Educational Background Research Articles

Factors associated with cognitive reserve according to education level.

We investigated distinctive factors associated with cognitive reserve (CR) based on education level. Among 1247 participants who underwent neuropsychological assessment, amyloid positron emission tomography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging, 336 participants with low education (≤6 years) and 697 with high education (≥12 years) were selected. CR was measured as the difference between the predicted and observed value of cognitive function based on cortical thickness. Multiple linear regression was conducted in each group after controlling for age and sex. In the low-education group, low literacy, long sleep duration(>8h/day), and diabetes were negatively associated with CR, whereas cognitive and physical activity were positively associated with CR. In the high-education group, cognitive activity was positively related to CR, whereas low literacy, long sleep duration (>8h/day), and depression were negatively related to CR. This study provides insights into different strategies for enhancing CR based on educational background. Factors associated with cognitive reserve (CR) varied according to the education level. Diabetes and physical activity were associated with CR in the low-education group. Depression was related to CR in the high-education group. Low literacy, sleep duration, and cognitive activity were associated with CR in both groups. Dementia-prevention strategies should be tailored according to educational level.

Realizing Justice and Maṣlaḥah in E-Commerce: Fiqh Muamalah Insights and Challenges in Malaysia and Indonesia

This study explores how fiqh muamalah principles can realise justice and maṣlaḥah in e-commerce practices, focusing on the understanding and behavior of consumers and producers in Malaysia and Indonesia. The research investigates how these Islamic legal principles are integrated and practised within the digital marketplace. The primary data sources include e-commerce users from Malaysia and Indonesia, specifically consumers and producers. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with various e-commerce users, including consumers and producers. The results reveal that producers generally have a higher awareness of justice and ma maṣlaḥah in e-commerce, though their application of these principles varies. Consumers' experiences are inconsistent, often influenced by their educational background and exposure to Islamic commerce teachings. Key challenges include the lack of standardized guidelines and divergent interpretations of fiqh muamalah principles. The study underscores the need for more structured education and regulatory frameworks to ensure these principles' effective and consistent integration into e-commerce practices. Recommendations include developing comprehensive training programs and establishing clear guidelines to bridge the gap between understanding and practice, thereby aligning e-commerce practices in Malaysia and Indonesia with fiqh muamalah principles.

Integrating frailty management into cardiac intensive care unit nursing practice: A qualitative study

BackgroundFrailty is prevalent among older patients in intensive care units (ICUs) and poses significant challenges to recovery. Despite its importance, there is limited research on effective nurse-led frailty management strategies in this context. ObjectiveThe purpose of this qualitative study was to explore nurses' perceptions of frailty management in cardiac ICUs through the lens of the Wuli-Shili-Renli (WSR) system approach. MethodsSixteen nurses from two tertiary hospitals in Shandong province, China, participated in semi-structured interviews. Participants were selected based on their involvement in frailty training, educational background, and cardiac ICU work experience. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes and sub-themes. ResultsAnalysis in three categories revealed the need for foundational support, including the need for appropriate screening tools, updated evidence-based practices, and institutional support. Closed-loop management involved frailty screening, personalized program implementation, information management, and follow-up assessment. Personnel training and coordination emphasized enhancing nurses' professionalism, multidisciplinary teamwork, and cooperation from patients and their caregivers. ConclusionThe insights gained can inform evidence-based practices and improve the quality of care provided to frail patients in cardiac ICUs. There is a need for future research to empirically investigate these strategies.

