Bacteremia Research Articles

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric bloodstream infections and alteration in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in Gram-positive bacteria, 2020–2022

BackgroundAlteration in the etiology of pediatric bloodstream infections (BSIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not well known during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric BSIs and alteration in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in Gram-positive bacteria.MethodsThe frequency of BSIs among children under 18 years old was retrospectively recorded in a tertiary children’s hospital in Tehran, Iran from February 2020 to December 2022. The status of COVID-19 infection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, bacteremia/fungemia according to BACTEC 9120 Culture System results, characterization of bacteria using biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for Gram-positive bacterial isolates using disk diffusion method were determined. Statistical analysis was done to measure the correlation of COVID-19 infection with BSIs and AMR.ResultsOut of 13,345 COVID-19 tests and 4,194 BACTEC blood culture requests, bacteremia/fungemia were confirmed in 10.37% (435/4,194) of the patients who requested both tests simultaneously. The COVID-19 infection was confirmed in 25.3% (110/435) of the patients with bacteremia/fungemia. The infection with characterized Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and fungi was detected in 32.3% (140/433) and 8.31% (36/433) of the cases, respectively. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS, 72, 16.62%), S. aureus (36, 8.3%), and Enterococcus spp. (22, 5%) were among the common isolates. Candida spp. and non-Candida yeasts were detected in 6.7% and 13.4% of the cases, respectively. A positive correlation was shown between the CNS bacteremia and COVID-19 infection (p-value = 0.019). Antibiotic susceptibility testing results showed the highest frequency of resistance to azithromycin among CNS, azithromycin and tetracycline among S. aureus and tetracycline among Enterococcus spp. Methicillin-resistance phenotype in the S. aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (MR-CNS) was detected in 40% and 61.5% of the strains, respectively and the Enterococci were resistant to vancomycin in 33.3% of the isolates.ConclusionA decline in the trend of BSIs by GPB and an increase in AMR was shown in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing antibiotic resistance is a concern; however, chloramphenicol, linezolid, and vancomycin remain active against common causes of GPB-BSIs.

Can a Shorter Dwell Time Reduce Infective Complications Associated with the Use of Umbilical Catheters?

Umbilical venous catheters (UVCs) are the standard of care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to administer fluids, parenteral nutrition and medications, although complications may occur, including central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSIs). However, the dwell time to reduce CLABSI risk remains an open issue. We performed a single-center retrospective study of newborns hospitalized in the Modena NICU with at least one UVC inserted over a 6-year period (period 1: January 2011-December 2013; period 2: January 2019-December 2021). We selected a non-consecutive 6-year period to emphasize the differences in UVC management practices that have occurred over time in our NICU. The UVC dwell time and catheter-related complications during the first 4 weeks of life were examined. The UVC dwell time was shorter in period 2 (median 4 days vs. 5 days, p < 0.00001). Between the two periods, the incidence of CLABSIs remained unchanged (p = 0.5425). However, in period 2, there was an increased need for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) after UVC removal, with a rise in PICC infections after UVC removal (p = 0.0239). In our NICU, shortening UVC dwell time from 5 to 4 days did not decrease the UVC-related complications. Instead, the earlier removal of UVCs led to a higher number of PICCs inserted, possibly increasing the overall infectious risk.

Ceftazidime-Avibactam Versus Polymyxin-Based Combination Therapies: A Study on 30-Day Mortality in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Bloodstream Infections in an OXA-48-Endemic Region.

