, the probiotic R&D is moving towards pharmabiotics, and additional technologies in next-generation probiotics and prebiotics are actively investigating worldwide.

The future of faecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal illness

The gut microbiome is made up of hundreds of trillions of microorganisms that reside in a state of homeostatic balance within the healthy individual. Next generation sequencing has provided insight into the diversity of these microorganisms that reside within our gastrointestinal tract; despite developments in metabolomics and culturing techniques, the functions of many of these bacteria remain largely elusive. As such, research into the capacity of the gut microbiome to regulate immune homeostasis has revealed the importance of bacteria in human health, with the potential for exploiting these bacteria only now coming into focus.

Methodology for identification of pore forming antimicrobial peptides from soy protein subunits β-conglycinin and glycinin

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) inactivate microbial cells through pore formation in cell membrane. Because of their different mode of action compared to antibiotics, AMPs can be effectively used to combat drug resistant bacteria in human health. AMPs can also be used to replace antibiotics in animal feed and immobilized on food packaging films. In this research, we developed a methodology based on mechanistic evaluation of peptide-lipid bilayer interaction to identify AMPs from soy protein. Production of AMPs from soy protein is an attractive, cost-saving alternative for commercial consideration, because soy protein is an abundant and common protein resource. This methodology is also applicable for identification of AMPs from any protein. Initial screening of peptide segments from soy glycinin (11S) and soy β-conglycinin (7S) subunits was based on their hydrophobicity, hydrophobic moment and net charge. Delicate balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions is necessary for pore formation. High hydrophobicity decreases the peptide solubility in aqueous phase whereas high hydrophilicity limits binding of the peptide to the bilayer. Out of several candidates chosen from the initial screening, two peptides satisfied the criteria for antimicrobial activity, viz. (i) lipid-peptide binding in surface state and (ii) pore formation in transmembrane state of the aggregate. This method of identification of antimicrobial activity via molecular dynamics simulation was shown to be robust in that it is insensitive to the number of peptides employed in the simulation, initial peptide structure and force field. Their antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli was further confirmed by spot-on-lawn test.

Brain–Gut Axis and Gut Microbiota: Possible Role of Gut Microbiota in Childhood Mental Health and Diseases

The role of gut bacteria in human health and diseases has gained significant research interest. The human intestine is inhabited by more than 1,000 bacterial species and an estimated 10 11 to 10 12 bacterial cells are present per gram of feces. In addition to their well-established role in postnatal maturation of the mammalian immune system, gut bacteria are also responsible for an enormous array of metabolic activities that include the digestion of food and the production of a host of biologically active substances. Moreover, our previous study on gnotobiotic mice demonstrated that gut microbiota is an environmental determinant that regulates the development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis stress response and behavioral phenotypes. In this review, we focus on the signaling pathway between the gut microbiota and the brain in terms of the effects of commensal microbiota on the HPA axis response and behavioral characters, and further consider the possible link between gut microbiota and childhood mental health.

Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases.

Gut bacteria are an important component of the microbiota ecosystem in the human gut, which is colonized by 1014 microbes, ten times more than the human cells. Gut bacteria play an important role in human health, such as supplying essential nutrients, synthesizing vitamin K, aiding in the digestion of cellulose, and promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. However, they can also be potentially harmful due to the change of their composition when the gut ecosystem undergoes abnormal changes in the light of the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits, and lifestyle. Dysbiosis of the gut bacteria communities can cause many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, cancer, and autism. This review summarizes and discusses the roles and potential mechanisms of gut bacteria in human health and diseases.

Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease.

The human gut is one of the most complex ecosystems, composed of 1013-1014 microorganisms which play an important role in human health. In addition, some food products contain live bacteria which transit through our gastrointestinal tract and could exert beneficial effects on our health (known as probiotic effect). Among the numerous proposed health benefits attributed to commensal and probiotic bacteria, their capacity to interact with the host immune system is now well demonstrated. Currently, the use of recombinant lactic acid bacteria to deliver compounds of health interest is gaining importance as an extension of the probiotic concept. This review summarizes some of the recent findings and perspectives in the study of the crosstalk of both commensal and probiotic bacteria with the human host as well as the latest studies in recombinant commensal and probiotic bacteria. Our aim is to highlight the potential roles of recombinant bacteria in this ecosystem.

