Backup Function Research Articles

Cloud Computing: a tool for effective records and information management system in Nigerian academic libraries

Academic libraries, as part of their traditional responsibility, engage in the collection and generation of data and records with a various degree of sensitivity and usefulness. This study examined the importance of library record and advocates for the implementation of cloud computing technology as a viable alternative to other mode of record storage. Cloud computing as a record management tool will help preserve the myriad of records generated from the daily activities of libraries. The paper also identified the danger of paper or electronic method of information storage. It argued that information stored in this format is susceptible to loss by theft, fire or computer viruses, hard drive collapse as well as the destruction of local library internet server due to poor maintenance culture on the part of the personnel. Apart from the data backup function, remote accessibility of these record is another key consideration for cloud computing utility in library record management. In view of the vast potential, especially in the area of its elastic storage capability, it is highly recommended for all academic libraries in the country. However, it is observed that the cost of data and irregular power supply are some of the challenges facing its adoption in Nigeria, as along with the vulnerability to cyber-attacks which may lead to a partial or total loss of record. In these regards, it is further recommended that cloud computing, as a service platform, is adopted as a backup platform rather than a sole tool for record and data management in academic libraries.

A novel traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor with piezoelectric backup function

To fulfill high-reliability requirements for aerospace applications, a novel traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor with a piezoelectric backup function (Backup motor) is proposed in this paper. The backup function is enabled by the addition of a set of piezoelectric ceramics (PZT). Based on the ultrasonic motor of the CSX-60, a cantilever-tooth backup motor (CTBM) is designed and fabricated. This backup motor can operate in three working modes according to the excitation settings of PZTs, namely normal mode, backup mode, and enhanced mode. The relationships between three working modes’ performances are analyzed by finite element (FE) analysis and prototype tests. The results show that backup mode, as the substitution, can nearly reach normal mode’s performance, while enhanced mode is obviously higher than others. Furthermore, a modified backup motor with straight-tooth (STBM) and different sizes of PZT is designed and tested as a supplement to verify the feasibility of the proposal. In addition, the effect of stress reduction on PZT damage is verified by extreme working experiments. The comparison between the two types of motors indicates that STBM can provide better frictional drive performance. This proposal can provide a new reference for the subsequent reliability study of ultrasonic motors.

Data-Driven Prediction of Key Combustion Parameters Based on an Intelligent Diesel Fuel Injector for Large Engine Applications

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Digital technologies are capable of making a significant contribution to improving large internal combustion engine technology. In particular, methods from the field of artificial intelligence are opening up new avenues. So-called “intelligent” engine components rely on advanced instrumentation and data analytics to create value-added data, which in turn can serve as the basis for applications such as condition monitoring, predictive maintenance and controls. For related components and systems, these data may also allow for novel condition monitoring approaches. This paper describes the use of value-added data from an intelligent diesel fuel injection valve that give detailed information about the injection process for real-time prediction of key combustion parameters such as indicated mean effective pressure, maximum cylinder pressure and combustion phasing. These parameters are usually involved in combustion controls and power unit condition monitoring and normally acquired using in-cylinder pressure indication systems, which are costly and prone to wear. On the one hand, a data-driven model for key combustion parameters based on an intelligent fuel injection valve could replace an indication system. On the other hand, such a model may enable backup functionality and mutual condition monitoring of the fuel injection valve and the indication system. The data required for model building were acquired from a medium-speed four-stroke single-cylinder research engine with a displacement of approximately 15.7 dm<sup>3</sup>. Different machine learning methods are compared to obtain an accurate yet reliable model for each of the desired combustion parameters. In addition to the value-added injection data, readily available parameters on production engines serve as model inputs (e.g., engine speed, charge air and exhaust gas pressures). Based on the results, the quality of the model predictions is evaluated, and it is assessed whether the approach might be useful for series engine applications.</div></div>

Transferring Music Pieces into Different Scales based on Nyquist Language

As the increasingly need for art in the society and the current boost in technology, computer music is known as an increasingly important field in our life. While for music scales, which determine a music piece’s genre and style, is also important to any music pieces. The idea of this study is to combine the concepts of music scales and computer music, realizing the ability for music scales transformation. This article will use Nyquist language as an example to provide a clearer perspective of the way that computer algorithms are able to transfer music pieces into different music scales. This study combined the advantages programming within Nyquist, which will be the music synchronize functions and the presence of the unique data type “score” with our music ideas. Thus, it was easy for users to compose the notes in a clear and ordered manner. After composing the scales as functions in Nyquist, one can modify music pieces into different styles according to the scales. In addition, based on the auto backup function in Nyquist, it is easy to retrieve a .wav format video file after processing the program on our terminals. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of music pieces transferring based on computer techniques.

