Back Squat Research Articles

The effect of the menstrual cycle phases on back squat performance, jumping ability and psychological state in women according to their level of performance -a randomized three-arm crossover study

ObjectiveThe influence of the menstrual cycle on practical power performance such as barbell back squats and jumping performance in women has not yet been fully investigated. In addition, the performance level of athletes has not been considered in previous studies. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different cycle phases on acute back squat performance, jumping ability and psychological state concerning the performance level.Methods24 female strength athletes (age: 25.2 ± 3.3 years; height: 169.5 ± 3.4 cm; body weight: 67.7 ± 7.3 kg) were recruited for the study. Level of performance was classified according to Santos et al. (intermittent (n = 13), advanced (n = 6), highly advanced (n = 5)). Participants were tested for 1RM barbell back squat and jumping performance (countermovement and squat jump) as well as two questionnaires assessing their psychological states in the menses (M), late follicular phase (FP) and mid-luteal phase (LP) in three MC. Saliva estradiol and progesterone concentrations with a menstrual cycle diary were used to confirm a normal MC. A principal components analysis for power performance, well-being, relaxation and alertness was carried out and a linear mixed model was used for statistical evaluation.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the MC phases in performance scores (p > 0.05), readiness (p > 0.05) and alertness (p > 0.05). However, a high correlation between MC phases, performance level and back squat performance was detected. Correlation analyses indicate that a higher performance level results in a higher variation depending on the MC of the squat performance. For well-being, a significantly lower score was detected in M than in FP and LP.ConclusionIn general the performance score of the lower body is not influenced by the MC. If strength performance and jumping ability are considered separately, there are indications that strength capability is influenced at a higher performance level. In addition, individual variance was also observed, so this should also be considered. However, further studies are needed to confirm this assumption due to the small sample sizes of the individual performance levels.Trial registrationGerman registry for clinical studies (DRKS00034816, Date: 08/01/2024).

Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the angular kinematics of the hip, knee, ankle, and the linear kinematics of the barbell during the back squat (BS) at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters.MethodsSeventeen athletes were recruited (n = 14 powerlifters; n = 3 weightlifters). The 1-RM of the BS of each participant was calculated and, 1-week after, each participant was asked to perform 5 trials of the BS at different load intensities (i.e., 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%) of the 1-RM. An action camera recorded the execution of each BS trial in the sagittal plane and, afterward, the videos were analyzed by measuring the range of motion (ROM) of hip, knee, and ankle for the angular kinematics, and the timing, distances, speeds, and accelerations of the barbell for the linear kinematics.ResultsRegarding the angular kinematics, no significant differences were found in the parameters in the starting and ending positions among the 5 trials, while a significant decrease was found in the hip relative angle (p = 0.026) in the maximum flexion position as load intensity increased. Regarding the linear kinematics, a significant difference was found in the descent acceleration (p = 0.049) in the descent phase, while a significant difference was found in the ascent speed (p < .001) and vertical speed of ascent (p < .001) in the ascent phase, which decreased as load intensity increased.DiscussionOur findings show that the angular and linear kinematics of BS change as load intensity increases.

RELATIONSHIP OF ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE LOWER EXTREMITIES STRENGTH AND THE EFFICIENCY OF VAULT PERFORMANCE IN GYMNASTICS

The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between absolute and relative lower extremity strength and the efficiency of gymnastics vault performance. Thirty healthy, physically active male students (age: 20.84 ± 0.99 years; height: 179.46 ± 5.91 cm; body weight: 73.88 ± 6.43 kg) from the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education participated in the study. Absolute lower extremity strength was assessed by measuring the maximum load lifted (in kg) during a back squat (1RM). Relative lower extremity strength was calculated by dividing the estimated 1RM back squat by the participant's body weight (1RM/BW). Two types of vaults—the squat through (ST) and the front handspring (FHS)—were used to evaluate vault performance efficiency. Three criterion variables were applied: (d1) distance from the springboard in front of the vault, (d2) distance of landing beyond the vault, (d1 - d2) the difference between d1 and d2, and (pt) overall vault performance rating. The results showed statistically significant and strong correlations between both absolute and relative lower extremity strength and the variables measuring vault performance efficiency. The strongest correlations were observed for (d1), followed by (d2), (pt), and (d1 - d2). These findings can serve as guidelines for developing both absolute and relative lower extremity strength, which may lead to improved performance in gymnastics vaults.