Background: Ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) is recommended as first-line treatment for Oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) β-Lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections, while polymyxin-based combination therapies (PBCTs) are used as a last resort when CAZ-AVI is unavailable. Research comparing the effectiveness of CAZ-AVI and PBCT in CRE blood stream infections (CRE-BSIs) is limited, mostly focusing on Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing isolates. In Turkey, OXA-48 is endemic and OXA-48-Like is common. Therefore, our study aimed to compare the impact of these treatments on 30-day mortality in patients with CRE-BSIs in endemic regions. Methods: Retrospective data from January 2019 to May 2023 were collected from four tertiary healthcare centers in Istanbul. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data of ICU patients treated with CAZ-AVI monotherapy or PBCT for CRE-BSIs were analyzed. The effect on 30-day survival was evaluated using Cox regression analysis post propensity score matching (PSM). Results: Out of 151 patients, 44.4% (n: 67) received CAZ-AVI and 55.6% (n: 84) received PBCT. All-cause mortality rates were 20% (n: 13) with CAZ-AVI and 36.9% (n: 31) with PBCT. Cox regression analysis post PSM indicated CAZ-AVI monotherapy significantly reduced the mortality risk compared to PBCT (HR: 0.16, 95%CI: 0.07-0.37, p < 0.001), while age increased the risk (HR: 1.02 per year, 95% CI 1.0-1.04, p: 0.01). Conclusions: In OXA-48-predominant areas, CAZ-AVI demonstrated significantly lower mortality in patients with CRE-BSIs compared to PBCT. The results were attributed to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic disadvantages of polymyxins compared to CAZ-AVI, and the impact of age-related physical conditions. Therefore, CAZ-AVI should be the preferred treatment for CRE-BSIs in OXA-48-endemic regions.

Incidence of bacterial blood stream infections in patients with acute GVHD.

Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) can be a substantial contributor to complications of GVHD treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the risk for BSI from neutrophil engraftment through day 100 post transplant in patients with acute GVHD (AGVHD) based on organ involvement and severity. Patients (n = 4064) who underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) reported to the CIBMTR registry were analyzed. Grade II-IV AGVHD occurred in 1607 (39.5%) patients and was associated with a greater day-100 incidence of post engraftment BSI than with grade 0/I (24.9 vs. 15.3%). Patients with grade III/IV AGVHD had the highest BSI risk (HR 2.45; 95% CI 1.99-3.0; p < 0.0001). Lower GI involvement increased BSI risk (HR 1.54; 95% CI 1.17-2.02; p = 0.0019). BSI post-engraftment through day 100 was associated with worse survival (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.43-1.87; p < 0.001) and higher non-relapse mortality (NRM), (HR 2.22; 95% CI 1.91-2.59; p < 0.001). Those with stage III/IV GI involvement are at highest risk for BSI. Future studies evaluating novel methods for preventing BSI in these high risk populations are needed to reduce mortality associated with AGVHD.

Bloodstream infections: mechanisms of pathogenesis and opportunities for intervention.

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are common in hospitals, often life-threatening and increasing in prevalence. Microorganisms in the blood are usually rapidly cleared by the immune system and filtering organs but, in some cases, they can cause an acute infection and trigger sepsis, a systemic response to infection that leads to circulatory collapse, multiorgan dysfunction and death. Most BSIs are caused by bacteria, although fungi also contribute to a substantial portion of cases. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans are leading causes of BSIs, although their prevalence depends on patient demographics and geographical region. Each species is equipped with unique factors that aid in the colonization of initial sites and dissemination and survival in the blood, and these factors represent potential opportunities for interventions. As many pathogens become increasingly resistant to antimicrobials, new approaches to diagnose and treat BSIs at all stages of infection are urgently needed. In this Review, we explore the prevalence of major BSI pathogens, prominent mechanisms of BSI pathogenesis, opportunities for prevention and diagnosis, and treatment options.

Outcome of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Adult Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results of a Single-Center Study.