Exploring Influencing Factors of Interactive Teaching Decision-Making Level Among Novice Junior High School Music Teachers

This study investigates the factors influencing interactive teaching decision-making level among novice music teachers in junior high schools, a fundamental skill that spans the entire music teaching process. Focusing on classroom instruction and student learning, the study addresses two primary questions: (1) What factors affect the interactive teaching decision-making of novice music teachers? (2) How do these factors vary by gender, educational background, and teaching experience? A questionnaire survey of novice music teachers in Boshan, China, was conducted, and the collected data were analyzed using SPSSAU software. The findings indicate that student response is the most influential factor, while evaluation is the least. Comparative analysis shows that novice teachers with 2-3 years of teaching experience rank higher in classroom resilience and teaching skills, whereas those with 0-2 years score higher in classroom management. Nonparametric statistics further illuminate differences in interactive decision-making by teaching experience. The study suggests that novice music teachers should prioritize student responses, enhance classroom resilience and teaching skills, and emphasize classroom evaluation and reflection. These insights aim to improve decision-making processes and support the professional development of novice music teachers.

The Social, Educational, and Early Military Backgrounds of Senior Officers of the British Army of the Second World War, 1944–1945

The Social, Educational, and Early Military Backgrounds of Senior Officers of the British Army of the Second World War, 1944–1945

Association of Gender and Personal Choices with Salaries of New Emergency Medicine Graduates.

The medical literature has demonstrated disparities and variability in physician salaries and, specifically, emergency physician (EP) salaries. We sought to investigate individual physician characteristics, including sex and educational background, together with individual preferences of graduating EPs, and their association with the salary of their first job. The American College of Emergency Physicians and the George Washington University Mullan Institute surveyed 2019 graduating EPs. The survey included respondents' demographic and educational background, post-training job characteristics and location, hospital characteristics, importance of different personal priorities, and starting salaries. We performed a multivariable regression analysis to determine how salaries were associated with job types and individuals' characteristics. We sent surveys to 2,192 graduating residents in 2019. Of these, 487 (22.2%) responded, and 270 (55.4%) accepted first-time clinical jobs and included salary data (12.3% of all surveys sent). Male sex, osteopathic training, and full-time work were significantly associated with higher salary. Men and women prioritized different factors in their job search. Women were more likely to consider such factors as parental leave policy, proximity to family, desired practice setting, type of hospital, and desired location as important. Salary/compensation was considered very important by 51.8% of men and 29.6% of women. Men's median salary was $30,000 more than women's (p = 0.01, 95% CI +$6,929 -+$53,071), a significant pay differential. Salaries of graduating emergency medicine residents are associated with the resident's sex and degree type: doctor of osteopathic medicine or doctor of allopathic medicine. Multiple factors may contribute to men having higher salaries than women, and some of this difference reflects different priorities in their job search. Women were more likely to consider job conditions and setting to be more important, while men considered salary and compensation more important.

Breathing democratic air: North Korean refugees’ journey to sociocultural learning about democracy

This study investigates the acquisition of normative knowledge and values about democracy by North Korean refugees in the United States through everyday experiences and academic concepts. Drawing on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which posits that knowledge is socially constructed and forms the basis of a society’s culture, an analysis is conducted on the sociocultural learning experiences of democracy among North Korean refugees. Utilizing Clarke’s situational analysis of interview transcripts, various scenes of sociocultural learning about democracy and the interpretation of these experiences by North Korean refugees compared to their past in North Korea are uncovered. A common space (e.g. ESL courses) for teaching refugees about democracy can serve as a valuable platform for non-traditional, adult refugee learners, regardless of their educational background, affordability or status. The study’s findings underscore the significance of providing refugees with opportunities for democratic education in a new cultural context, with potential implications for democratic citizenship education.

Parental Perception of Vulnerability, Child’s Temperament, and Health Locus of Control: Who Made You Boo-Boo?