Acute effects of the sequence of concurrent high-intensity resistance and endurance exercises in recreational athletes

This study aimed to assess the acute effects of the sequence of concurrent training (CT) on physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptive parameters in recreational athletes. Eighteen active men (mean ± SD: 22.00 ± 2.00 years; 79.40 ± 9.87 kg and 175.62 ± 6.35 cm) performed two CT sessions consisting of repeated sprint endurance exercise followed by resistance exercise (E-R) or the reverse sequence (R-E) in a randomized order. The E exercise consisted of 6x30s of cycling “all-out” interspersed by 15s of passive recovery, while the R exercise consisted of 3x15 repetitions near failure (1 repetition in reserve) of back squat exercise with rest intervals of 45s. Height in CMJ, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after each exercise, and at the final of the session (sRPE) were recorded. The R-E sequence showed a higher HR at 10s, 1min and 6min (p < .05) post E exercise compared to R exercise. Significant protocol x time interactions were observed for sRPE (p < .001) being higher after the R-E sequence compared to E-R sequence. RPE was significantly higher (p < .01) after E exercise compared to R exercise in both sequences, without differences between the E exercises. However, there were significant differences between the R exercises (p < .01) being higher in the R-E sequence. Our results suggest that the order of exercises during CT affects the second exercise when performed in a R-E sequence, with more cardiovascular stress and higher perceived exertions.

Equilibrio y carga plantar en diferentes técnicas de sentadilla

This research aims to analyze dynamic balance and plantar load in different squatting techniques, providing insights into the influence of these exercises in practitioners who incorporate weightlifting into their training routines. A sample of 21 subjects engaged in activities involving three squatting techniques: Back Squat (BS), Front Squat (FS), and Overhead Squat (OHS) was analyzed. Participants assumed a baseline posture and performed exercises with approximately 50% RM for each squatting technique. A plantar pressure measurement system was used to assess center of pressure (COP) displacement, peak pressure (PP), and plantar load in different regions of the foot. One-way Welch's ANOVA considering COP displacement, PP, and percentage of force for each foot region was measured. The results showed no significant effect of the squatting technique on COP trajectory during the exercises. However, a significant interaction was observed between the squatting technique and PP compared to the static balance situation. All three squats resulted in higher PP than static balance, with OHS exhibiting the highest values, followed by FS and BS. No significant differences were found between the squat techniques. These findings suggest that different squat techniques can influence plantar load, but do not affect the trajectory of the COP during the execution of the exercise. The heel region generated the greatest plantar load among the three squat techniques and should receive greater attention during the squat and its variations. This information can assist in prescribing exercises and developing more efficient training programs for weightlifters.

Can Women Maintain Their Strength Performance Along the Menstrual Cycle?

This study aimed to explore the effect of the menstrual cycle (MC) phases (i.e., early follicular phase [EFP], late follicular phase [LFP], and mid-luteal phase [MLP]) on the repetitions performed to momentary failure in back squat and bench press exercises, as well as to determine subsequent fatigue (i.e., change in countermovement jump [CMJ], perceived effort, and muscle soreness). Twelve physically active eumenorrheic women performed a back squat and bench press set to momentary failure at 80% of the one-repetition maximum during the EFP, LFP, and MLP. The results revealed that subjects were able to perform 2.2 [0.2 to 4.2] more repetitions in the LFP with respect to the EFP for the back squat exercise (p = 0.009), but no significant differences were observed for the bench press (p = 0.354). The EFP displayed a larger CMJ height drop (−0.86 [−1.71 to −0.01] cm) with respect to the LFP (0.01 [−0.57 to 0.58] cm) and the MLP (−0.36 [−1.15 to 0.43] cm). Neither the perceived effort of each set to failure nor the resulting muscle soreness differed between MC phases. Therefore, practitioners should be aware that the MC could condition the repetitions available to momentary failure and the resulting allostatic load.

Acute Effect of Fixed vs. Self-Selected Rest Interval Between Sets on Physiological and Performance-Related Responses.

