Influence of the Beiring Sorenson Hold and the Barbell Back Squat on Running Cadence in Military Ruck Marching: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Abstract

Ruck marching is a key performance indicator for tactical preparation; however, marching under load causes changes in biomechanics, which can increase injury risk. Although this risk of injury from changes is known, current methods commonly used for assessing physical fitness have not adequately identified how to minimize these changes. In this observational study, 14 ROTC cadets underwent a series of physical muscular fitness tests prior to performing a six-mile ruck march. These included an evaluation of postural endurance via the Biering Sorenson hold, lower body strength via the back squat, and upper body strength via bench press. After the tests were performed, ruck march performance was evaluated by total time to completion and running dynamics. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if bench press maximum, back squat maximum, or Sorenson hold were predictors of the performance of the ruck March. Average cadence shared a positive significant relationship with the Sorenson hold (r = 0.76, p = 0.02) and a negative significant relationship with the back squat (r = -0.76, p = 0.02). Additionally, the Sorenson hold did not share any significant relationships with total ruck time (r = -0.3, p = 0.29) or ground contact time (r = -0.41, p = 0.31). The back squat did not share significant relationships with ground contact time (r = -0.37, p = 0.37) or average smoothness (r = -0.38, p = 0.31). This study highlights the potential relationship that the Sorenson hold and back squat can have on running cadence, which has shown significant changes in previous research evaluating the changes in running performance and characteristics from weight ruck marching. Further investigation of the relationship of these assessments on the performance of ruck marching should be performed with larger numbers of cadets in the future.