Back Row Research Articles

An Analysis of the Game Movement Demands of Women's Interprovincial Rugby Union.

Callanan, D, Rankin, P, and Fitzpatrick, P. Analysis of the game movement demands of women's interprovincial rugby union. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S20-S25, 2021-The purpose of this study was to provide an objective analysis of the game movement demands of women's interprovincial rugby union (RU). Sixty-three (N = 128) interprovincial women RU players wore 10-Hz global positioning systems (PlayerTek by Catapult, Australia) during 12 interprovincial matches (116 individual player data sets). Players were classified according to forwards and backs, and positional subcategory groups: front row second row, back row, half-back, midfield, and back three. The mean total distance covered across the series was 5,696 ± 822 m, at a relative distance of 67.9 ± 6.9 m·min-1, while recording a mean maximal velocity of 6.5 ± 0.7 m·s-1. The backs covered a greater total distance (5,964 ± 807 m; d = 0.65), relative distance (70.1 ± 7.5 m·min-1; d = 0.63), mean maximal velocity (6.9 ± 0.5 m·s-1; d = 1.27), distance walking (1,152 ± 152 m; d = 0.54), jogging (3,120 ± 519 m; d = 0.56), and high-speed running (294 ± 150 m; d = 0.99) than the forwards. The midfield recorded the greatest total distance (6,144 ± 516 m; p = 0.013), with the front row registering the lowest. The half backs documented the greatest relative distance (73.2 ± 8.0 m·min-1; p = 0.005), with the back three reported to cover the greatest distances walking (1,169 ± 178 m; p = 0.001) and at high-speed distances (353 ± 175 m; p = 0.002). The back three also recorded the greatest mean maximal velocity (7.2 ± 0.4 m·s-1; p = 0.000). This is the first study in the Northern hemisphere to report the game movement demands of interprovincial women's RU and the information derived from this study may provide practitioners with normative data to assist coaches with preparation.

Effect of Rest Interval Between Sets in the Muscle Function During a Sequence of Strength Training Exercises for the Upper Body.

Matos, F, Ferreira, B, Guedes, J, Saavedra, F, Reis, VM, and Vilaça-Alves, J. Effect of rest interval between sets in the muscle function during a sequence of strength training exercises for the upper body. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1628-1635, 2021-The objective of this study was to observe the ideal recovery time between sets and exercises, for both chest and back, which allowed for maintaining muscle function with the initial load previously established. Sixty young men recreationally trained in strength training (ST) were divided into 2 groups: (a) 30 subjects were included in the GC group (the group that performed ST for the chest) and (b) 30 subjects were included in the GB group (the group that performed ST for the back). Each group was submitted to 3 experimental sessions, performing an ST sequence with 3 sets of 8 repetition maximum: GC performed a chest barbell press (CBP), an inclined CBP, and a chest butterfly; GB performed a lat pull-down, a back row, and a shoulder extension on the high pulley. The experimental sessions differed in rest time between sets performed (60, 90, and 120 seconds). For both groups in each sequence, significantly higher numbers of repetitions were observed with the rest time of 120 seconds relative to the rest time of 90 seconds (p = 0.004), 120 seconds in relation to the rest time of 60 seconds (p = 0.001), and in the rest interval of 90 seconds in relation to the rest time of 60 seconds (p < 0.0001). The results showed that 120 seconds was sufficient to maintain muscle function and perform the total number of repetitions per set. The data seem to show that for the ST methodology applied, it is not appropriate to assume that a certain relative intensity will translate into a similar number of repetitions in different exercises, especially with shorter rest intervals such as 60 and 90 seconds.

Experimental and numerical study of heat transfer and flow characteristics with different placement of the multi-deck display cabinet in supermarket

Abstract This work focuses on the heat transfer and flow characteristics with the different placement of the multi-deck display cabinet and tries to optimize the placement position of refrigerated display cabinet. First, the temperature distribution in a refrigerated display cabinet was experimentally investigated. The result showed that the food temperature in front is 3.6–4.8°C higher than back row of the same layer, and temperature fluctuation of 0.3–0.7°C less than the back row. Then, a three-dimensional numerical model of the display cabinet was established, and the k–ε model is employed to compare and analyze the heat transfer and air curtain characteristics. The results show that the placement methods have great influence on the performance of the display cabinet. The face-to-back placement method can acquire a better food refrigeration performance, and the food temperature of the face-to-back placement method is 0.3–0.5°C lower than that of the face-to-face placement method.

