Backward Countries Research Articles

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Upah Minimum Terhadap Jumlah Pengangguran di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

A country that is actively trying to improve the welfare of its population is Indonesia, which is still considered a backward country. The government has implemented various steps to achieve social welfare, although there are still several obstacles that have not been fully overcome, such as the issue of unemployment. Resolving this problem is a collective task that must be addressed effectively and continuously. This research aims to determine the influence of economic growth and regional minimum wages on the number of unemployed in East Nusa Tenggara Province. The research method uses quantitative methods with secondary data from publications from the Central Statistics Agency of East Nusa Tenggara Province. The data used is panel data, covering the 2018-2022 time series and cross-sections from 22 districts/cities. Based on the research results, economic growth has a positive and significant effect on the number of unemployed. and also, the regional minimum wage has a positive but insignificant effect on the number of unemployed.

Historical Studies Of Japan During The Meiji Restoration

This research aims to find out the history of Japan during the Meiji Restoration. The research method used in this research is the historical method, because the object of this research aims to describe and analyze past events. The results of the research are that the Meiji Restoration had an impact on changes in various areas of life in Japanese society. Meiji restoration means recovery, which includes development and renewal. In this case, the restoration of power is both theoretical and practical. The Meiji restoration carried out by Meiji Tenno covered the political sector, the economic sector, the educational sector and the military sector. Long before the Meiji restoration, Japan was considered a weak, backward country and prey to Western imperialist countries. However, after restoration in all areas it turned out to produce truly amazing results. The progress that Japan experienced in various fields after the Meiji Restoration not only made the Japanese people prosperous, but also became a developed nation that was competitive with Western countries.

Income per-capita across-countries: stories of catching-up, stagnation, and laggardness

ABSTRACT The convergence/divergence debate and plausible explanations to the process of catching-up remain highly controversial research areas in growth economics. Recently, these issues have been the subject of questionable predictions with regard future prospect for backward countries, raising concerns about the right direction of macroeconomic policy. To explore these issues, a sample of 131 countries is studied over the 1950s–2010s to identify those that have managed to catching-up, remain stagnant, or keep lagging further behind. Time-distance to the frontier and productivity decompositions, based on non-parametric methods, suggest that some countries have successfully completed already the caching-up, and it would take between 27 and 194 years for others to do so in the most optimistic scenario. But many others would never do. Policy implications drawn from the comparative analysis suggests the need to strengthen local innovation in order to increase the ability to catching-up alongside widespread reliance on technology diffusion from abroad.

India on the Way of Successful Transformations: Development Model

The study presents an attempt to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the Republic of India’s development model from the time of its formation in 1950 to the present days and to characterize achievements and problems along the path of transformation from a post-colonial, backward country to a state claiming a leading position in the world. It is proven that the country chose an effective but complicated hybrid development model for modernization transformations. The Indian model is significantly different from the East Asian model, it is not like any other, so it is a special type of development model. It has been proven that researchers are faced with a huge transition economy with pronounced contrasts. In particular, a high level of education and a large sector of highly qualified specialists are combined with hundreds of millions of illiterate people and a significant middle class, not present in every transition economy, with mass poverty. The presence of contrasts is characteristic of all countries with transition economies that are developing rapidly. However, India has a feature that is almost unique – a combination of the so-called "three worlds", three socio-economic development models observed in our time. This peculiar “mix” made it possible to rationally use the features and advantages of each of the specified systems at various stages of the country's development. A special model of progress enabled India to overcome (or to reduce) a significant number of the most difficult economic, scientific and technical, social problems, make a colossal leap from colonial backwardness to global leadership, and become an interesting and useful example for many countries. Such a unique combination is obviously not found in any other country, and it largely determines the features of the Indian development model and successful transformations on the path to modernization.