Background: In Pakistan, where unintentional injuries among toddlers pose a significant public health challenge, understanding the factors that contribute to elevated injury risks is crucial. A two-dimensional approach including parental factors (internal/external health locus of control and perceived vulnerability) and child factors (the child’s temperament) is explored as contributing to the unintentional injury behaviors of toddlers. Method: The study involved 241 parents of toddlers aged 18–36 months from daycare centers in three major Pakistani cities who had observed multiple recent injuries in their children. The comprehensive online assessment, lasting 15–20 minutes, incorporated the child vulnerability scale, injury behavior checklist, parent health locus of control questionnaire, and early childhood behavior questionnaire. Demographic details included child and parent age distributions, with a focus on educational backgrounds. The participants comprised both fathers and mothers, and the data analysis employed Smart-PLS software for structural equation modeling. Result: The results suggested there is no direct relationship between parental health locus of control (internal/external) and injury behaviors in children. However, an indirect and significant path was observed from the parental health locus of control (internal/external) to perceived child vulnerability and injury behaviors through moderation of temperamental characteristics. Conclusion: Our research underscores the indirect link between parental factors, child temperament, and toddler injuries in Pakistan. Culturally sensitive interventions targeting parental awareness can play a pivotal role in safeguarding the well-being of the youngest members of society.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH-CONSCIOUS BEHAVIOUR IN LOWER PRIMARY ENGLISH LESSONS

Health as a value was already respected in the life of the oldest communities, and they tried to create harmony in their lives. The perception of health, the positive attitudes to wards health are established in childhood. Families and the educational work carried out in public education institutions, occupy a special place in this process. Health education and promotion, as important elements of education for sustainability, prepare students to respect health as a value and be able to contribute to the creation of a sustainable soci ety and economy in an active and constructive way. The purpose of this study is to present the theoretical background and pedagogical practice of health education by examining the Moson-Sopron county, and a survey performed with the headteachers and English teachers of the elementary schools of this county. We assume that these schools have a Health education program, health education is included in the curriculum of all subjects, project work is considered a significant method. Environment and health education can be supported by project work, highlighting sustainability and the importance of environment protection. The novelty of the pilot environmental education project - presented in this paper - is the module focusing on environmental hazards, as this is an extracurricular topic. The pre- and post-survey carried out among the 4th grade learners of a volunteer primary school before and after the project implementation proved that they had some basic knowledge about some areas of sustainability and healthy life but the project could help them to widen and deepen their knowledge and to understand the link between environment and their health.

What factors influence clinical nurses' self-efficacy after wound care training? A scoping review

The inadequate management of wounds carries significant implications for patients and challenges clinical nurses. Consequently, there is a need for wound care training to enhance self-efficacy. However, despite participation in such training, nurses often need more practical experience and educational background to exhibit higher confidence levels. This results in a deficiency in self-efficacy when performing wound care. This study aims to amalgamate literature discussing the determinants influencing self-efficacy and present strategies for clinical nurses to enhance it after wound care training.The article search utilized the PRISMA method, with searches conducted in Google Scholar, Proquest, Science Direct, and Pubmed databases. Sixteen articles met the specified inclusion criteria, which required English-language articles published within the last five years (2018-2023) discussing factors affecting clinical nurse self-efficacy after wound training.Various factors, including competence, social support, and self-motivation, influence wound nurses' self-efficacy. Competence factors encompass structured training and education, while social support involves sharing experiences and engaging in case reflection. Additionally, motivational factors play a significant role, such as reinforcing values and attitudes when facing obstacles and maintaining the belief that nurses can effectively adhere to wound care standards. Enhancing self-efficacy includes improving competencies through standardized wound training, increasing educational opportunities, self-experience, social persuasion support, sharing experiences, high self-motivation, and managing emotions when assessing one's ability to achieve goals successfully.Professional development programs designed to provide structured training for nurses have enhanced their competencies, social support, and motivation, strengthened holistic wound care clinical skills and improved self-efficacy. Therefore, exploring additional factors that may further contribute to this positive outcome is advisable.