Production of multimodal signals to assert social dominance in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).

In this study we aimed to examine whether the 'redundancy' (a backup function to ensure the signal transmission) or 'multiple messages' (sensory communication system in combination) hypothesis would explain the function of multimodal communication of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari-WLPs). We also aimed to assess the individual factors (the social rank and sex of the sender) influencing the production of, and responses to unimodal and multimodal signals. We determined the social rank of 21 WLPs living in two captive groups and quantified the production of unimodal and multimodal signals when displaying threatening and submissive behaviors. WLPs most often produce multimodal signals independent of a previous unimodal signal failure, which suggests that they were adding more information, such as the sender's size, rather than merely increasing efficacy by engaging a different receiver's sensory channel. There was no effect of the sender's sex in the production of, and responses to, multimodal signals. However, the higher the sender's social rank, the greater the production of multimodal signals when WLPs were displaying threatening behaviors; whereas the lower the sender's social rank, the greater the production of multimodal signals when displaying submission behaviors. Multimodal signals elicited more non-aggressive responses than did the unimodal signals when displaying a threat. Moreover, the higher the sender's social rank, the greater the occurrence of non-aggressive responses to multimodal signals when displaying a threat; whereas the opposite occurred when displaying submission. Our findings support the 'multiple messages' hypothesis to explain the function of multimodal signaling during agonistic interactions in WLPs. Additionally, both the production of, and responses to, multimodal signals are related to the sender's social rank. These results allow us to suggest that the production of multimodal signals may have a key role in mitigating conflict and thus promoting group cohesion among white-lipped peccaries.

Backup protection with accelerating strategy based on fault control of modular multilevel converters in medium‐voltage direct current distribution network

AbstractThe medium‐voltage DC distribution network with multiple DC feeders is more cost‐effective when equipped with switches than DC circuit breakers. Under such conditions, the converters with fault‐handling capacity are blocked to clear the fault, which will cause the rapid disappearance of the fault current. Therefore, the primary protection has to pursue high speed at the expense of reliability, which threatens the network's safety. To construct a reliable protection system, backup protection with an accelerating strategy based on the fault control of converters is proposed. The current is controlled first by the fault control of converters to ensure the fault characteristics during backup protection. Then the DC switches on the healthy line are blocked by the polarity of the current integral, and the distribution network turns into the close‐loop mode to provide a fault current path. When the DC switches on the faulty line disconnect according to the predefined time delay, the current change time is recorded and thus the switches in the network are accelerated without communication. The proposed scheme only depends on the measured local current and the backup function still exists after acceleration. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified in power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transient including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC).

Novel fault isolation scheme under protection failure in MVDC distribution networks without DC circuit breakers

In medium voltage direct current (MVDC) distribution networks without DC circuit breakers, converters with fault-blocking capability are employed to de-energize the network, which facilitates the disconnection of DC switches. The fault current is cleared rapidly under DC faults, posing difficulties to the reliable fault isolation due to the rapid disappearing fault features. To tackle this problem, a novel isolation scheme based on active control of converters is proposed, where trapezoidal wave current is injected from the converter to the fault point. The faulty line could be located by counting the number of high-level pulses of trapezoidal wave current, and then isolated by the corresponding DC switches during the low-level pulses of trapezoidal wave current. Finally, the healthy parts of the network could be restored to normal operation. Compared with other fault location & isolation methods, the proposed scheme based on the active control of converters could cooperate with DC switches without communication. In addition, the innovative utilization of the number of injected pulses rather than the amplitude or frequency can provide a backup function if the DC switch fails to operate. The proposed scheme further improves the reliability of the MVDC network and is easy to apply, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified in PSCAD/EMTDC.