Head Impact Characteristics Based on Player Position in Collegiate Soccer Athletes

The study objective was to determine the magnitude and frequency of head impacts in NCAA Division III soccer athletes based on player position and type of play (offense, defense, transition). Across player position, male and female soccer defenders sustained the most head impacts (males IR = 18.89, 95% CI = 16.89–20.89; females IR = 8.45, 95% CI = 7.25–9.64; IRR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.87–2.67). The study revealed a nonstatistically significant interaction between sex, player position, and type of play for both linear (p = .42) and rotational accelerations (p = .16). Defenders sustained the majority of the head impacts in the study sample, suggesting preventative initiatives should be focused on back row players.

Actual Visual Acuity Demands in the Classroom

Purpose: To address the knowledge gap regarding the actual acuity requirements needed in typical kindergarten through grade 12 classrooms by determining an actual logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) and contrast sensitivity requirements in a sample of classrooms for kindergarten through grade 12 in New York City. Methods: Measurements of classroom dimensions with specific attention to viewing distances were made in public and private school classrooms, at various grade levels from kindergarten through grade 12, in New York City. The dimensions of typical text shown to students on classroom smartboards and whiteboards was measured and the mean and range of logMAR values were calculated for various seating locations within the classrooms. Contrast between text and background was estimated by comparing digital images of actual classroom text to Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts. Results: Fourteen classrooms in five schools were evaluated. Classroom dimensions varied from 8 × 10 feet to 23 × 23 feet. Mean logMAR values of lower case text on smartboards and whiteboards varied from 0.93 ± 0.29 (range: 0.83 to 1.32) in the center of the front row to 0.46 ± 0.21 (range: 0.10 to 0.79) in the center of the back row ( P &lt; .001). Contrast was also variable, being highest for black markers on whiteboards (0.00) and lowest on smartboards (0.15 to 0.60). Neither logMAR nor contrast sensitivity values varied significantly by grade level or school ( P &gt; .50 for both). Conclusions: The data reveal that logMAR demands and contrast vary substantially from classroom to classroom and within a classroom based on room dimensions and seating. Although generally supporting current acuity-based pediatric vision screening referral guidelines, the data also provide insight into the potential impact of reduced visual acuity and seating location on visual performance in the classroom. These findings suggest the need to develop logMAR and contrast standards that optimize visual content in classrooms while accommodating a wider range of visual capabilities. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2021;58(1):48–54.]

An Analysis of the Causes and Countermeasures of the Phenomenon of “Marginal People” in Classroom Teaching at the Aspect of Teachers

The “Marginal People” in classroom teaching refer to those who are ignored or even excluded by teachers and other students because of their own reasons (physical and psychological differences) in classroom teaching activities. The “Marginal People” in classroom teaching are widespread, and their distribution areas are mainly concentrated in the edge of the classroom space, that is, the left and right sides and the back row, and it is more common in the classroom of teachers who do not pay attention to classroom interaction, boring lectures and straight intonation. The reasons for the emergence of marginal students are complex, among which teachers, as educators of the younger generation, need to bear a large part of the responsibility, such as: teacher literacy, teaching design, classroom management and other aspects of the impact on students. In the face of these problems, teachers should make corresponding adjustments and improvements.

