Backbone Communication Network Research Articles

Earthquake-Tolerant Energy-Aware Algorithm for WDM Backbone Network

Traffic on backbone communication networks is growing significantly every year. This results in an increase in both energy consumption and the carbon footprint they leave on the environment. As a response, research efforts are focused on reducing energy consumption in telecom networks. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks are key for addressing rising bandwidth demands in backbone networks, but this leads to a concurrent surge in energy usage. Additionally, regions with high seismic activity risk damage to backbone networks from earthquakes, causing significant bandwidth loss and service disruptions. This paper aims to reduce the energy consumption in a backbone network by implementing an algorithm that optimizes energy efficiency while preserving network connectivity and resistance to earthquake phenomena. The proposed algorithm redesigns and modifies a backbone network by deactivating the unnecessary links without affecting the network performance. The scheme is extensively evaluated through simulations using real seismic data from the Geodynamic Institute of the National Observatory of Athens, confirming earthquake resilience and energy efficiency goals, with an energy saving of up to 9% compared to existing solutions.

Integration of LiFi, BPL, and Fiber Optic Technologies in Smart Grid Backbone Networks: A Proposal for Exploiting the LiFi LED Street Lighting Networks of Power Utilities and Smart Cities

This paper presents a proposal for extending an existing terabit-class backbone network architecture to enable the use of LiFi technology by power utilities and smart cities. The proposed architecture provides a practical means of integrating three smart grid communication technologies—fiber optics, BPL networks and LiFi LED street lighting networks—across the transmission and distribution power grids of smart cities. In addition to expanding the backbone communications network architecture, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of LiFi technology and analyzes the concept of LiFi LED street lighting networks in a smart city. The analytical investigation of the operation and performance of LiFi LED street lighting networks focuses on the following aspects: (i) typical LED street lighting configurations and default configuration parameter values encountered in smart sustainable cities; (ii) the applied LiFi channel model and corresponding default model parameters; (iii) SNR computations and LiFi channel classifications for a variety of scenarios; and (iv) available LiFi LED street lighting network architectures for integrating LiFi LED street lighting networks with the backbone network. The paper also discusses the potential benefits of LiFi LED street lighting networks for power utilities, smart cities and individuals.

Adaptive global coordination of local routing policies for communication networks

We consider optimal routing of data packets in communication networks featuring time-variable flow rates and bandwidth limitations. Taking into account recent programmability developments in communication systems, we propose a two-level control scheme: routers with a programmable data plane implement local proportional control policies that forward the incoming data to different available output interfaces at line rate. The local controllers’ parameters are adapted periodically on a slower time scale by a logically centralized (software-defined) network controller running a global coordination algorithm that keeps the routing feasible and optimal with respect to a network metric, such as the average packet delay. A robust optimization approach is selected to handle traffic variations in-between global adaptation steps. The outcome is a non-convex Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Program (QCQP), for which we present an iterative solution approach that is computationally suitable for realistically-sized backbone communication networks. With simulation experiments, we demonstrate the advantages of adaptive, global routing coordination compared to fixed, globally or locally-determined policies, especially concerning packet loss.

The main directions of scientific research in the field of introducing promising optical technologies in the infrastructure of transport systems.

Projects for the development of the transport system of the Russian Federation involve the introduction of advanced optical technologies in the infrastructure of high-speed modern transport systems in the context of the implementation of un- manned maintenance technologies. The article presents the following areas of research carried out by the authors: — organization of high-speed super-long single-span trunk communication lines without intermediate allocation of digital channels and paths laid in areas with limited access by the maintenance personnel in areas with no infrastructure (underwater obstacles, mountainous terrain, desert and swampy areas). The authors of the article highlighted the main factors influencing the design features of high-speed ultra-long single-span communication lines; — application of photonic switching (PS) technology in high-speed backbone communication networks to ensure operational logical reconfiguration of channel structures and digital paths. Within the framework of this direction of research, the authors have proposed methods for calculating the probabilities of the occurrence of internal blockages in various structures of PS based on the use of the method of mathematical induction in order to synthesize PS structures of a given capacity; — development of effective technologies for remote monitoring of the health of transport infrastructure facilities using passive optical transmission lines. Within the framework of this line of research, the authors analyze the features of the physical prop- erties of optical fibers used as a distributed sensor on the basis of which an integrated system can be built that can measure various physical parameters, such as vibration, deformation, temperature and other parameters.