Agricultural Development in Karnataka: Some Observations

Economic development is thus a process with noble ideals and backward countries without exception are endeavoring to make it successful. For about four decades in Latin America, Africa and Asia, many less developed countries have been relentlessly trying for social and economic transformation. But the progress made in this direction is not very encouraging. In some cases, mistakes, failures and setbacks are so glorying that the future development prospects also to be rather bleak.

Модернизация китайского типа: эволюция концепции

The concept of “Chinese-style modernization” formulated in the end of the 1970s has been at the center of attention of the Chinese leadership and researchers since the beginning of this decade. The notion of primacy of national characteristics was transformed from a former reference to China’s weakness and backwardness to current focus on development success. Explanations of plans for China’s “basic socialist modernization” by 2035 formed the channel of influence of official policy on the academic discussions. The article analyzes contemporary Chinese comparisons of Chinese and Western paths of modernization along with theoretical reflections on the patterns of “Chinese-style modernization”. The determination to make China’s experience a reference point for policy decisions in developing countries is connected with studies in modernization theory. The question of the correlation between the general patterns of modernization and the specifics of the Chinese path of development has come to the fore. The emphasis on the differences between Chinese-style modernization and Western and Soviet models substantiates the theoretical possibility of a new development perspective for other countries, and encourages them to develop independent modernization strategies based on their own national specifics. Chinese researchers consider attempts by backward countries to copy the advanced institutions of developed nations as useless and even dangerous. China’s modernization is not complete, in the field of economic development there are mounting difficulties related to lagging behind in science and technology, deteriorating external environment, slowing growth, ageing population. While examining Chinese studies of Chinese-style modernization, it is appropriate to focus on the development of academic concepts, quantitative evaluation system and discursive system. Explorations in theory will be determined by practical achievements, first of all, by China’s ability to maintain sustainable balanced growth of the economy. The preliminary outcome can be assessed in the middle of the next decade, when China plans to build the foundations of modernization. The final judgement on the effectiveness of Chinese-style modernization will be made only after the results of China’s plans to become a world leader are known in the middle of this century.

Federalism and the significance of Governmental Agencies and of organizational Experience at the time of country’s Crisis: Tracing the Emergency Medication Response System of the Covid-19 Pandemic

This research has focused on the emergency response based on the section 1135 emergency waivers which were devised as instruments for policymakers to swiftly enhance the capacity of the health system in times of disaster. By providing flexibilities in regulations, administration, and payment models during the COVID-19 pandemic, states could be better prepared for a surge in hospitalizations and protecting the life of those who were in the emergency response to take care through the process of the hospitalization on time. It employs a Time-to-Event analytical framework to identify key factors influencing the adoption of a state’s 1135 Waiver request. In the primary model, the event of interest is a state making a request for a Section 1135 Waiver, and the dependent random variable is the time elapsed between the disaster proclamation and the state’s request date. The primary independent variable is binary, indicating whether a state has previously sought Section 1135 Medicaid flexibilities during past emergencies. The study stands as the inaugural attempt to pinpoint notable factors influencing Section 1135 Waivers. If efficiency is gauged by swifter requests, then the effectiveness of emergency waivers during the COVID-19 pandemic is predominantly shaped by institutional and external factors. it has revealed that the effective organizational and institutional tasks in the federalism during the emergency would assist to address the issues of the national crisis as it has been explained by the 1135 Waivers as the sample study for further information to the concerned stakeholders not merely in the advanced nation as of the United States of The America but even to the backward countries as of the Asian continents.