New DOCR coordination via non-conventional time curves to achieve bounded relay times

In this paper, the new coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is presented to obtain expected relay times. The objective of traditional DOCR coordination is to determine the shortest possible relay time, a non-limited minimization is considered. However, a functional dependence between relays is obtained due the sequence of operation between primary and backup functions, resulting in an uncertainty in the relay times. In the proposed method, the DOCRs are delimited in time intervals resulting in bounded coordination times. The conventional coordination criterion is not used hence there are no coordination pairs, since the commitment of each relay is that its time curve complies with the time intervals. This proposal avoids the incertitude in the relay times in the coordination process, very long or very short times that can affect the operation or safety of the electrical network. In the proposed method, the setting of each relay is stand-alone, the design of time curve must guarantee the relay times for each interval considered, non-conventional curves are used in this proposed. The results in the test systems show that the proposed method is feasible, obtaining the desired results.

Fault-tolerant resource allocation model for service function chains with joint diversity and redundancy

This paper proposes an optimization model to derive a resilient virtual network function allocation in service function chains aiming to reduce the end-to-end (E2E) latency during the migrations from the primary functions to backup functions. The model considers k-fault tolerance assurance and the satisfactions of service requirements under different error patterns in this model. The allocation provided by the proposed model ensures that the processing ability satisfies the requirements even though there are k failed nodes in the network. Diversity splits a single virtual network function (VNF) into a pool of replicas with different specifications. The diversity of both primary and backup functions is considered. Redundancy is used for recovering the failed functions. We formulate the proposed model as a mixed integer linear programming problem to select suitable replicas from the pools of replicas and decide the locations of these replicas for both primary and backup functions. The objective of the proposed model is to minimize the sum of the maximum E2E latencies among functions under all possible failure patterns which have k node failures. The numerical results show that the proposed model reduces the E2E latency between the pair of primary and backup VNFs with ensuring the resiliency of the functions compared with baseline models in the examined cases. Two approximate approaches are developed to reduce the computation time of solving the proposed model with a limited performance penalty. We derive theorems to give the bounds of maximum resiliency in the proposed model.

Virtual Network Function Allocation in Service Function Chains Using Backups With Availability Schedule

A suitable virtual network function (VNF) placement considering a node availability schedule extends service continuous serviceable time by suppressing service interruptions caused by function reallocation and node unavailabilities. However, function placement cannot avoid service interruptions caused by node unavailabilities. This paper proposes a primary and backup VNF placement model to avoid service interruptions caused by node unavailabilities by using backup functions. The considered backup functions have a period of startup time for preparation before they can be used and the number of them is limited. The proposed model is formulated as an integer linear programming problem to place the primary and backup VNFs based on the availability schedule at continuous time slots. We aim to maximize the minimum number of continuously available time slots in all service function chains (SFCs) over the deterministic availability schedule. We obverse that the proposed model considering the limited number of backup functions outperforms baseline models in terms of the minimum number of longest continuous available time slots in all SFCs. We introduce an algorithm to estimate the number of key unavailabilities at each time slot, which can find the unavailable nodes which are the bottlenecks to increase the service continuous available time at each time slot.

Secondary metabolites of Hülle cells mediate protection of fungal reproductive and overwintering structures against fungivorous animals.

Fungal Hülle cells with nuclear storage and developmental backup functions are reminiscent of multipotent stem cells. In the soil, Hülle cells nurse the overwintering fruiting bodies of Aspergillus nidulans. The genome of A. nidulans harbors genes for the biosynthesis of xanthones. We show that enzymes and metabolites of this biosynthetic pathway accumulate in Hülle cells under the control of the regulatory velvet complex, which coordinates development and secondary metabolism. Deletion strains blocked in the conversion of anthraquinones to xanthones accumulate emodins and are delayed in maturation and growth of fruiting bodies. Emodin represses fruiting body and resting structure formation in other fungi. Xanthones are not required for sexual development but exert antifeedant effects on fungivorous animals such as springtails and woodlice. Our findings reveal a novel role of Hülle cells in establishing secure niches for A. nidulans by accumulating metabolites with antifeedant activity that protect reproductive structures from animal predators.