Research on Optimization Policy Routing Technology of Optical Fiber Communication Network

With the development of global informatization, information has penetrated into every corner of human society. With the popularization of Internet, the transmission bandwidth of information becomes more and more important. Nowadays, people’s demand and dependence on information are becoming stronger and stronger. It is urgent to expand the capacity of wide area backbone communication network, and the optical network composed of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) can just take this role. In WDM network, it can transmit multiple optical signals of different wavelengths in one fiber at the same time. WDM has the advantages of large transmission capacity, strong technical adaptability, simple implementation and easy expansion. In addition, WDM optical network can also make full use of the huge bandwidth of optical fiber itself to carry out high-speed transmission. Now, the optical network using WDM technology has become the backbone network of long-distance transmission. This paper studies the optical fiber communication system and analyzes the structure of the optical fiber network. For the optical network, how to find the appropriate routing is a very important technology. After analyzing all kinds of basic routing technologies, this paper proposes a new policy based routing technology, and carries out relevant experiments. The experimental results show that the new routing technology has some advantages compared with the old routing technology.

Critical link analysis of a national internet backbone via dynamic perturbation

Long-haul backbone communication networks provide internet services across a region or a country. The access to internet at smaller areas and the functioning of other critical infrastructures rely on the long-haul backbone high speed services and resilience. Hence, such networks are key for the decision-making of internet service managers and providers, as well as for the management and control of other critical infrastructures. This paper proposes a critical link analysis of the physical infrastructure of the UK internet backbone network from a dynamic, complex network approach. To this end, perturbation network analyses provide a natural framework to measure the network tolerance facing structural or topological modifcations. Furthermore, there have been taken into account variations on data-traffic for the internet backbone that usually happen in a typical day. The novelty of the proposal is, then, twofold: proposing a weighted (traffic informed) Laplacian matrix to compute a perturbation centrality measure, and enhancing it by a time-dependent perturbation analysis to detect changes in link criticality within the network, coming from data traffic variation in a day. The results show which are the most critical links at every time of the day, being of main importance for protection, maintenance and mitigation plans for the UK internet backbone.

Dynamic Variance Equalization Planning Optimization Method for Power Grid System Protection Communication Network

To improve the universality of the backbone communication network architecture model in Smart Grid, this paper proposed a dynamic variance equilibrium planning optimization method for the system protection service in the power grid. Firstly, based on the two-layer architecture model of the power backbone communication network, a network equilibrium optimization model is constructed. Secondly, based on the network equilibrium optimization model, a simulation experiment method with the node usage ratio as the optimization target and the delay in the transmission process as the constraint condition is designed. Finally, the model was quantified through simulation experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed optimization model has excellent applicability in network balance planning of grid protection services.

Performance Analysis of Turbo Iterative Decoder with EXIT Chart

The mobile communication industry around the globe is striving for new technologies as future wireless cellular systems are necessary to provide higher user data rates and offer smooth user access to the backbone communication network. The efficient data compression methods and error correcting codes are two of the most prominent approaches that ease applications in the overhead-mentioned systems and services. The major focus of this paper is on the performance analysis of turbo compressive codes using EXIT charts. The major advantages of the EXIT chart technique are the fact that they can be computed quickly, making it much more convenient than the traditionally simulated BER performance curves. Furthermore, the EXIT charts are a powerful technique which allows analyzing the constituent decoders in an iterative decoder separately.

Identification of Key Nodes Considering Different Roles of Power Businesses in Power Communication System and Power System

In the power communication network, the importance of the power businesses are the key to evaluate the key nodes of the power communication system. As a special network of power system, when determining the importance of power businesses, the different roles of power businesses in power communication system and power system should be considered. Based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy weight method and weight degradation method, this paper presents a method to identify the key nodes of power communication network. Firstly, the roles of power businesses in power communication network and power system are analyzed, and a multi-level evaluation model is set up. The evaluation indexes are quantified in the form of quantitative assignment, and the importance of power businesses are evaluated based on improved AHP and entropy weight method. Secondly, on the premise of getting the importance of power businesses, combining with the topology of power communication network to improve the weight degradation method to identify the key nodes of power communication system. Finally, the power communication backbone network of Qingdao and Jinan in China are taken as the simulation objects to verify the correctness of the method.