High-intensity Activity in European vs. National Rugby Union Games in the best 2014–2015 Team

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of competition level on running patterns for five playing position in the most successful 2014-2015 European rugby union team. Seventeen French rugby union championship and seven European rugby Champions Cup games were analysed. Global positioning system (sampling: 10 Hz) were used to determine high-speed movements, high-intensity accelerations, repeated high-intensity efforts and high-intensity micro-movements characteristics for five positional groups. During European Champions Cup games, front row forwards performed a higher number of repeated high-intensity efforts compared to National championship games (5.8±1.6 vs. 3.6±2.3; +61.1%), and back row forwards travelled greater distance both at high-speed movements (3.4±1.8 vs. 2.4±0.9 m·min-1; +41.7%) and after high-intensity accelerations (78.2±14.0 vs. 68.1 ±13.4 m; +14.8%). In backs, scrum halves carried out more high-intensity accelerations (24.7±3.1 vs. 14.8±5.0; +66.3%) whereas outside backs completed a higher number of high-speed movements (62.7±25.4 vs. 48.3±17.0; +29.8%) and repeated high-intensity efforts (13.5±4.6 vs. 9.7±4.9; +39.2%). These results highlighted that the competition level affected the high-intensity activity differently among the five playing positions. Consequently, training programs in elite rugby should be tailored taking into account both the level of competition and the high-intensity running pattern of each playing position.

Numerical Study on Particles Deposition in the U-bend Ribbed Passage

Abstract The accumulation of particles in the internal cooling channel reduces the cooling effectiveness of the turbine blades and even affects the safe operation of the aero engine. Discrete phase-CFD simulations of particles deposition were performed in the U-bend ribbed passage by applying Euler–Lagrange method. Reynolds Average Navier–Stokes method was used for the gas phase calculation. The realizable k–ε turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment were adopted. The discrete phase was solved by using Lagrangian with random walk model. A particle deposition model was implemented by using user-defined functions. The Reynolds numbers of 30,000, 23,000, and 15,500 were studied. Particles diameters in the range 1–20 μm were considered. The particles deposition distribution of different locations is obtained in this study, and the influence of the Reynolds numbers and particle diameters on particles deposition performance are analyzed. Results show that the first row of ribs has a protective effect on the back row of ribs. The increased Reynolds number and increased particles diameter promote the deposition of particles on the wall.

Influence of atmospheric stability on wind farm performance in complex terrain

Viabilized by observations from modern field experiments in complex terrain sites, wind energy models have been enhanced to incorporate the unsteadiness of the diurnal cycle and the influence of atmospheric stability. Their ultimate goal is to accurately estimate the energy production performance of wind farm projects throughout their lifetime. There is still a research gap on the influence of the wind conditions reported by those experiments on the power performance of wind farms, the question that motivated these experiments in the first place. Thus, this paper reports an investigation of the influence of atmospheric stability on the power performance of two similar wind farms built over a plateau using observations from a recent measurement campaign at that site. Performance is herein the relative difference in mean power between the front and back rows of turbines. At both farms, the back rows underperform during the daytime hours (−10%/−8%) and in unstable conditions (−11%/−3%). Conversely, a significant inversion in performance occurs during the nighttime hours (23%/23%) and in stable conditions (33%/37%), whereby the back rows overperform. The combined effect of nighttime hours and stable conditions leads to even higher overperformances (35%/39%). The main underlying cause for performance variations is possibly the interplay between atmospheric stability and flow patterns on the windward slope and leeward side, rather than in the wakes. Thus, the wind power plants of the future should be designed with models that accurately incorporate flow phenomena that are related to atmospheric stability and the diurnal cycle.

How does playing position affect fatigue-induced changes in high-intensity locomotor and micro-movements patterns during professional rugby union games?

We questioned whether changes in high-intensity locomotor and micro-movements patterns between the first and second part of each half depend on playing position in the 2014–2015 European rugby union championship winning team. Thirty-three rugby players were grouped according to five playing positions. Players were equipped with micro-electromechanical system including a GPS sampling at 10 Hz and high temporal resolution micro-sensors during 17 Top14 and 7 European games. High-speed movements (HSM), high-intensity accelerations (HIA), repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIE), and high-intensity micro-movements (HIMM) were subsequently compared between four 20-min game periods. No significant group × time interactions were observed for any locomotor variables (p > 0.283). Irrespectively of playing position, the number of HSM (p = 0.019), decreased from 0–20 min to 60–80 min as well as from 40–60 to 60–80 min (p < 0.001) with HIA (p = 0.020) and RHIE (p < 0.001). Significant group × time interaction was found for HIMM (p = 0.03) with a significant decrease observed in back row forwards from 0–20 to 60–80 min periods (−17.5%; ES = 0.6; p = 0.031). In elite rugby union, fatigue-induced changes during the last 20 min are independent from playing positions in high-intensity locomotor patterns in contrary to HIMM. Training drills that include specific RHIE (high-speed and HIA efforts) may be useful to postpone match-related fatigue.