Balancing Exploration and Exploitation in Classical Planning

Successful heuristic search planners for satisficing planning like FF or LAMA are usually based on one or more best first search techniques. Recent research has led to planners like Arvand, Roamer or Probe, where novel techniques like Monte-Carlo Random Walks extend the traditional exploitation-focused best first search by an exploration component. The UCT algorithm balances these contradictory incentives and has shown tremendous success in related areas of sequential decision making but has never been applied to classical planning yet. We make up for this shortcoming by applying the Trial-based Heuristic Tree Search framework to classical planning. We show how to model the best first search techniques Weighted A* and Greedy Best First Search with only three ingredients: action selection, initialization and backup function. Then we use THTS to derive four versions of the UCT algorithm that differ in the used backup functions. The experimental evaluation shows that our main algorithm, GreedyUCT*, outperforms all other algorithms presented in this paper, both in terms of coverage and quality.

Reliability of distributed energy facilities

The reason for the appearance of the first distributed generation in Russia was the high requirements to the reliability of power supply to power consumers of a special group of the first category of reliability. Diesel generating units were used to ensure uninterrupted operation. High costs for technological connection of consumers of the 1st and 2nd categories of reliability have strengthened the tendency to install a backup energy source in the enterprises' own power supply systems. However, setting reserves leads to a decrease in economic efficiency. There are additional costs for maintaining the reserve in a working condition. As a result, enterprises transfer the backup units to the mode of the main power source, and that of the backup function to the centralized power supply system. The creation of such industrial MiniGrid operating in a mode without power supply to the grid increases the cost of electricity for other consumers. Besides, with the departure of industrial enterprises from the centralized power supply, the share of communal and non-industrial consumers is growing. This requires an increase in the manoeuvrability of energy sources. The creation of balanced Energy Cells for energy supply to the population and small and medium-sized businesses that provide services to the population is not accompanied by the negative effects indicated above. In Russia, there are isolated examples of such systems, similarly operating in a mode without supplying power to the grid. Changes are needed to allow active consumers to supply excess capacity to the grid during peak hours in the UES of Russia, for which the grid companies need to be allowed to operate at least in a mode without supplying power to the grid, which will not lead to a decrease in grid companies' revenues from electricity transmission services. The introduction of these changes does not only lead not only to an increase in the reliability of power supply but also to an increase in the economic efficiency of the UES, which will reduce the price of electricity.

GTI 발전방안 모색: 동북아 디벨로퍼 역할

The purpose of this study was to find the need to develop GTI into a Northeast Asia developer, and to reorganize and develop the current GTI. Through the study, we found that there is a positive effect to link the role of Korea to the possibility of participation in Northeast Asian development projects. As a Northeast Asian developer, various alternatives can be considered. It is difficult to establish a new organization for the development of infrastructure in Northeast Asia, and the role of developer is limited due to limitations of one country-centered and purpose-limited by public corporations and large construction companies. And multilateral development banks are limited in drawing up their own universal business plans and mobilizing related institutions, while deciding whether to invest in projects that have been made externally. After all, the most realistic plan is to reorganize and expand the GTI function created with the current function of developer in mind and foster it as a Northeast Asian developer. GTI is an effective cooperation channel that can serve as an international infrastructure developer in Northeast Asia, and has the highest potential. If GTI is used to foster a regional developer organization, it can be said that the founder can overcome problems of the country, the possibility of initial success, trial and error in the process of establishment, insufficient cooperation experience, and problems in the composition of governance. Therefore, it is necessary to set the future vision and role of the GTI organization as the Northeast Asia infrastructure developer and push forward. In the case of the GTI, the multi-state cooperation has been in place for a long time, so if the member countries have the will, they will be able to develop the role of infrastructure developer in Northeast Asia into a stable organization in the shortest time. Currently, the lowest level of loose cooperation channels should be planned as infrastructure development projects to lead the participation and consent of relevant countries. It should be fostered as a developer with the highest level of coordination ability to determine project participants and allocate business rights. In this epoch-making process, leadership that can induce enthusiastic participation from member countries is crucial. The most essential fundamental factor in the development of the GTI into a developer is the sharing of member countries’ perceptions of the vision and role of the GTI in carrying out the Northeast Asian infrastructure developer. To this end, Korea’s role, which is closest to the understanding of the GTI, is important, especially in persuading member countries at high-level levels such as the summit. Under the leadership and meticulous strategy of certain leading countries, including Korea, the member states will be able to agree on and implement specific measures to reform and foster the GTI if mid-to long-term vision for the GTI is agreed upon. A rough look at the step-by-step approach to this will lead to the following steps: First, the function of the GTI should be reorganized into a Northeast Asian developer and expanded manpower and budget to enable it to be implemented at the international level. In this process, the role of the secretary general to comprehensively manage and supervise this is important, and it will be necessary to recruit and assign competent high-ranking officials to share and implement the long-term vision of the GTI. It is necessary to recruit experts to perform developer functions by sector, such as transportation, energy, and trade investment, and to strengthen backup functions to support them. The budget will also have to increase the share of member countries and increase the GTI trust funds of South Korea and China if necessary.