Background: Although the comparison between self-managed rest and fixed rest periods in subjects experienced in lower-limb strength training has been investigated, the results remain unclear due to controversies among some studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the role of self-managed rest versus fixed rest in athletic performance, mean propulsive velocity, velocity loss, muscle oxygen saturation, and rest time in trained subjects; Methods: Thirteen subjects with a minimum of one year of training experience (age (years): 26.31 ± 3.84; height (cm): 175.46 ± 5.61; weight (kg): 79.24 ± 6.83) were randomly assigned to two groups (self-selected rest group [SR] = 7 and fixed rest group [FR] = 6). The subjects underwent a session for evaluation (one maximum repetition (1RM) estimation, familiarization, and data collection) and another day for a traditional strength training session for the back squat, consisting of five sets of four repetitions at 80% of 1RM. One group took a fixed 2 min break, while the other group managed their breaks autonomously (resuming when they felt ready to perform the next set at maximum velocity). Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was monitored using a linear position transducer, and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was measured with a near-infrared spectroscopy device; Results: Significant differences between the groups were found for the rest time between the first and second sets (SR 97.29 ± 23.70 seg vs. FR 120 ± 0.00 seg). However, no differences were found for MPV, velocity loss, or SmO2; Conclusions: Given the similarities in performance and physiological outcomes between fixed and self-selected rest conditions, both can be used equally depending on the preferences and training goals of coaches and athletes.

Effects of 6-Week Weighted-Jump-Squat Training With and Without Eccentric Load Reduction on Explosive Performance.

To compare the effects of 6-week barbell weighted-jump-squat (WJS) training with and without eccentric load reduction on explosive performance. Twenty well-trained male athletes were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 10) or a control group (n = 10). Participants completed 12 WJS training sessions (6 sets of 5 repetitions of barbell back squat at 30% of 1-repetition maximum[1RM]) twice a week over a 6-week period. While thecontrol group used 0% eccentric loading (ie,traditional WJS), theexperimental group utilized a 50% eccentric loading reduction with a mechanical braking unit (ie,eccentric load set at 15% of 1RM). Performance assessments, including countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, standing long jump, and 1RM barbell back squat, were conducted both before (pretests) and after (posttests) the intervention. Both theexperimental group and thecontrol group demonstrated a significant increase in countermovement-jump height (+6.4% [4.0%] vs +4.9% [5.7%]; P < .001) and peak power output (+2.3% [2.7%] vs +1.9% [5.1%]; P = .017), faster 20-m sprint times (+9.4% [4.8%] vs +9.2% [5.5%]; P < .001), longer standing long jump (+3.1% [2.5%] vs +3.0% [3.3%]; P < .001), and higher 1RM back squat (+6.4% [4.0%] vs +4.9% [5.7%]; P < .001) from pretests to posttests. However, there was no significant condition × time interaction for any variable (all P ≥ .294). Both WJS training methods, with and without load reduction in the eccentric phase, effectively enhance explosive performance. Nevertheless, athletes in later stages of injury rehabilitation or intense training may find reducing eccentric load a more tolerable strategy for achieving similar performance gains compared with traditional isoinertial loading.

Effects of Chiropractic Care Combine with a Three-Month Physical Training Program on the Development of Adolescent Basketball Players

This study assessed the effect of routine chiropractic care combined with a three-month strength and conditioning program on the physical performance of adolescent basketball players. Thirty-one male athletes, aged 16-19, from elite Chinese national basketball camps, were divided into experimental and control groups. All subjects received cervical adjustment one time per week done by a team chiropractor. The program aimed to enhance agility, muscular strength, endurance, and speed through professional training. Measurements were taken at baseline, at six weeks, and after twelve weeks, using tests such as the ¾ court sprint, box agility, 1RM back squat, 1RM bench press, 65kg bench press for maximum reps, and 17-line shuttle run. The experimental group showed significant improvements in all metrics except the box agility test, while the control group exhibited fewer substantial changes. Results indicate that structured strength and conditioning programs combined with chiropractic adjustment significantly enhance adolescent athletes’ physical performance. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The study concludes that consistent chiropractic care and professionally supervised training are beneficial for adolescent athletes’ development, suggesting the integration of such programs into training routines for adolescent athletes to improve their physical capabilities and minimize injury risks.