Power Communication Network Design Considering Global Information Fusion Part Two Applications and Explorations

Aiming at the existing problems in power communication network and communication management project, based on the planning forecasting strategy of business priority and the evaluation index system of planning effectiveness, the overall structure of power communication network considering global information fusion is constructed. And the whole process information system platform of power optical transmission network is built. Relying on the platform of communication planning system, the weaknesses of provincial power communication network in China are analyzed, and the provincial and prefectural target network frame of 13th Five-Year Plan in China (2016-2020) communication network is constructed. The technology supports the construction of provincial backbone communication network project and the planning of power wireless private network project.

The Research on Communication Technology Matching of Power Terminal Communication Access Network

The power terminal communication access network is an important part of the power communication network and an extension of the power backbone communication network. With the rapid development of communication technology, the technology applicable to the terminal communication access network is diversified. The most suitable communication access technology for different power terminal communication services is the prerequisite for improving communication efficiency and ensuring communication service quality. This paper designs the communication technology optimization matching algorithm based on subjective preference and objective mathematical analysis. The algorithm weighs the preference of the business to the attributes and the importance of each attribute itself, and finally derives the most suitable communication technology for different power communication services, which fundamentally improves the performance of the terminal communication access network.

Minimization of the network availability upgrade cost with geodiverse routing for disaster resilience

Telecommunication networks are a critical infrastructure of our society. Wide area backbone communication networks are based on optical networks, where each fiber has a very large capacity. These networks must offer high end-to-end availability and a high resilience to large-scale disasters. Routing with geodiversity can mitigate the impact of disasters but will result in longer paths, making it difficult to achieve the availability levels required by critical services. In this paper, we consider a given core optical network such that the current availability and the cost of upgrading it to a higher value are known for each network link (or edge). Then, the problem of selecting a set of edges to be upgraded at a minimum cost, while guaranteeing desired values of end-to-end availability and geodiversity, is considered and formulated as an arc based integer non-linear programming model. The non-linear constraints of the model are approximated and linearized, resulting in a new ILP based heuristic. A filtering procedure is proposed for decreasing (if possible) the cost and the number of upgraded edges of the solutions obtained by previously proposed greedy heuristics and also by the ILP based heuristic. The relative performance of the heuristics is evaluated using different geodiverse distances and end-to-end availability values in two reference core optical networks.

Two-layer QoS-guaranteed backbone communication network modeling for power protection services

In order to ensure that the smart grid backbone communication network architecture model has a good universality, a two-layer QoS (Quality of Service) optimization modelling method of the backbone communication networks for power protection services is proposed. Firstly, taking the communication network capacity as a constraint, the minimum value of time-QoS of the system protection service is the optimization goal, and a two-layer capacity optimization model of service quality assurance is constructed. Secondly, the optimization model is simplified and a simulation experiment is designed. The validity of the proposed method is verified by numerical examples. The simulation results of the optical layer and the electrical layer satisfy the power system protection time delay specified in the power system protocol should meet the requirement of less than 50 ms.

Risk assessment modelling for power optical backbone communication network based on MLFSR-oriented sampling Markov technique

Risk assessment modelling for power optical backbone communication network based on MLFSR-oriented sampling Markov technique

Risk assessment modelling for power optical backbone communication network based on MLFSR-oriented sampling Markov technique

In this paper, a hybrid multi-link failure statuses reduction (MLFSR)-oriented sampling Markov technique used for network service risk assessment is proposed. First, the link failure probability p is determined through link failure rate λ and repair rate μ. Then the link failure statuses can be reduced according to p, links number n and confidence level α which simplifies the failure state Markov model in assessing the possible service loss. Second, the sample size for each link failure status can be further reduced based on t bilateral percentile statistic theory in service loss estimation. Finally, the simulation and comparison are carried out for a practical communication network, and the results show that the network risk R has approximately linear relationship with link failure rate λ and mean repair time τ. This study is expected to have significant reference value for formulating risk-controlling measures to diminish communication network risk.