Marx's Idea of "Leapfrogging" and the Reality of Socialist Practice

In his later years, the focus of Marx's research shifted to the more backward countries of the East. Did the backward countries have to follow in the footsteps of the Western capitalist countries in order to embark on the road of modernisation and development? Through the study of the current situation of the Russian society, Marx put forward the idea of "crossing the Caudine forks" that the backward Eastern countries could skip the capitalist stage and enter the socialist stage of development directly, which is a theory that can be applied to all economically backward countries to shorten the process of development to socialism. Correct theories can guide the progress of practice, and Marx's idea of "crossing the Krafting Gorge" has left a practical challenge for the socialist countries in the East. For a special socialist country like China, how to make a smooth transition from an agrarian country to a socialist country, the Chinese leadership gave an answer - the primary stage of socialism. With the continuous development of the level of productive forces, China crossed the long "primitive accumulation" stage of capitalism in a peaceful and correct way' in just a few decades. As socialism with Chinese characteristics continues to grow and develop, China has demonstrated to the world in practice the superiority of the socialist system, and has shown its confidence in the system that modernisation is not the same as westernisation.

A critical review on integrating bio fortification in crops for sustainable agricultural development and nutritional security

Numerous developing nations face epidemics that are characterized by nutritional deficiencies in both humans and animals. A further threat to nutritional quality is posed by the lack of dietary diversity, which consists predominantly of cereal-based crops lacking in essential mineral nutrients. Cereals and pulses are major food crops in backward countries; however, they often lack essential compounds, macronutrients, and micronutrients, resulting in imbalanced nutrition. Widespread malnutrition, characterized by ailments such as anemia, rickets, and scurvy, is a direct consequence of this nutritional imbalance. It is crucial to bio-fortify cereals and pulses to provide the population with balanced diets and reduce malnutrition. New breeding techniques (NBTs) such as gene editing, gene overexpression, and gene transfer from wild relatives offer alternative avenues to obtain crops with optimal nutritional profiles. This review delves into the significance of bio fortification in enhancing food crops and explores the utilization of advanced breeding methods for the development of novel bio fortified crop varieties, thereby tackling nutritional security within the realm of agriculture. It conveys a message to researchers regarding the considerable potential of bio fortification to enhance crop productivity while enriching crops with additional nutrients.

The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Improving the Life Expectancy Index in Iran

Background: The health care sector is a key sector of every country. In the process of economic development, this sector is considered infrastructure since economic development directly affects the productivity of the labor force and, as a result, the increase in production and economic growth. Therefore, the quality of the health care system may be an important factor in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), accompanied by infrastructure such as labor, education, and research and development costs. As the level of health care increases in a society, the average life expectancy increases as well. Therefore, the life expectancy index (LEI) is an indicator for measuring the progress or backwardness of countries, and thus, it is necessary to examine the factors affecting it.
 Objectives: This study examined the effect of FDI on the LEI in Iran. Methods: The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) method was applied from 1981 to 2020, given the time series nature of the data and to test the research hypotheses. The method shows a capacity to be applied to I(0) and I(1) data simultaneously. the following regression model estimation was utilized to investigate the effect of FDI on LEI in Iran: HIt = c0 + c1 gross domestic product (GDP)t + c2 FDIt + c3 literacy rate (LR)t + c4 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)t + c5 Urbent + c6 real exchange rate (EXR)t + c7 inflation rate (INF)t + c8 interest rate (IR)t + et.
 Results: The outcomes indicated that FDI has favorable and substantial impacts on the health expenditure variable in Iran over short and extended periods. As a result, it can be anticipated that investing in the health care industry should influence society’s economic advancement. Consequently, FDI becomes a significant macroeconomic factor in health care, acting as an extra investment source. With proper strategies, it holds the potential to serve as a crucial tool for the country’s progress, especially in enhancing the health care sector. The results demonstrated that FDI has constructive and notable effects on enhancing the LEI in Iran, both in the immediate and prolonged durations.
 Conclusions: Generally, the effects of FDI on health care can be described by direct and indirect channels. From the direct channel, FDI may affect health care outputs directly and indirectly, e.g., by providing a wider range of medical supplies and services (such as drugs and medical equipment), the expansion of FDI in the health care sector, and the presence of foreign firms producing medical or health care products that makes the supplies and services available at lower prices and consequently improves health care. From the indirect channel, FDI may influence the health care status of individuals in society indirectly by affecting other variables. Overall, based on the findings, life expectancy is likely to be improved in Iran by attracting more foreign investments in the health care sector.

УКРАИНСКАЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ МЫСЛЬ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ (ПО ПОВОДУ КНИГИ А. ПАЛИЯ «КРАТКИЙ КУРС ИСТОРИИ УКРАИНЫ»)

The article discusses the content of A. Palia's book "A Short course in the History of Ukraine". Paliy is the author of a number of books about Ukraine. His "Short Course" is addressed to a wide range of readers. In 2018, the third edition of this work was published. A. Palia's book consists of 80 essays. There are no new facts, new ideas in the book. In the essays, certain topics are covered in great detail, others are wrongfully given much less attention by the author. Covering the history of Ukraine, A. Paliy does not use falsification. He prefers the method of silence, in which the reader learns a partial truth that is convenient for the author. Incomplete but reliable information looks convincing to the reader, but he cannot find out the true story. An important feature of A. Palia as a researcher is the desire to put forward the great ancestors of the Ukrainian people, simplistically linking the origin and achievements of this people with various other ancient peoples. The book often compares Ukraine with Russia, and Russia is always represented as a backward country, its people are less talented than Ukrainians. Humiliating Russia, the author glorifies Ukraine. Russia is shown in the book as a country that is constantly hostile to Ukraine.

The Arbitrage Outcome in the Triangular and Quadrangular Arbitrage Paths

For a long time, both nationally and internationally, RMB hedging has been a contentious issue. The study and analysis of triangle and quadrilateral hedging in 30 countries are the focus of this article. In addition, they are classified into three groups: industrialized nations, developing countries, and backward countries, with the 30 countries that were chosen falling into each category. On the other hand, triangular arbitrage is an arbitrage that benefits from cross-exchange rate price movements. In contrast, quadrilateral arbitrage follows in the footsteps of those above but involves going via two more countries. Moreover, the data analysis for triangular and quadrangle arbitrage uses the total average, average, maximum, and minimum of favorable spreads, per the study below. From all of this, it could be seen that square hedging frequently has a broader spread or more losses, while triangular hedging frequently has a narrower spread.

Cardiac surgery of aortic valve and ascending aorta (Bentall procedure) in a patient with Fabry disease without enzyme replacement therapy: an overview of aortic and aortic valve surgical tips

Introduction: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare disease in which cardiovascular events are one of its manifestations. Aortic and mitral valve involvement are among its manifestations, but due to the concern of suture failure without enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), the desire for its surgery has been very low, and its reported cases have been few. After the introduction of ERT, cardiovascular surgery for such patients has been gradually reported from different places, but due to the high cost of ERT, it is not practically available to patients in the third world and the backward countries. Reports of the experiences of patients with FD who underwent cardiac surgery without ERT can help improve cardiac surgery in these patients. Case Report: A 34-year-old man diagnosed with FD due to chronic renal failure and underwent dialysis 3 times a week for 1.5 years became a candidate for kidney transplant. In pre-transplant examinations, dilatation of aortic root and aortic valve insufficiency were diagnosed, and the patient’s kidney transplant surgery was postponed until after cardiac surgery. The patient underwent cardiac surgery, aortic valve replacement, and ascending aortic replacement, as well as re-implantation of both right and left coronary buttons on the ascending aorta (Bentall procedure). The post-surgery period passed without any special event. The patient’s dialysis continued; after 4 months, he underwent kidney transplant surgery, and the one-year follow-up period also was good. Conclusion: Although there is very little evidence of cardiovascular surgery in patients with FD without ERT, and surgeons have always been worried about suture failure and complications of cardiac surgery, due to the high cost of ERT, this treatment is not available to everyone. The introduced patient underwent cardiac surgery by Bentall procedure without receiving ERT and was discharged without any special complications. By reporting and collecting similar cases, guidance may be provided for patients with FD for whom ERT is not available.