Against all odds—Factors explaining unexpected educational advancement of students from educationally disadvantaged families

AbstractIn the course of educational expansion the absolute educational opportunities of children from educationally disadvantaged families have gradually equalized. Nevertheless, the probability of significantly surpassing their parents’ educational level and thus bridging a large social-structural distance remains low for children from disadvantaged social classes. This work examines this “unexpected” educational advancement, i.e. intergenerational educational upward mobility over at least two educational degrees, of students whose parents possess no or at most the lowest secondary school degree focusing on school allocation in Germany.Combining a resource theoretical approach grounded in rational choice theory with insights from life course research, we ask which factors support children in achieving significantly higher school degrees than their parents (i.e. a school-leaving qualification that spans at least two educational levels). Hence, in view of a scarcity of resources of less advantaged students the current study asks which institutional (school), social (networks) and individual factors (personality traits) beyond the family generate academic resilience and thus enable these students to achieve unexpected upward mobility against all odds.For our analysis we use data from the German “LifE” study (1979–2024), a longitudinal life course and multigenerational study comprising data for individuals from age 12 to 57 and their parents and children. Results based on classic cross-tabulated mobility descriptives and stepwise logistic regressions show that a significant proportion of students from disadvantaged educational backgrounds (26.8%) achieve academic advancement that contradicts expectations. Attending high school creates an expected path dependency, which significantly predetermines the path to the Abitur, the highest German school leaving certificate providing admission to university. However, the students personal traits (intelligence, self-perceived aptitude) prove robust factors in the explanation of their unexpected educational success, helping them overcome a parental home situation that lacks education and other resources. For students without affiliation to a Gymnasium, however, grades and gender are more important than for students at a Gymnasium.

An Empirical Study on the Major Problems Faced by Entrepreneurs with Special Reference to Micro and Small Enterprises Among the Tribals in Manipur

Micro and small businesses in rural and tribal communities are crucial drivers of sustainable economic development, playing a significant role in addressing various global challenges such as poverty reduction, job creation, resiliency and economic development. In spite of their crucial role in the national economy, small enterprises often encounter numerous challenges and constraints that can hinder their development, growth and overall performance. The present study is aimed at assessing the major problems faced by micro and small entrepreneurs among the tribal communities in the hill districts of Manipur. This empirical study is descriptive in nature and uses both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from 311 registered entrepreneurs using a well-structured questionnaire. The percentage technique, mean, standard deviation, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used to analyse the data with the aid of SPSS. There is no significant difference in the major problems faced by entrepreneurs across gender. However, labour problems were different across levels of educational background, and there was a significant difference between the nature of industry and the infrastructural problems faced by micro and small entrepreneurs. The study suggests coordinating the efforts of the government and aiding organisations in assisting the entrepreneurs to tackle the multifaceted challenges.

Rāgadhāri Musical Influence of Radio Operas in Sri Lanka; With Special Reference to ‘Ulpata Gīta Nātakaya’

Ulpata Gīta Nātakaya is a Radio opera in Sri Lanka. It was broadcast in 1958. Radio Opera is an independent musical genre in Sri Lanka. Sri Chandrarathna Manawasinghe is the playwright of this Opera. The music composers of this opera are W.D. Amaradeva and P. Dunston de Silva. The objectives of this study are to identify how the Rāga concept has been used in composing songs; to investigate the contemporary situations, which affected to create the musical content of the Ulpatha Radio opera on the Indian music tradition. Accordingly, the research problem of this study was how to identify the utilization of Indian Rāgadhāri music of the Ulpatha Gīta Nātakaya. This study was done under the qualitative approach. Listening to the original audio recordings and semi- structured interviews were used under primary data sources. Journals, scholarly articles and secondary books were used under the secondary sources. Data analysis was done using qualitative methods. This study revealed that melodies associated with North Indian Rāgadhāri music were used for the content of the Ulpatha Radio Opera. Some melodies are inspired by one raga and others have a mix of several ragas. These melodies can be identified as creative independent melodies, which are associated with ragas. There are several reasons for the use of Rāgadhāri melodies in the background of the play 'Ulpatha' as a creation, which has a local identity. It seems that the socio-cultural factors such as the background of the Indian music education of the composers and the consideration of Indian music as a great tradition have influenced it. Accordingly, the Ulpatha Radio Opera can be identified as a creation with a unique musical usage.