Despite the adoption of pediatric-like chemotherapy protocols, the introduction of new immunotherapies and a better understanding of the oncogenic landscape, the outcome for adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remain substantially dismal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome in terms of survival in a cohort of adult patients with ALL who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) between 2013 and 2023. This was a single-center observational retrospective study including all consecutive adult patients with ALL who received an alloSCT between April 2013 and April 2023 at the Stem Cell Transplant Center AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) Relapse-Free Survival (GRFS), Leukemia-Free Survival (LFS) and cumulative incidence (CI) of Non-Relapse Mortality (NRM). The 4-year OS and LFS were 63.4% and 48.1%, respectively, and the 1-year GRFS was 42.9%. The 1-year CI of bloodstream infections (BSI), invasive fungal infections and NRM were 38%, 7% and 18.4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the use of total body irradiation (TBI), a time interval from diagnosis to alloSCT 7 months and female gender were factors significantly associated with better OS. Relapse of the underlying malignancy and BSI were the main causes of death. Our study suggests that alloSCT from a matched sibling donor (MSD) and alternative donors may be considered an effective tool for patients with ALL achieving a CR.

Changing epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of bloodstream infections at a Vietnamese infectious diseases hospital (2010–2020)

Bloodstream infection (BSI) poses a global health problem, with diverse organisms and rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here, we characterized trends in BSI prevalence, AMR, and antibiotic use at a Vietnamese infectious diseases hospital from 2010 to 2020. Among 108,303 cultured blood samples, 8.8% were positive, yielding 7995 pathogens. Of 7553 BSI cases, 86.4% were community-acquired. BSI prevalence varied from 17 to 35 cases/1000 admissions/year, highest in HIV/hepatitis wards and patients >60. The in-hospital mortality or hospice discharge outcome was 21.3%. The top three pathogens, E. coli (24%), K. pneumoniae (8.7%) and S. aureus (8.5%) exhibited increasing prevalence and multidrug resistance. Pathogens like Cryptococcus neoformans (8.4%), Talaromyces marneffei (6.7%), and Salmonella enterica (6.5%) declined. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were prevalent in older adults with community-acquired BSIs. Antibiotic use reached 842.6 DOT/1000 PD and significantly reduced after an antibiotic control policy. Enhanced surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship are crucial for managing BSIs in Vietnam.

Using interpretable machine learning to predict bloodstream infection and antimicrobial resistance in patients admitted to ICU: Early alert predictors based on EHR data to guide antimicrobial stewardship.

Nosocomial infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) stand as formidable healthcare challenges on a global scale. To address these issues, various infection control protocols and personalized treatment strategies, guided by laboratory tests, aim to detect bloodstream infections (BSI) and assess the potential for AMR. In this study, we introduce a machine learning (ML) approach based on Multi-Objective Symbolic Regression (MOSR), an evolutionary approach to create ML models in the form of readable mathematical equations in a multi-objective way to overcome the limitation of standard single-objective approaches. This method leverages readily available clinical data collected upon admission to intensive care units, with the goal of predicting the presence of BSI and AMR. We further assess its performance by comparing it to established ML algorithms using both naturally imbalanced real-world data and data that has been balanced through oversampling techniques. Our findings reveal that traditional ML models exhibit subpar performance across all training scenarios. In contrast, MOSR, specifically configured to minimize false negatives by optimizing also for the F1-Score, outperforms other ML algorithms and consistently delivers reliable results, irrespective of the training set balance with F1-Score.22 and.28 higher than any other alternative. This research signifies a promising path forward in enhancing Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) strategies. Notably, the MOSR approach can be readily implemented on a large scale, offering a new ML tool to find solutions to these critical healthcare issues affected by limited data availability.

A multicenter evaluation of a novel microfluidic rapid AST assay for Gram-negative bloodstream infections.

Increasing antimicrobial resistance underscores the need for new diagnostic solutions to guide therapy, but traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is often inadequate in time-critical diseases such as sepsis. This work presents a novel and rapid AST system with a rapid turnaround of results, which may help reduce the time to guided therapy, possibly allowing early de-escalation of broad-spectrum empirical therapy as well as rapid adjustments to treatments when coverage is lacking.