Prediction of Snatch and Clean and Jerk Performance From Physical Performance Measures in Elite Male Weightlifters.

Sandau, I and Kipp, K. Prediction of snatch and clean and jerk performance from physical performance measures in elite male weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study aimed to build a valid model to predict maximal weightlifting competition performance using ordinary least squares linear regression (OLR) and penalized (Ridge) linear regression (penLR) in 29 elite male weightlifters. One repetition maximum (1RM) or 3RM test results of assistant exercises were used as predictors. Maximal performance data of competition and assistant exercises were collected during a macrocycle in preparation for a competition. One repetition maximum snatch pull, 3RM back squat, 1RM overhead press, and body mass were used to predict the 1RM snatch; and 1RM clean pull, 3RM front squat, 1RM overhead press, and body mass were used to predict the 1RM clean and jerk. Model validation was performed using cross-validation (CV) and external validation (EV; random unknown dataset) for the coefficient of determination and root mean square error (RMSE). Results revealed that penLR models present more plausible output in the relative importance of highly correlated predictors. Of note, the 1RM snatch pull is the most relevant predictor for the 1RM snatch, whereas the 1RM clean pull and 3RM front squat are the most relevant predictors for the 1RM clean and jerk. Validation-based absolute predictive error (RMSE) ranged between ≈ 3-9 kg for the 1RM snatch and ≈ 3-7 kg for the 1RM clean and jerk, depending on the model (OLR vs. penLR) and validation procedure (CV vs. EV). In conclusion, penLR models should be used over OLR models to analyze highly correlated predictors because of more plausible model coefficients and smaller predictive errors.

A Systematic Review of Lower Limb Strength Tests Used in Elite Basketball.

Basketball players rely on their lower limb strength for speed and agility. Therefore, it is important for strength and conditioning coaches to seek methods to assess and develop lower limb strength. This study aimed to identify tests and variables used to assess lower body strength among elite basketball players and to provide normative values for the commonly used strength tests. A review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute cross-sectional and cohort checklists. Among the twelve reviewed studies, seven strength tests and five outcome variables were used. The most frequently used lower limb strength tests were the back squat (nine studies) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (three studies), both reporting one repetition maximum (1RM) and peak force metrics. The most frequently used lower limb strength test was the back squat among males and IMTP among females. Among elite basketball players, the back squat 1RM is the most used lower limb strength test. However, across studies, a large variability was evidenced, which suggests that lower limb testing procedures are heterogeneous in this population.

Motor variability during resistance training: Acceleration signal as intensity indicator

Analysis of variability in physiological time series has been shown to be an indicator of the state of the organism. Although there is evidence of the usefulness of analysis of the amount and/or structure of variability (complexity) in cycling actions, there is limited knowledge about its application in resistance exercise. The aim of this study is to find out whether variability in acceleration signals can be an indicator of intensity level in a squat task. For this purpose, an experimental design was developed in which the following participated seventy-two participants (age = 25.7 ± 4.4 years; height = 169.2 ± 9.8 cm; body mass = 67.7 ± 11.2 kg; ratio 1RM/body mass = 1.4 ± 0.3). They performed four repetitions of back squat at loads of 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of 1RM. Acceleration during the exercise was recorded using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a force platform. The variability of the movement was then analyzed using Standard Deviation (SD), Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), Fuzzy Entropy (FuzzyEn), and Sample Entropy (SampEn). For the IMU and for the force platform, significant effects were observed in all variables (p &lt; 0.001). In pairwise comparisons, IMU showed a significant increase in motor complexity with increasing intensity, among most intensities, in DFA, FuzzyEn and SampEn. Differences in force platform were more limited, and only DFA detected differences between most intensities. The results suggest that measures of signal and acceleration variability may be a useful indicator of the relative intensity at which a squat exercise is performed.

