Background Of Norms Research Articles

Asymmetric "partners": work and health of app drivers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This paper is the product of an ongoing research's preliminary results with app drivers and aims to discuss how the game of forces has occurred in the relationships established between companies, workers, regulatory bodies, and society. This exploratory qualitative study employed document analysis, a questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews with drivers linked to associations in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. The analysis was conducted from a tripolar perspective based on the theoretical-methodological framework of Ergology and social life's micro and macroscopic spaces, encompassing the poles referring to human activity, the market, and politics. The results show a background of norms built on this work about the relationship with companies, passengers, and the drivers themselves, besides issues raised from the COVID-19 pandemic. We can conclude that it is necessary not to counteract technological evolution to achieve workers' rights and health. We should recall that no action aimed at ensuring the reconciliation of health, work, and rights will advance without relying on a fruitful and balanced trend between the three poles mentioned.

INFLUENCE OF VILDAGLIPTIN AND GLIQUIDONE COMBINATION ON P-GLYCOPROTEIN FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION ON THE BACKGROUND OF NORM AND IN EXPERIMENTAL ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

In the in vivo study on rabbits investigated the effect of the vildagliptin and gliqui-done combination on the background of norm and experimental alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1 protein) functional activity and its expression in the tissues of the jejunum, liver, kidney and the blood-brain barrier. Introduction of combination of vildagliptin at a dose of 5 mg/kg and gliquidone 10 mg/kg body weight on the background of norm for 14 days did not result in P-glycoprotein changes. On the 5-day of the cancellation of this combination observed inhibition of transporter protein functional activity without altering its expression. In the combination therapy of vildagliptin and gliquidone alloxan-induced diabetes type 2 showed complete recovery of P-glycoprotein functional activity and expression reduced on the pathology background. On the 5-day of treatment withdrawal again occurred inhibition of functional activity of the transporter protein and a decrease in its expression.

Elements of social action

Because of the significant analytical advantages, the author prefers social action as initial sociological concept in the relation to social phenomenon. Its basic elements are: actors, subjects and tools, needs and interests, values and norms, positions and roles. Actors set in motion and unify the rest of elements, guide to the magic triangle of sociology (movement, change, order), reaffirm actor paradigm to systemic paradigm. Subjects and tools materialize an action and its overestimate results in technological determinism or (by means of property as institutional appropriation of nature) in the (un)classed historical type of society. Needs and interests are the basis of person's motivation and starting point for depth analysis of sociability. The expansion of legitimate interests circle develops techniques of normative regulation. Values and norms guide to institutional-organizational, positions to vertical and roles to horizontal structure. Values give the meaning to the action as well as to human existence, they are orientations of motivate system of personality but also basic aspect of society. As abstractions, values are latent background of norms and they tell to us what to do, and norms how to do something. Norms are specified instructions for suitable behavior Without normative order, not to be possible the satisfying of needs and the conciliation of interests. Riches, power and prestige are components of social position, and legal status is the determination of rights and obligations of the position. Roles are normative expectation of behavior. Toward kinds of sanctions roles are classified. Roles but also other elements of social action are starting point for sociological analysis of legal norms and institutes. On the other side, the observation of legal component of social actions enriches, strengths and precises sociological analysis of them.

Naturrecht und Gebot

Abstract This interpretation of the conditions of the reception of the Decalogue in medieval Christianity and the Reformation period supports the hypothesis that the leading perspectives of ethics are formed by basic assumptions of the reality of human life. This hypothesis is contrary to G.E. Moore’s socalled ›naturalistic fallacy‹, because the ›natural law‹ as an important basic assumption implies a view of nature different from modern times. It is either founded in the eternal divine law (Thomas Aquinas) or in a flexible conception close to history and change (supported by Luther). The Melanchthonian conception, however, relies more or less on a nonhistoric view which implies the notion of human dignity combined with the construction of practical principles appealing to all human persons. In contrast to the Anglosaxon mainstream of ethical thought we find here first indicators of an ethics which combines a transcendental (›transzendental‹ in the Kantian sense) foundation and an examination of everyday’s norms. Thus the Decalogue inspires the search for the conceptions of reality in the background of norms.