Corynebacterium striatum

Abstract Corynebacterium striatum (C. striatum) is a rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant organism commonly found as a skin and respiratory tract commensal. The first case of C. striatum infection was published in 1980 in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who had a pleuropulmonary infection. The chemotherapeutic agents used in hematologic malignancies completely deplete neutrophils, making them susceptible to various pathogens such as C. striatum, which are rarely pathogenic. The spectrum of presentation due to C. striatum includes severe bloodstream infections, pneumonia, meningitis, and infective endocarditis. Some of the most common risk factors are prolonged neutropenia with various invasive devices and numerous prophylactic antibiotics. This article aims to present three cases of C. striatum infections in immunocompromised patients at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Centre. In such rare cases, infection prevention and appropriate antibiotic coverage are the key to preventing such infections.

Increasing Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in Children Suffering from Septicemia in Tertiary Care Hospitals

Abstract Introduction/Objective Invasion of the bloodstream by microorganisms constitutes one of the most serious situations in infectious disease. Children are the most susceptible groups to contract diseases specifically Blood Stream Infections (BSIs). BSIs have been considered to be the main cause of morbidity and mortality in children. It is associated with a high mortality rate of 20%–50%. The emerging causative agents and resistance to various antimicrobial agents are increasing from time to time. Methods/Case Report The present study was carried out to confirm the causative agents and their antibacterial susceptibility pattern in children with septicemia at Tertiary Care Hospitals, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. This cross- sectional study involved about 873 pediatric patients (≤ 13 years). BACTEC BD 9050 system was used to identify the causative organism, and sub-cultures were done on MacConkey Agar and Blood Agar. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the Kirby Bauer Disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Among 873 study subjects 568 (65.06 %) were males followed by 305 (34.93 %) females. Out of the 873 tested blood samples, blood cultures were positive in 83 (9.51%) followed by 122 (13.98%) skin contaminants, and no growth was observed in 668 (76.51%) cases. The majority 43 (51.80 %) of them were neonates (≤ 28 days). Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria constituted 58 (69.87%) and 25 (30.13%), respectively. The most frequent pathogen found was Staphylococcus aureus 54 (65.06 %), followed by Klebsiella spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (7.22 %), Salmonella spp. 5 (6.02 %) Enterococcus faecalis 3 (3.61 %), Acinetobacter baumannii 2 (2.40 %) and Staphylococcus epidermidis 1 (1.20 %). In Staphylococcus aureus about 6 (11.11) were MRSA. The majority of bacterial isolates showed high resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Co-trimoxazole, Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Minocycline, Tobramycin, Cefoxitin and Cephradine that are commonly used in the study area. Conclusion The majority of the isolates were multidrug resistant. These higher percentages of multi-drug resistant emerged isolates urge us to take infection prevention measures and to conduct other large studies for appropriate empiric antibiotic choice.

Clinical Evaluation of Blood Culture Identification Gram-Positive Panel on Methicillin Resistant Gene Testing in a Large Metropolitan Teaching Hospital