Problem on Economic Theory; Sustainability May Be the Way out

The theme of the relationship between life and the planet that welcomes us has aspects that have not yet investigated, these are relationships that we believe are balanced, in the sense that reciprocal relationships must intertwine with each other. So, nature offers us the resources for life while we are looking for a complete neutrality of our existence on the environment. We can therefore think of an exchange between the community, which is entrusted with the survival of future generations and nature and its laws, which after a very long time have become suitable for life. So why do not think that the laws that regulate the universe, which have become the cradle for life, are also the universal laws that underlie economic relations, which are the guardians of intelligent life. In the wake of this statement, the relationship between nature and intelligent life should develop with mankind’s push towards science and research. The current perspective, which aims at the complete neutrality of life towards the environment, is the first objective to contain and cancel the damage to the environment. This goal of saving life from natural hazards also has social implications. Reaching the state of neutrality with nature also means the fall of the current limits to development marked by errors in management (adverse cycle, inflation, deflation) which in the new era will be just a memory. Yes, because it will no longer be necessary to avoid damage to the environment, now free from humanity damages. Therefore, development in the neutral area will gradually accelerate so as to create conditions of relative abundance. With social effects to be defined but marked by a progressive decline in classist values, today based on competence and money. One problem will be the timing for achieving neutrality, differentiated, and delayed for the more backward countries on an economic and social level. How to regulate this dichotomy between those who have reached neutrality and those who are struggling to get there?

Public Basic Schools in Southern Sudan and the Sultanate of Oman (Comparative Study)

Purpose: This study aims to compare the status of public basic schools in South Sudan and that of the Sultanate of Oman (one of the Gulf countries).
 Methodology: A search of the relevant literature was incorporated into the work technique. The research was carried out with consideration given to previous theoretical literature, both that which had been published and that which had not. This study focuses on conducting a literature review examining prior research on why South Sudan is left behind. At the same time, other backward countries succeed in narrowing the gap between them and the second-world countries.
 Findings: The findings revealed three categories of primary schools in South Sudan. Category 1 is primary schools for children whose fathers have looted, corrupted, or stolen public treasure through illegal activities and smuggled government money to Uganda, Kenya, Australia, Europe, the U.S.A or Canada after Comprehensive Peace Agreement (C.P.A) in 2005. These children received a good education in the diaspora. They do not come home until they finish their studies and receive good jobs as stakeholders in government ministries or organizations, and they are primarily paid in hard currency. This category is excluded from our study. Category 2 is primary schools for children who left the country with their parents before or after independence and live in refugee camps in Uganda, Kenya or Egypt. They also receive a good education and enjoy free food in their centres. This category is also excluded from our research. Category 3 is primary schools for children whose parents are displaced inside the country or citizens with nowhere to go. Their children receive poor education in government primary schools and free food from organizations or World Food Program (W.F.P). However, these organizations turned South Sudan to be free nutritional zone. This primary school category is included in our study and is our concern. But in the Sultanate of Oman, the government has an evident vision and willingness to reform and develop the educational sector in the country, and a good potion is given to the development of education in the annual national budget.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: By conducting the comparative study, it seeks to improve educational circumstances and address flaws in the system. The research will provide insights to the government, donors, and international organizations, prompting support and funding to develop an organized and planned educational system in South Sudan. Ultimately, this study aims to bridge the academic gap and pave the way for positive changes in the country's schooling system.

Trade Liberalization and Carbon Neutralization: A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on China-ASEAN Free Trade Area

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving carbon neutrality are the environmental goals of all countries in the world. Taking 45 countries in Asia from 2000 to 2021 as a sample, this paper studies the impact of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area on greenhouse gas emissions of all countries, and empirically tests whether trade liberalization contributes to achieving carbon neutrality. The study found that the establishment of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area can effectively curb greenhouse gas emissions, especially in economically and technologically backward countries. In addition, with the tightening of environmental regulations, the promotion of trade liberalization on greenhouse gas emission reduction has been strengthened. On the whole, trade liberalization can help to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality.