A connection probability model for communications networks under regional failures

Communications networks are often disrupted by human-initiated and natural disasters such as terrorist bombings, aerial bombardment, earthquakes, floods and volcanic eruptions. Estimating the connection probability of a communications network under a regional failure caused by such an event is essential to evaluating network performance. This paper proposes a probabilistic model called the Connection Probability of a Communications Network under Regional Failures. The proposed model estimates the connection probability of each link that connects a pair of nodes under a failure scenario; these probabilities are then used to compute the generalized connection probability metrics for the network of interest. The model is continuous over its failure region, which is considered to be circular with a certain radius. The maximum failure impact occurs at the epicenter and the impact gradually drops to zero beyond the failure circle. The model helps identify the failed network links and their degrees of failure. A case study involving the U.S. backbone communications network with various failure epicenters and radii demonstrates the applicability and utility of the proposed model.

A fusion networking model for smart grid power distribution backbone communication network based on PTN

In current communication network for distribution in Chinese power grid systems, the fiber communication backbone network for distribution and TD-LTE power private wireless backhaul network of power grid are both bearing by the SDH optical transmission network, which also carries the communication network of transformer substation and main electric. As the data traffic of the distribution communication and TD-LTE power private wireless network grow rapidly in recent years, it will have a big impact with the SDH network’s bearing capacity which is mainly used for main electric communication in high security level. This paper presents a fusion networking model which use a multiple-layer PTN network as the unified bearing of the TD-LTE power private wireless backhaul network and fiber communication backbone network for distribution. Network dataflow analysis shows that this model can greatly reduce the capacity pressure of the traditional SDH network as well as ensure the reliability of the transmission of the communication network for distribution and TD-LTE power private wireless network.

An Implementation of Public Key Infrastructure Using Wireless Communication Networks

The Smart Grid is an electrical power infrastructure that makes intelligent decisions about the state of the electrical power system to maintain a stable environment. It is expected that the smart grid will radically add new functionalities to legacy electrical power systems. However, believe that this will in turn introduce many new security risks. With the smart grid’s backbone communication networks and sub networks, there are possible scenarios when these sub networks can become vulnerable to attacks. Ensuring security in these networks is challenging because most devices are resource constrained. In addition, different protocols that are used in these networks use their own set of security requirements. In this article, the securities Requirements of smart grid communication networks are firstly identified. The public key infrastructure (PKI) is a viable solution; it has some difficulties to satisfy the requirements in availability, privacy preservation, and scalability. To complement the functions of PKI, introduce some novel mechanisms so that those security requirements can be met. In particular, propose a mechanism to efficiently resist Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, and some suggestions to the security protocol design for different application categories.

A Spiral Development Model for an Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) Architecture Based on Prototype

As a symbol of economic growth, the deployment of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) became a necessity of a country, especially in a developing country. The Advanced Transportation Management System (ATMS) is one of the pivotal subsystems of ITS. With the development of digital image processing, the deployment of such a system can be implemented in an effective and economical way. The process of constructing an ATMS with minimum cost and time will be an important criterion in the selection of such a system for a developing country. In this paper, a spiral development method for an ATMS based on prototype was presented in order to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional waterfall model. The focus on the spiral development is to improve the design concepts and system requirements to avoid large-scale modification in the later development phases due to errors caused in the early ones. An applied architecture is constituted with the innovative technologies, e.g. 4th-generation mobile technology (4G), high-speed optical fiber communication technology with a national traffic communication backbone network in China, which ensures the latest technology is available to traffic management.

Defending jamming attack in wide-area monitoring system for smart grid

Smart Grid is a promising technology to efficiently manage the power use, transmission and production. An efficient and dependable smart power grid relies on the secure and reliable real-time data collection and transmission service provided by an underlying backbone communication network. Cognitive radio network is an emerging wireless communication technology that fits communication needs in smart grid. However, the cognitive radio is vulnerable to jamming attacks that can disturb the real time communication. The loss of the timely information from the remotely distributedly deployed sensors can cause the loss of control of the system. In this paper, we focus on the availability of the communication services provided by the cognitive radio nodes deployed over the smart grid. We consider the jamming attacks to this wireless network. We propose to defeat the jamming attacks by introducing the combined online optimization and linear programming to the smart grid to enable the system to heal automatically from the jamming attack.