Abstract Introduction The ePlex blood culture identification (BCID) gram-positive panel is a PCR-based approach used for the detection of common pathogens associated with bloodstream infections and corresponding antibiotic-resistance genes. One of the genes, mecA, is associated with methicillin, penicillin, and other penicillin-like-antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria (GPB). It is unclear whether the BCID panel has predictive utility and accuracy in treating hospital infections due to GPB. This retrospective study attempts to determine the consistency and accuracy of BCID gene testing compared to more traditional susceptibility methods at a large public hospital. Method A search query was performed for all BCID results at one teaching hospital in a large metropolitan area for one year (2022). The query included demographic information, BCID results, culture results, and combined susceptibility data. The results were filtered to include only cases in which the mecA gene was detected. The filtered results were then analyzed to determine if the susceptibility results from the susceptibility platform (VITEK) were consistent with the expected susceptibility of the target gene, specifically for oxacillin and vancomycin. The susceptibility cutoff was set as &amp;gt;0.5 mcg/mL and &amp;lt;1 mcg/mL respectively, the standard threshold used at the institution. Results A total of 1211 culture results were obtained, of which the mecA gene was identified by BCID in 321 cases, along with the following GPB: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus sp. (not aureus). The corresponding cultures grew the following isolates: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis, and S. haemolyticus. Of the 321 BCID results, 75 were identified as S. aureus. The isolates grew methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) (69/75) 92%, while the typical S. aureus grew (6/75) in 8% of the isolates. In these cases, we compared susceptibility testing for both isolates as either sensitive or resistant, with a MIC of &amp;gt;0.5 mcg/mL for oxacillin to be designated as resistant, and &amp;lt;1 mcg/mL to be designated as sensitive to vancomycin. Of the 75 specimens, the concordance rate was 97% (73/75) for oxacillin and 100% (75/75) for vancomycin. The average receipt to verification turnaround time (TAT) was 36 hours for BCID results and 121 hours (about 5 days) for culture sensitivity results. Conclusion The results show that oxacillin resistance can be predicted by detecting S. aureus and the mecA gene using the BCID panel. However, the mecA gene can be identified in other GPB such as S. epidermidis, in which it should not be used to infer oxacillin or vancomycin susceptibilities. In the case of mecA and S. aureus detection by BCID, treating the patient as a MRSA infection may be appropriate before the susceptibilities have been performed. This approach can reduce the turnaround time for antimicrobial resistance reporting and improve antimicrobial stewardship efforts.

Clinical features and prognosis of children with fungal bloodstream infection following chemotherapy for acute leukemia

To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of children with fungal bloodstream infection (BSI) following chemotherapy for acute leukemia (AL). A retrospective analysis was performed on 23 children with fungal BSI following chemotherapy for AL in three hospitals in Fujian Province, China, from January 2015 to December 2023. Their clinical features and prognosis were analyzed. Among all children following chemotherapy for AL, the incidence rate of fungal BSI was 1.38% (23/1 668). At the time of fungal BSI, 87% (20/23) of the children had neutrophil deficiency for more than one week, and all the children presented with fever, while 22% (5/23) of them experienced septic shock. All 23 children exhibited significant increases in C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels. A total of 23 fungal isolates were detected in peripheral blood cultures, with Candida tropicalis being the most common isolate (52%, 12/23). Caspofungin or micafungin combined with liposomal amphotericin B had a relatively high response rate (75%, 12/16), and the median duration of antifungal therapy was 3.0 months. The overall mortality rate in the patients with fungal BSI was 35% (8/23), and the attributable death rate was 22% (5/23). Fungal BSI following chemotherapy in children with AL often occurs in children with persistent neutrophil deficiency and lacks specific clinical manifestations. The children with fungal BSI following chemotherapy for AL experience a prolonged course of antifungal therapy and have a high mortality rate, with Candida tropicalis being the most common pathogen.

The Use of a Single Risk Assessment Tool for Mortality and Numerous Hospital-Acquired Conditions.

Quality assessment organizations leverage numerous patient safety measures to evaluate hospital performance, resulting in significant financial, administrative, and operational burdens on health systems. Low-intensity approaches that allow for reliable risk stratification of patients can reduce the required investment. The Braden score is a routinely performed bedside nursing evaluation validated to assess risk for hospital-acquired pressure injury. We hypothesized that the tool can be used to evaluate risk for other hospital-related adverse outcomes, including mortality, catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), and central line-associated blood stream infection (CLABSI). We found that abnormal Braden scores have significant association with numerous adverse outcome measures, including mortality, CLABSI, CAUTI, and iatrogenic hypoglycemia. Because of its frequency of reevaluation, we have found preliminary evidence that leveraging this tool can reduce harm by quickly identifying the most at-risk patients for various types of iatrogenic harm. We conclude that in the face of increasing automation and technical applications, for example, artificial intelligence-driven tools, highly reliable clinician bedside physical examination and evaluation can still have significant, low-cost, and high-value impact in improving patient safety.