Importance of Commensal and Probiotic Bacteria in Human Health

Importance of Commensal and Probiotic Bacteria in Human Health

NMR‐based metabonomics analysis of mouse urine and fecal extracts following oral treatment with the broad‐spectrum antibiotic enrofloxacin (Baytril)

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to hundreds of species of bacteria and the balance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria plays a critical role in human health and disease. The human infant, however, is born with a sterile gut and the complex gastrointestinal host/bacterial ecosystem is only established after birth by rapid bacterial colonization. Composition of newborn gut flora depends on several factors including type of birth (Ceasarian or natural), manner of early feeding (breast milk or formula), and exposure to local, physical environment. Imbalance in normal, healthy gut flora contributes to several adult human diseases including inflammatory bowel (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) and Clostridium difficile associated disease, and early childhood diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis. As a first step towards characterization of the role of gut bacteria in human health and disease, we conducted an 850 MHz (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study to monitor changes in metabolic profiles of urine and fecal extracts of 15 mice following gut sterilization by the broad-spectrum antibiotic enrofloxacin (also known as Baytril). Ten metabolites changed in urine following enrofloxacin treatment including decreased acetate due to loss of microbial catabolism of sugars and polysaccharides, decreased trimethylamine-N-oxide due to loss of microbial catabolism of choline, and increased creatine and creatinine due to loss of microbial enzyme degradation. Eight metabolites changed in fecal extracts of mice treated with enrofloxacin including depletion of amino acids produced by microbial proteases, reduction in metabolites generated by lactate-utilizing bacteria, and increased urea caused by loss of microbial ureases.

The Take Care Program and Responsible Use of Antibiotics

While the contribution of antimicrobial use in pork production to resistant bacteria in human health is uncertain, pork producers have the responsibility to deliver safe and wholesome pork to consumers. The development of a comprehensive producer education and awareness program focused on the responsible use of antimicrobials in pork production is described. The Take Care—Use Antibiotics ResponsiblyTM program is based on principles and guidelines that provide the producer and veterinarian the basis for antibiotic use decision-making. The goal of the program is to protect public health while preserving animal health and welfare.

PRODUCTION AND MARKET POTENTIAL OF SWEETPOTATO PICKLES

Sweetpotato pickles which had undergone a curing process was successfully produced at the Philippine Root Crop Research and Training Center at the Leyte State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. The process involves a modified brine fermentation method for shredded sweetpotato. This is a form of brine fermentation that encouraged the growth of lactic acid bacteria, the useful bacteria in human health. In this process, a significant reduction in curing time from 8 weeks to 6 days was observed. 'RC-2000', a high β-carotene, orange cultivar of sweetpotato was found to be suitable for the production of sweetpotato pickles. Randomly selected consumers from Ormoc City, Baybay and Manila rated the Jamaica sweet-mixed sweetpotato pickles with high acceptability scores. Comments and suggestions were also gathered and corresponding improvement on the product was made based on the comments. The market for bottled sweetpotato pickles was established in some selected outlets in Leyte. A return on investment (ROI) of as high as 27.55% was obtained using the new formulation of Jamaica sweet-mixed sweetpotato pickles. The acceptability of the pickles packed in 250-g bottles was still within the acceptable limit from 0 to 12 months of storage at normal room temperature.

Probiotic bacteria: myth or reality?

With the emergence of a more health-conscious society, the role of probiotic bacteria in human health has gained considerable attention from both the consumer and the producer. Considerable controversy has been associated with the lack of scientific evidence for the probiotic concept. However, current scientifically based research efforts worldwide are now focusing on the development of high-quality probiotic products containing microorganisms preselected for specific probiotic characteristics.

LACTIC ACID BACTERIA IN FOOD AND HEALTH: A REVIEW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI AS WELL AS CERTAIN ENTERIC DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT WITH ANTIBIOTICS AND LACTOBACILLI

Recent literature concerning enteropathogenesis and drug resistance transfer factors in Escherichia coli are summarized as well as related papers concerning the use of antibiotics in animal feed. E. coli infection in swine (colibacillosis) also is considered, especially citations indicating the similarity between the disease in man and animals. The role of intestinal bacteria in human health is reviewed, emphasizing the importance of (a) a maintained balance of organisms in the adult, (b) breast feeding in infants to establish a large population of bifidobacteria and (c) the presence of Lactobacillus organisms to maintain healthful conditions in the human vagina. The use of Lactobacillus organisms in intestinal and vaginal disease therapy is reviewed as well as the important ecological role that lactic acid bacteria play in the natural scheme where man is concerned.