Abstract

Gut bacteria are an important component of the microbiota ecosystem in the human gut, which is colonized by 1014 microbes, ten times more than the human cells. Gut bacteria play an important role in human health, such as supplying essential nutrients, synthesizing vitamin K, aiding in the digestion of cellulose, and promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. However, they can also be potentially harmful due to the change of their composition when the gut ecosystem undergoes abnormal changes in the light of the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits, and lifestyle. Dysbiosis of the gut bacteria communities can cause many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, cancer, and autism. This review summarizes and discusses the roles and potential mechanisms of gut bacteria in human health and diseases.

Highlights

  • The human gut mucosa consists of epithelial cells, lamia propria, and the muscularis mucosae, which is colonized by 1014 microbes [1]

  • Butyric acid was significantly lower in the faeces of colon cancer patients, since species of butyrate producing bacteria were lower in stool samples from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients compared to healthy controls

  • This review provides current understanding of the role of gut bacteria in human health and diseases

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Summary

Introduction

The human gut mucosa consists of epithelial cells, lamia propria, and the muscularis mucosae, which is colonized by 1014 microbes [1]. The composition of the gut bacteria community in the stomach and colon is distinctive, which is mainly due to different physicochemical conditions, such as intestinal motility, pH value, redox condition, nutrients, host secretions (e.g., gastric acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and mucus), and the presence of an intact ileocaecal valve [5]. They can be influenced by many factors, such as the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits and lifestyle [5,6]. The literature was sought from the databases PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge, and the references cited were mainly original articles from 2005–2014

Gut Bacteria in Health
Gut Bacteria and Gut Immune System
Gut Bacteria Benefit the Host
Dietary Influence on Gut Bacteria
Gut Bacteria and Diseases
Gut Bacteria and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Gut Bacteria and Obesity
Gut Bacteria and Diabetes
Gut Bacteria and Liver Diseases
Gut Bacteria and Chronic Heart Diseases
Gut Bacteria and Cancers
Gut Bacteria and HIV
Gut Bacteria and Autism
Gut Bacteria and Other Diseases
Conclusions and Prospects
Findings
Conflicts of Interest

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