Infection prevention in home dialysis

Purpose of review Among patients with kidney failure, home dialysis modalities, including peritoneal dialysis (PD) and home hemodialysis (HHD) provide several individual and healthcare system benefits over in-center hemodialysis (HD). Infection remains a major source of morbidity and mortality in this population, and a core outcome of critical importance to patients, caregivers, and kidney health professionals. This narrative review provides evidence-based measures for infection prevention among individuals receiving home dialysis, with a particular emphasis on dialysis and access-related infections. Recent findings Patient and care partner education and training is an important and major theme for infection prevention in home dialysis. In PD, identifying and managing modifiable risk factors for infections such as hypokalemia, constipation, use of gastric acid suppressants, and domestic pets, along with the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis, when indicated, can substantially reduce peritonitis risk. Reducing the use of central venous catheters (CVC), and duration of CVC dependence is the most effective means of prevention of HD access-related bloodstream infections in individuals receiving HHD. For arteriovenous fistula cannulation, rope ladder technique is associated with lower risk of infection compared to buttonhole cannulation. Summary Developing and instituting a well structured and evidence-based patient training and education program within home dialysis units is the most important measure in preventing and reducing dialysis and access-related infections. Kidney care providers should be familiar with different infection risk factors among individuals receiving home dialysis.

25 years of experience on the management of enterococcal infective endocarditis an observational study.

As they are effective and well tolerated, aminopenicillins are still the cornerstone for the treatment of enterococcal infections. Current treatment guidelines for infective endocarditis (IE) recommend combination treatments, which carry a higher risk of adverse effects and are based on limited in vitro and experimental data. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the treatments of enterococcal IE in real-life practice. A total of 4121 episodes of enterococcal bloodstream infections, occurring between 1994 and 2019, were screened for the evidence of IE. Baseline characteristics, risk factors for complicated infections and treatment information were assessed and analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Overall, 80 (3.9%) IE episodes were identified of which 78 were included in the final analysis. Treatment regimens in our cohort comprised aminopenicillin-monotherapy (n = 20), teicoplanin-monotherapy (n = 26), other monotherapies (OMT) (n = 8), as well as combinations of ampicillin plus daptomycin (n = 8), ampicillin plus gentamicin (n = 4) or other combinations (n = 9). Overall mortality at 28-days was low (9 of 75) and increased to (19 of 75) after 6-months. Frequency of moderate to severe valve regurgitation (p = 0.89), or signs of uncontrolled infection (p = 0.5) and vegetation size ≥ 10mm (p = 0.11) were similar in the treatment groups. None of the treatment groups was associated with increased hazard for IE-related mortality. This retrospective study complements previous evidence, demonstrating that monotherapy regimens may be a suitable and effective option for the treatment of IE and supports the need for a prospective evaluation of aminopenicillin-monotherapy for initial and subsequent therapy in these patients.

Impact of discontinuing routine fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in neutropenic allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: an observational study.

Uncertainty exists as to the role of fluoroquinolone (FQ) prophylaxis for patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the era of rising antibiotic resistance. We aimed to evaluate rates of bloodstream infections (BSI), resistance patterns and outcomes of patients after discontinuing routine FQ prophylaxis administration. All adult recipients of first HSCT from 2017 to 2020 were retrospectively included and classified according to time of HSCT as FQ group (HSCT January 2017-December 2018) or no FQ group (January 2019-December 2020). The primary outcome was Gram-negative (GN) BSI from day -7 to 30 days post-HSCT. The independent association between the study period and BSI was assessed using survival analysis, and adjusting for confounders. We included 254 patients, 130 (51%) and 124 (49%) in the FQ and no FQ groups, respectively. Compared to the FQ group, no FQ had significantly more GN BSI (21% versus 33%, P = 0.027) and the median time to first GN BSI was significantly shorter [4 (IQR 1-8) days versus 6 (1-10) days, P = 0.009]. Following adjustment, FQ prophylaxis remained associated with lower hazard for GN BSI (hazard ratio 0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.93). Eighty-two GN BSI episodes had FQ susceptibility testing. More GN BSI episodes were FQ resistant in the FQ group (68.9% versus 41.6%, P = 0.021). No significant difference was found for 30-day mortality, time to first febrile neutropenia and time to first broad-spectrum antibiotics between the groups (P was not significant). FQ prophylaxis is associated with fewer GN BSI in the early post-HSCT period even in high FQ resistance settings, with FQ resistance rates reaching >60% following prophylaxis.