“One Belt One Road” and women development

AbstractWomen have become “the source of prosperity and vitality” through their active participation in national economic development. This paper provides the first study to explore the impact of the “One Belt One Road” initiative (Belt and Road Initiative [BRI]) on women's development, which is mainly indicated by gender inequality index (GII). We adopt the difference‐in‐difference method for Asia–Europe regions from 2010 to 2019, and the propensity score matching method is further supplemented for refining the control group. The result suggests a robust negative effect of the BRI on gender inequality, and the decrease in GII caused by the BRI accounts for 33.01%. In addition, a deeper analysis is performed on subindices from multiple dimensions. We find that there has been a significant decrease in maternal mortality due to the policy. Besides, the female population has a larger increase in secondary education compared with men. Moreover, a clear labour shift has been found from family and agricultural labour to high‐value‐added industries and services. The BRI also helps improve the unfavourable condition in backward countries, which is conducive to narrowing the gap in women's development among countries along the route.

The consolidation of public banking in Spain: from the 1970s crisis to the 2008 crisis

This article contributes to the literature analysing the role of public banks in crises. Taking the case of Spain, it analyses the behaviour of the public bank (ICO) between 1971 and 2015, specifically during two crises: the crisis of the 1970s, when Spain was an economically backward country coming out of a dictatorship; and that of 2008–13, by which time it had integrated into the international economy. Public credit underwent sweeping privatization in 1991, which translated into major downsizing. From then on, a gradual process of modernization began, mainly characterized by institutional changes in governance and access to resources. Our results indicate that public and private credit behave differently during recessions. Private credit always remains closely synchronized with the business cycle, but public credit less so.

"Internet + Standardization" University Waste Classification Market-oriented Operation Alliance Investigation and Research

With the advent of the Internet era and the improvement of people's living standards, more and more garbage is generated per capita. If backward countries can realize garbage recycling, they can turn waste into treasure, which can not only reduce environmental pollution but also avoid resources of waste. The "Internet + Standardization" university garbage classification market-oriented operation alliance came into being. It uses the "Internet" as a technical means, based on standardized garbage classification, and uses a new market mechanism in various colleges and universities to encourage college students to take the initiative to classify garbage and improve college students. Environmental awareness. During the implementation process, we will establish an integrated platform that benefits schools, students, merchants and recycling enterprises, form a market-oriented mechanism of multi-subject linkage of resource recycling and reuse, improve the environmental protection awareness of college students, and explore a road for garbage classification suitable for implementation in China.

PECULIARITIES OF MANAGING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS

The article examines the problems of innovative transformations of domestic industries in view of the state and attractiveness of the innovative environment, in which the leading place belongs to scientific research. It was noted that among all spheres of activity, it was science that suffered the most significant losses. In Ukraine, there is a tendency to reduce the number of researchers, which leads to a gradual degradation of the scientific potential. The state of technology transfer according to the first, second and third strategic priorities is of concern because this is a real sector of the economy on which the country's competitiveness depends and which needs reengineering transformations in the first place. The concept of technological reengineering in conditions of clustering of the national economy relies on enterprises of the high-tech sector. The science-intensive sector in Ukraine generates GDP at the level of the most backward countries in the world due to too few types of economic activity (FDI) that meet the criteria of high technology. At the same time, its share of added value in output is the largest among other technological sectors. This shows that science produces high-tech and competitive products. The cluster with its system of connections is aimed at creating systems of machines that meet the needs of the market. For modern clusters of knowledge-intensive production, such a task can be accomplished if attention is focused not only on resource provision, but also on various (several) determinants of market demand, which are formed on the types of market activity. It is justified that the cluster with its communication system is aimed at creating machine systems that meet the needs of the market. The combination of all components of the effect has a positive effect on the readiness of firms and organizations to cooperate with cluster structures, and this is a factor of regional development.