CHD7 and 53BP1 regulate distinct pathways for the re-ligation of DNA double-strand breaks

Chromatin structure is dynamically reorganized at multiple levels in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Yet, how the different steps of chromatin reorganization are coordinated in space and time to differentially regulate DNA repair pathways is insufficiently understood. Here, we identify the Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 7 (CHD7), which is frequently mutated in CHARGE syndrome, as an integral component of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DSB repair pathway. Upon recruitment via PARP1-triggered chromatin remodeling, CHD7 stimulates further chromatin relaxation around DNA break sites and brings in HDAC1/2 for localized chromatin de-acetylation. This counteracts the CHD7-induced chromatin expansion, thereby ensuring temporally and spatially controlled ‘chromatin breathing’ upon DNA damage, which we demonstrate fosters efficient and accurate DSB repair by controlling Ku and LIG4/XRCC4 activities. Loss of CHD7-HDAC1/2-dependent cNHEJ reinforces 53BP1 assembly at the damaged chromatin and shifts DSB repair to mutagenic NHEJ, revealing a backup function of 53BP1 when cNHEJ fails.

Hülle Cells of Aspergillus nidulans with Nuclear Storage and Developmental Backup Functions Are Reminiscent of Multipotent Stem Cells.

Some aspergilli are among the most cosmopolitan and ecologically dominant fungal species. One pillar of their success is their complex life cycle, which creates specialized cell types for versatile dispersal and regenesis. One of these cell types is unique to aspergilli-the Hülle cells. Despite being known for over a century, the biological and ecological roles of Hülle cells remain largely speculative. Previously reported data on in vivo Hülle cell formation and localization have been conflicting. Our quantification reveals that Hülle cells can occur at all locations on hyphae and that they show cellular activity similar to that seen with adjacent hyphae, indicating that they develop as intricate parts of hyphal tissue. In addition, we show that during sexual development associated with two parental strains, the typically multinucleate Hülle cells can inherit nuclei from both parents, indicating that they may serve as genetic backups. We provide an easy, reproducible method to study Hülle cell biology and germination with which we investigate the 90-year-old puzzle of whether and how Hülle cells germinate. We present clear evidence for the germination of Hülle cells, and we show that Hülle cells grow hyphae that develop into a spore-producing colony. Finally, we show that Hülle cell-derived colonies produce conidiospores faster than spore-derived colonies, providing evidence for an as-yet-undescribed developmental shortcut program in Aspergillus nidulans We propose that Hülle cells represent a unique cell type as specialized hypha-derived sexual tissue with a nucleus storage function and may act as fungal backup stem cells under highly destructive conditions.IMPORTANCE The in vivo identification of Hülle cells in cases of aspergillosis infections in animals and humans illustrates their biological relevance and suggests that they might be involved in pathogenicity. It is striking that aspergilli have developed and maintained a multinucleate nurse cell that is presumably energy-intensive to produce and is usually found only in higher eukaryotes. Our findings shed light on how the understudied Hülle cells might contribute to the success of aspergilli by acting not only as nurse cells under detrimental conditions (sexual development) but also as fungal backup stem cells with the capacity to produce genetically diverse spores in an accelerated manner, thereby substantially contributing to survival in response to predator attack or under otherwise severely destructive conditions. Our study solved the 90-year-old puzzle of Hülle cell germination and provides easy, reproducible methods that will facilitate future studies on biological and ecological roles of Hülle cells in aspergilli.