Average optimal minimum velocity threshold: A practical variable to increase the accuracy of one-repetition maximum estimation during the free-weight back squat

ABSTRACT The prediction of one-repetition maximum (1RM) using the submaximal load–velocity relationship (LVR) is highly relevant for the field of strength and conditioning. The optimal minimum velocity threshold (MVT) was recently proposed to increase the accuracy of 1RM predictions. However, using the average optimal MVT would allow for more practical estimations. LVRs of the free-weight back squat were obtained in 53 participants, throughout 2 sessions. LVRs were obtained using the multi- and two-point methods. Estimations of 1RM were made based on the average actual MVT (1RM velocity) and the average optimal MVT. The accuracy of 1RM predictions was examined using absolute-percent error and Bland-Altman plots. Cross-validation was performed using a leave-one-out approach. The number of selected loads did not affect the slope, y-intercept, optimal MVT or the accuracy of 1RM predictions. Predictions based on the average optimal MVT displayed greater accuracy than those obtained with the average actual MVT (~6% vs. ~8% absolute-percent error, respectively). However, wide 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were found between actual and estimated 1RM using both approaches (~13%1RM). The average optimal MVT offers more accurate 1RM estimations than the average actual MVT. However, errors prove substantial, making it challenging to precisely track minor changes in 1RM.

Quantifying the Training Loads and Corresponding Changes in Physical Qualities among Adolescent, Schoolboy Rugby League Players.

The adolescent development period is critical for rugby league athletes, given the physical growth, neuromuscular adaptation, and skill acquisition that occurs. Secondary schools play an important role in the development of adolescent rugby league players; however, players may be selected into rugby league academies and development programs outside of school, as well as participating in additional sports. In turn, the training loads these young athletes accrue and the implications of these loads are currently unknown. Our aim was to quantify the training loads and concomitant changes in physical qualities of schoolboy and adolescent rugby league players during mesocycles within the pre-season and in-season phases. This is a prospective experimental study. Twenty-one schoolboy rugby league players (16.2 ± 1.3 years) were monitored across separate 4-week mesocycles in the pre-season and in-season. Session frequency, duration, and the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) load were reported for all examples of training and match participation in the school rugby league program, as well as club and representative teams for any sport and personal strength and conditioning. Various physical qualities were assessed before and after each 4-week mesocycle. The sRPE load that accumulated across the 4-week mesocycles was higher in the pre-season than the in-season (8260 ± 2021 arbitrary units [AU] vs. 6148 ± 980 AU, p < 0.001), with non-significant differences in accumulated session frequency and duration between phases. Session frequency, duration, and sRPE load differed (p < 0.05) between some weeks in an inconsistent manner during the pre-season and in-season mesocycles. Regarding physical qualities, improvements (p < 0.05) in the 10 m sprint test, Multistage Fitness Test, medicine ball throw, and 1-repetition maximum back squat and bench press performances were evident across the pre-season mesocycle, with declines (p < 0.05) in the 505-Agility Test, L-run Test, and 1-repetition maximum back squat performances across the in-season mesocycle. Conclusions: These novel training load data show schoolboy rugby league players experience considerable demands that may be suitable in developing several physical qualities during the pre-season but detrimental to maintaining such qualities across the in-season.

Random measurement and prediction errors limit the practical relevance of two velocity sensors to estimate the 1RM back squat.

While maximum strength diagnostics are applied in several sports and rehabilitative settings, dynamic strength capacity has been determined via the one-repetition maximum (1RM) testing for decades. Because the literature concerned several limitations, such as injury risk and limited practical applicability in large populations (e.g., athletic training groups), the strength prediction via the velocity profile has received increasing attention recently. Referring to relative reliability coefficients and inappropriate interpretation of agreement statistics, several previous recommendations neglected systematic and random measurement bias. This article explored the random measurement error arising from repeated testing (repeatability) and the agreement between two common sensors (vMaxPro and TENDO) within one repetition, using minimal velocity thresholds as well as the velocity = 0m/s method. Furthermore, agreement analyses were applied to the estimated and measured 1RM in 25 young elite male soccer athletes. The results reported repeatability values with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.66-0.80, which was accompanied by mean absolute (percentage) errors (MAE and MAPE) of up to 0.04-0.22m/s and ≤7.5%. Agreement between the two sensors within one repetition showed a systematic lower velocity for the vMaxPro device than the Tendo, with ICCs ranging from 0.28 to 0.88, which were accompanied by an MAE/MAPE of ≤0.13m/s (11%). Almost all estimations systematically over/ underestimated the measured 1RM, with a random scattering between 4.12% and 71.6%, depending on the velocity threshold used. In agreement with most actual reviews, the presented results call for caution when using velocity profiles to estimate strength. Further approaches must be explored to minimize especially the random scattering.