Enhancing Listening Ability and Retelling Skills of Elementary School Students: Exploring the Impact of Nusantara Animated Videos

The role of students' listening ability and retelling skills is crucial in the teaching and learning process, particularly in elementary education where foundational skills are developed. In this context, listening ability directly influences how well students can comprehend instructional content, while retelling skills allow them to effectively organize and communicate the information. This study analyzes the impact of Nusantara animated video media on the listening ability and retelling skills of fourth-grade elementary school students. A quantitative experimental approach with a nonequivalent control group design was employed, involving a sample of 89 students divided into two groups: the experimental group (Jarakan Public Elementary School and Jarakan Public Elementary School 3) and the control group (Blunyahan Public Elementary School 2 and Sawit Public Elementary School). The schools were selected based on similar demographic and educational backgrounds to ensure comparability. Research instruments included a listening ability test and an observation sheet for retelling skills. Data analysis using the Wilcoxon test showed a significant positive impact of Nusantara animated video media on both listening and retelling skills (p 0.05). The findings suggest that incorporating Nusantara animated video media into classroom instruction is an effective strategy to enhance these critical skills, particularly in the context of Indonesian language learning. This study highlights the broader educational implications, including potential applications in curriculum design, teacher training, and educational policy development.

The impact of socio-cultural factors on entrepreneurial failure in Soran city

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of socio-cultural factors on entrepreneurial failure in Soran City, aiming to identify the key cultural influences that affect entrepreneurial outcomes and to propose a theoretical framework that explains these dynamics.Methodology – The research employed a qualitative approach, conducting structured interviews with 10 purposively sampled entrepreneurs who hold leadership roles in the entrepreneurial community of Soran. Data collection involved preparing, structuring, and organizing interview transcripts, followed by coding to identify themes and patterns. The analysis then focused on interpreting the socio-cultural significance of the identified factors in relation to entrepreneurial failure.Findings – This study found that socio-cultural factors significantly influence entrepreneurial outcomes. The key factors identified included societal values and norms, gender roles, family background, and educational background. While gender did not emerge as a prominent factor in this study, other socio-cultural elements played a critical role in shaping entrepreneurial success or failure.Implications – The findings highlight the importance of understanding cultural nuances in entrepreneurship. The study suggests that promoting an entrepreneurial culture through targeted community training workshops, educational courses, and media initiatives could enhance entrepreneurial activity and reduce the risk of failure in Soran.Originality – This research introduces the multidimensional socio-cultural constraints theory (MDSC Theory), which provides a novel explanation of how various socio-cultural factors cumulatively contribute to entrepreneurial failure. This theory offers a new perspective on the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in culturally specific contexts, emphasizing the need for culturally informed strategies to foster entrepreneurial success.

Research on Traditional Ethnic Sports Teaching in Undergraduate Colleges under the Background of Curriculum Ideology and Politics

Curriculum based ideological and political education is a new requirement for talent cultivation in universities in the new era of education reform. It includes diversified curriculum based ideological and political education elements such as norms, culture, and competition in traditional ethnic sports, and is the main path to achieve the fundamental task of cultivating morality and talents. On the basis of exploring the effectiveness of traditional ethnic sports teaching in undergraduate colleges under the background of curriculum ideological and political education, this article analyzes how to carry out traditional ethnic sports teaching in undergraduate colleges under the background of curriculum ideological and political education, and give full play to the educational value of traditional ethnic sports.

Knowledge and Awareness of the First Aid Management of Foreign Body Aspiration in Children Among the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia.