Orbital tuberculosis presenting as vision loss and headache: early management is paramount

Orbital tuberculosis is a rare form of extra pulmonary TB and may arise either by hematogenous route or spread directly from the paranasal sinus. We herein report two cases of orbital TB with a vision threatening complication. Case-1 is a 31-year-old female with a headache, a diminution of vision in the right eye, and pain in ocular movement. On examination, there was no proptosis with RAPD present in right eye and tenderness on palpation. CEMRI revealed a diffuse infiltrating lesion at the orbital apex, suggesting of inflammatory pathology. Case-2 is a 40-year-old male with similar complaints in the left eye, CECT showed edema and swelling in the optic nerve and extraocular muscle of the left eye. A detailed investigation was done, and a diagnosis of orbital tuberculosis was made in both patients. They were started on ATT and oral steroids but lost follow-up initially and due to delayed treatment, it led to irreversible vision loss. A long-term follow-up showed resolution of ocular symptoms with occasional headaches.

Low penicillin susceptibility in Streptococcus mitis/oralis from bloodstream infections in pediatric populations.

Existing research primarily focuses on specific populations, such as those with hematopathy or tumors, who experience Streptococcus mitis/oralis bacteremia. Limited studies have been conducted on the prevalence of bloodstream infections caused by S. mitis/oralis across the entire pediatric population. It was found that the contamination rate of S. mitis/oralis isolated from blood cultures was notably high in our study. Therefore, this study evaluated the clinical characteristics and drug resistance patterns of bloodstream infections caused by S. mitis/oralis across the entire pediatric populations, explicitly excluding cases of blood culture contamination. The observed low susceptibility rate to penicillin, coupled with the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains, underscores the imperative for continuous monitoring of the evolving antimicrobial resistance in S. mitis/oralis.

Assessing for race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic disparities in central line-associated bloodstream infection risk in a large academic health system.

To examine the relationship between race and ethnicity and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) while accounting for inherent differences in CLABSI risk related to central venous catheter (CVC) type. Retrospective cohort analysis. Acute care facilities within an academic healthcare system. Adult inpatients from January 2012 through December 2017 with CVC present for ≥2 contiguous days. We describe variability in demographics, comorbidities, CVC type/configuration, and CLABSI rate by patient's race and ethnicity. We estimated the unadjusted risk of CLABSI for each demographic and clinical characteristic and then modelled the effect of race on time to CLABSI, adjusting for total parenteral nutrition use and CVC type. We also performed exploratory analysis replacing race and ethnicity with social vulnerability index (SVI) metrics. 32,925 patients with 57,642 CVC episodes met inclusion criteria, most of which (51,348, 89%) were among non-Hispanic White or non-Hispanic Black patients. CVC types differed between race/ethnicity groups. However, after adjusting for CVC type, configuration, and indication in an adjusted cox regression, the risk of CLABSI among non-Hispanic Black patients did not significantly differ from non-Hispanic White patients (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94, 1.51). The odds of having a CLABSI among the most vulnerable SVI subset compared to the less vulnerable was no different (odds ratio [OR] 0.95; 95% CI: 0.75-1.2). We did not find a difference in CLABSI risk between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black patients when adjusting for CLABSI risk inherent in type and configuration of CVC.