Influence of the Beiring Sorenson Hold and the Barbell Back Squat on Running Cadence in Military Ruck Marching: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Ruck marching is a key performance indicator for tactical preparation; however, marching under load causes changes in biomechanics, which can increase injury risk. Although this risk of injury from changes is known, current methods commonly used for assessing physical fitness have not adequately identified how to minimize these changes. In this observational study, 14 ROTC cadets underwent a series of physical muscular fitness tests prior to performing a six-mile ruck march. These included an evaluation of postural endurance via the Biering Sorenson hold, lower body strength via the back squat, and upper body strength via bench press. After the tests were performed, ruck march performance was evaluated by total time to completion and running dynamics. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if bench press maximum, back squat maximum, or Sorenson hold were predictors of the performance of the ruck March. Average cadence shared a positive significant relationship with the Sorenson hold (r = 0.76, p = 0.02) and a negative significant relationship with the back squat (r = -0.76, p = 0.02). Additionally, the Sorenson hold did not share any significant relationships with total ruck time (r = -0.3, p = 0.29) or ground contact time (r = -0.41, p = 0.31). The back squat did not share significant relationships with ground contact time (r = -0.37, p = 0.37) or average smoothness (r = -0.38, p = 0.31). This study highlights the potential relationship that the Sorenson hold and back squat can have on running cadence, which has shown significant changes in previous research evaluating the changes in running performance and characteristics from weight ruck marching. Further investigation of the relationship of these assessments on the performance of ruck marching should be performed with larger numbers of cadets in the future.

The Impact of Short-Term Nitric Oxide Supplementation on Muscular Power and Neuromuscular Adaptation in Strength Athletes

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, particularly in enhancing blood flow and modulating neuromuscular function. This study investigates the impact of short-term NO supplementation on muscular power and neuromuscular adaptation in strength athletes, with a focus on biomechanical and neurological regulation. Thirty experienced strength athletes were randomly assigned to either a NO supplementation group or a placebo group for 14 days. The primary outcomes measured were peak power output across three key resistance exercises (back squat, bench press, and deadlift) and neuromuscular adaptation, assessed through electromyography (EMG) and motor unit recruitment patterns. The results demonstrated a significant increase in peak power output in the NO group compared to the placebo group, with average improvements of 8.5%, 7.2%, and 9.1% in the back squat, bench press, and deadlift, respectively. Additionally, the NO group showed enhanced neuromuscular efficiency, evidenced by increased EMG amplitude and improved motor unit recruitment patterns. A positive correlation was observed between corticospinal excitability and peak power output, suggesting that NO supplementation enhances neural drive, contributing to better performance outcomes. These findings indicate that short-term NO supplementation can effectively improve muscular power and neuromuscular adaptation, making it a valuable strategy for strength athletes aiming to optimize their training and performance.

Are Anthropometric Measures, Range of Motion, or Movement Control Tests Associated with Lumbopelvic Flexion during Barbell Back Squats?

Resistance training with the barbell back squat (BBS) exercise is practiced in sports, recreation, and rehabilitation. Although extensively debated, it is commonly believed and recommended that maintaining a neutral lumbopelvic alignment during BBS is an important technical aspect that might reduce the risk of injury. There is limited knowledge of how objectively measurable factors affect the extent to which the lumbopelvic region moves into flexion during a BBS. The aim of the study was to investigate the association among anthropometric measurements, range of motion in the hips and ankle joints, lumbopelvic movement control tests, and flexion of the lumbopelvic region during execution of the BBS. Observational, cross sectional. Eighteen experienced powerlifters and Olympic weightlifters were included and measurements of lumbopelvic movements were collected with inertial measurement units during BBS performed at 70 % of 1RM. Examination of anthropometric properties, range of motion in the hip and ankle joints, and lumbopelvic movement control tests were collected as independent variables. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate which independent variables were associated with lumbopelvic flexion during a BBS. The linear regression showed that a higher range of motion in ankle dorsiflexion could statistically significantly explain an increased amplitude of lumbopelvic flexion during the BBS. Anthropometrics, range of motion of the hips, and performance in lumbopelvic movement control tests did not show any statistically significant associations. The results suggest that strength and conditioning professionals and clinicians who instruct and assess lifting technique in the BBS and/or use the BBS to assess performance or as an intervention should recognize that a higher range of motion in the ankle joints might affect lumbopelvic flexion during the BBS. In practice, the value of an individual assessment of lifting technique focusing on the goal of the movement should be emphasized. 3.