This study aims to assess the level of awareness and knowledge regarding the first aid management of foreign body aspiration (FBA) in children among various demographic groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 500 participants. The survey included questions about demographic information and knowledge of FBA management. The data were analyzed to identify significant differences in awareness levels based on gender, age, nationality, educational background, occupational status, and marital status. The study found significant differences in awareness levels across various demographic groups. Females (80.2%) demonstrated higher awareness compared to males (71.5%), with a significant p-value of 0.035. Participants aged 30-39 years had the highest awareness (83.6%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.057). Nationality did not significantly affect awareness levels. However, educational background showed variations, with postgraduate degree holders having somewhat lower awareness (65.9%) compared to bachelor's degree holders (78.1%), though this difference was not significant (p=0.271). Occupational status had a significant impact, with military personnel displaying the highest awareness (100%) and business professionals the lowest (67.7%), with a significant p-value of 0.009. Marital status also influenced awareness, with married individuals showing higher awareness (82.8%) compared to single (74.4%) and divorced (65.5%) individuals, with a significant p-value of 0.040. The study highlights the need for targeted educational programs to enhance first aid knowledge across different demographic groups. By addressing gaps in awareness through comprehensive training, especially among groups with lower awareness levels, we can improve the general population's ability to manage FBA incidents effectively, thereby reducing associated morbidity and mortality in children.

The impact of financial technology on employment: Protection or disruption?

This study examines the impact and underlying mechanisms of financial technology (FinTech) on corporate labor demand by utilizing microdata from Chinese listed companies between 2011 and 2019. The results indicate that FinTech significantly enhances firms' overall labor demand and demand for skilled labor. Mechanistic analysis reveals that FinTech alleviates firms' financing constraints, increasing research and development (R&D) investments, which subsequently stimulates labor demand. Heterogeneity tests have revealed that the impact of FinTech on firms' labor demand varies depending on their stage of growth, ownership attributes, and level of financial development in the regions in which they are located. Furthermore, we reveal that FinTech can concurrently increase labor demand for workers with varying skill levels and educational backgrounds and increase the share of labor income. We provide new insights with theoretical and practical implications for studying the intrinsic linkages between financial and labor markets.

A Study on Onboarding Employees and Solving Employees Queries of Amnex Infotechnologies in Ahmedabad

This study investigates the onboarding processes, employee query management, and data handling practices at Amnex Infotechnologies, highlighting key findings and offering actionable recommendations for improvement. The workforce at Amnex is predominantly below 25 years old and between 35-44 years old, with a slight male majority. Educational backgrounds are diverse, with postgraduates forming the largest group. Department representation varies, with HR and Finance departments having the highest participation. A significant majority of employees perceive the onboarding process as well-structured and feel adequately supported by the HR team. Data management practices are positively received, with most employees confident in the security of their data. However, there is potential for enhancing the onboarding experience through technology integration and structured programs. Improving query management by establishing a centralized knowledge base and responsive support systems is also recommended. Regular data audits and secure access channels can further strengthen data management practices. The study concludes that while Amnex has successfully created a supportive and engaging work environment, continuous improvements based on feedback and industry best practices can drive further organizational success and employee satisfaction

Unravelling the differences between observation and active participation in simulation-based education

Background In simulation-based education, the effectiveness of observation or active participation on the retention of knowledge and skills is uncertain. The aim of the study was to investigate knowledge retention, technical and non-technical skills and self-efficacy among observers and active participants in a simulated palliative extubation. Method We included medical and nursing undergraduates and residents. On the first day, participants were divided into observers and active participants, each with one participant from medical and nursing backgrounds. We presented a recorded lecture, followed by knowledge and self-efficacy tests for all participants before and after the simulation. After fourteen days, both groups actively participated in the scenario, without observers. We assessed technical and non-technical skills during the simulation and repeated the knowledge and self-efficacy tests after the training. Results Forty-four individuals participated in this study, half from each training programme. Knowledge improved after the first training in both groups, with a significant drop only for active participants after 14 days. Self-efficacy increased in both groups, being higher for the active participants. After 14 days, active participants performed better in technical skills compared to observers, but it was similar in both groups for non-technical skills. Conclusions Active participation seems superior to observation in the development of self-efficacy and the retention of technical skills. Observation may be superior to active participation in knowledge retention. Retention of non-technical skills appears to be similar with both observation and active participation. The findings have important implications for current simulation-based education, but further research is recommended.