Using Software defined Network and virtualization to implement NAT and backup functionality and resulting business benefits of implementation in ISPs

Lately virtualization technologies (server virtualization, network virtualization, NFV, SDN) are the dominant technologies in data centres and ISPs, it has many benefits such as better server utilization, agility, scalability, high availability (HA), faster application deployment and development and provisioning, cost reduction, better Return On Investment (ROI). This project aims to benefit from the virtualization technologies and apply it in Internet Service Providers, on Network Address Translation (NAT) functionality. Linux server (Debian) was used for applying NAT functionality as a software, VMware Vsphere is used as a virtualization environment. The use of virtualization raised the utilization of physical servers for about 50%, agile and scalable NAT functionality was achieved. The results from Fault Tolerance (FT), High Availability (HA) to implement backup functionality were as expected. It took less than a second for backup VM to replace any stopped VM that is defined for FT. To achieve best results with virtualization VMs should not involve intensive I/O operations. Physical servers should have huge RAM, processing power and Storage area network (SAN) to acquire the best results. The cost of virtualized NAT server compared with dedicated network CGN is about 35% less. Also one of the key benefits is the ease of administration and scalability especially on-demand growth and the ability to use Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware

Reliability-Aware Multi-Source Multicast Hybrid Routing in Softwarized Networks

Undoubtedly, these days our telecommunication networks are witnessing not only a major spike is data volumes, but also a shift in the mode of communications. Employees, news anchor and students are conducting their daily business and learning activities through online platforms as they shelter homes during this pandemic and this is expected to continue for some time. An overwhelming shift to one-to-many and many-to-many communications is observed and end users expect from their providers efficient, secure and reliable services. Operators of digital platforms are challenged to respond quickly to the rising demand, by enhancing deployability and manageability of their service. Virtualization is a key enabler for enhanced deployability and manageability where virtual functions can be automatically deployed on demand. Another challenge that providers deal with is the individualized requirements by services offered to users which may vary between high reliabilities, low latency, robust security and any combination thereof. This paper considers the problem of provisioning multi-source multicast services where each service consists of a set of in-network virtual functions that must be chained in a particular order to meet the quality of service demanded by end users. We deal with a reliable service where reliability is attained by provisioning backup functions for the service. We first calculate the requirements of VNF backups which account for fewer computing resource consumption. Next, we formulate the multi-source multicast hybrid routing as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and find a solution with optimal VNF placement and traffic routing. We also proposed a K-shortest path-based greedy algorithm to reduce the complexity for solving MILP. Numerical analysis and simulations are conducted to validate the proposed algorithms. Our results show multi-source multicast has a better routing selection compared to single-source multicast due to the more options of multicast sources for providing a reliable network service.

Mal-Operation of Mho Relay In Transmission Line Due To Presence of TCSC

Distance protection is simple and it provides fast response to clear the fault. Distance protection is also providing primary and remote backup function depending upon distance of transmission line. Distance protection uses various relays like mho relay/admittance relay, impedance relay and reactance relay. In power transmission system, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers are used to increase power transfer capability and reactive power control, but distance relay get affected due to presence of FACTS devices. This may create the stability issues, security and it may affect on voltage profile. The changes in impedance level would affect the accuracy of distance protection. This paper represents the effect of TCSC on operation of mho relay in transmission line. The work presented here emphasis on the interaction of TCSC on distance protection and their performances under different condition i.e., load angle variation, variation of SCL, different fault location. Design and control performance of MHO relay during normal operation as well as during variation in different condition is verified by using PSCAD simulation software.

THE WAREHOUSING AS AN ELEMENT OF ARMY LOGISTICS SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF ARCTICS (FROM EXPERIENCE OF BULGARIAN-RUSSIAN COOPERATION)

Storing material resources is a back-up function of military logistics, but its proper organization and successful improvement is a guarantee for effective and efficient realization of the whole logistics support process. Currently, many warehouses at the various command levels are not necessary due to decrease in stock volume. This leads to significant staff reduction as a result of the elimination of military units and staff changes in warehouse structures, but at the same time staff duties are not reduced. The objective reality at the moment shows that warehousing activities are carried out through tolerating many and considerable omissions or compromises. For this reason it is advisable to elaborate the whole warehousing process in the Bulgarian Army (BA). The aim of this study is to analyze the state of logistics and warehousing in the Bulgarian Army.