Post-activation Performance Enhancement of Countermovement Jump after Drop Jump versus Squat Jump Exercises in Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts.

Drop jump (DJ) and squat jump (SJ) exercises are commonly used in rhythmic gymnastics training. However, the acute effects of DJ and SJ on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance have not been investigated. This study aimed to verify the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) responses induced by DJ and SJ with optimal power load and evaluate the relationship between peak PAPE effects and strength levels. Twenty female rhythmic gymnasts completed the following exercises in a randomized order on three separate days: 6 repetitions of DJs; 6 repetitions of SJs with optimal power load; and no exercise (control condition). Jump height was assessed before (baseline) and at 30 seconds and 3, 6, and 9 minutes after each exercise. DJs significantly improved jump height by 0.8 cm (effect size (ES) = 0.25; P = 0.003) at 30 seconds post-exercise compared with baseline. Jump height significantly decreased by -0.14 cm (ES = -0.61; P = 0.021) at 9 minutes after the control condition. SJs significantly improved jump height by 1.02 cm (ES = 0.36; P = 0.005) at 9 minutes post-exercise compared to the control condition. Jump height and relative back squat one-repetition maximum were positively related after performing DJs (r = 0.63; P = 0.003) and SJs (r = 0.64; P = 0.002). DJ and SJ exercises effectively improved countermovement jump height. DJ improved jump height early, while SJ produced greater potentiation effects later. Athletes with a higher strength level benefited the most from these exercises.

Effects of Inertial Flywheel Training vs. Accentuated Eccentric Loading Training on Strength, Power, and Speed in Well-Trained Male College Sprinters.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of inertial flywheel training and accentuated eccentric loading training on the neuromuscular performance of well-trained male college sprinters. Fourteen sprinters were recruited and randomly assigned to either the flywheel training (FWT, n = 7) group or the accentuated eccentric loading training (AELT, n = 7) group. The FWT group completed four sets of 2 + 7 repetitions of flywheel squats, whereas the AELT group performed four sets of seven repetitions of barbell squats (concentric/eccentric: 80%/120% 1RM). Both groups underwent an eight-week squat training program, with two sessions per week. A two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to find differences between the two groups and between the two testing times (pre-test vs. post-test). The results indicated significant improvements in all measured variables for the FWT group: 1RM (5.0%, ES = 1.28), CMJ (13.3%, ES = 5.42), SJ (6.0%, ES = 2.94), EUR (6.5%, ES = 4.42), SLJ (2.9%, ES = 1.77), and 30 m sprint (-3.4%, ES = -2.80); and for the AELT group: 1RM (6.3%, ES = 2.53), CMJ (7.4%, ES = 3.44), SJ (6.4%, ES = 2.21), SLJ (2.2%, ES = 1.20), and 30 m sprint (-3.0%, ES = -1.84), with the exception of EUR (0.9%, ES = 0.63, p = 0.134), showing no significant difference. In addition, no significant interaction effects between group and time were observed for 1RM back squat, SJ, SLJ, and 30 m sprint (p > 0.05). Conversely, a significant interaction effect between group and time was observed for both CMJ and EUR (p < 0.001); post hoc analysis revealed that the improvements in CMJ and EUR were significantly greater in the FWT group compared to the AELT group (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that both FWT and AELT are effective at enhancing lower-body strength, power, and speed in well-trained male college sprinters, with FWT being particularly more effective in promoting elastic energy storage and the full utilization of the stretch-shortening cycle.