Injuries in high school level rugby union: how do coaches manage injuries?

PurposeThe purpose of the investigation was to determine the injuries and injury prevention strategies in high school rugby union players, as reported by the coaches.MethodsA cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted where participants (from fee-paying and no-fee-paying schools) were required to complete an electronically based questionnaire focusing specifically on injuries and injury prevention strategies in male high school level rugby players.ResultsThe results indicated that the most common injured position was the back row, while 60% of all injuries were to the shoulder region. Furthermore, while the majority (75%) of coaches did record injury statistics, only a limited number implemented injury prevention strategies (mainly from fee-paying schools). The most common injury prevention tool reported was ‘strengthening target areas’ConclusionsIt was concluded that all schools should monitor injuries and implement some form of strength and conditioning program to reduce the risk of player injury. Furthermore, it was noted that for this to occur, the education of the coach as well as the player was highly important.

MEMBERIKAN KENYAMANAN KONSUMEN SAAT DUDUK DI KABIN PENUMPANG PADA MOBIL TOYOTA RUSH 2009 DENGAN FITUR FOOT STAND JUGA SEBAGAI PELENGKAP DARI FITUR WHIPLASH INJURY LESSENING (WIL) CONCEPT SEAT

There are several cars with SUV type designs from the manufacturer with only 4 passenger seats with luggage, for example, one of them is the Toyota Rush 2009 and there are also those that have been designed for 7 passengers, such as the Isuzu MU-X and Daihatsu Terios. In this case it was found that several owners of SUVs with only 4 passengers, one of which was the Toyota Rush. Where the owner forced to modify the Toyota Rush from 4 passengers to 7 passengers. However, the increase in the number of seats can cause inconvenience for vehicle passengers in the rear row. Therefore, this article aims to design a foot stand on the Toyota Rush which is modified into 7 seats so that it can improve passenger comfort. The design process is carried out through the construction analysis, design, and simulation stages. The results show that the addition of a foot stand can increase comfort for passengers who sit in the back row because it has wider and more loose leg room.

Analisis Upaya Meningkatkan Motivasi Narapidana Mengikuti Pembinaan Pondok Pesantren Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan

Motivation as an effort to arouse or encourage inmates to do something in order to achieve their goals. One form of the motive for the crime is done again, namely the lack of motivation in prisoners to repent. In this case the Penitentiary has the duty and responsibility in the successful implementation of guidance for inmates who have a variety of cases. The boarding school guidance program provided to inmates must be implemented, but prisoners who sit in the middle to back row do not pay attention to the explanation given by the speaker. Because he considered the boarding school program aims to fulfill the obligation only. From this problem, it is necessary to carry out activities to motivate prisoners to participate in the program voluntarily and seriously. This is done in order to be able to provide good skills and mindset for Prisoners so that they have attitudes and principles of life that are filled with goodness. As well as changing and shaping convicts for the better and returning to the right path and do not have the thought of returning to commit crimes. This research was conducted with qualitative research methods by distributing questionnaires to determine the results of increased motivation in prisoners. It can be concluded that increasing motivation in inmates following the boarding school program requires innovation and new ways.

Experimental investigations on the concrete edge failure of shear loaded anchor groups of rectangular and non-rectangular configurations

The failure mode of anchorages placed close to the concrete edge and loaded in shear perpendicular towards the edge is often governed by the concrete edge breakout failure. The design provisions for concrete edge failure given in the current codes are limited in their application for anchor groups with rectangular anchor configurations only. The number of anchors in a row is limited to three for anchorages without, two for anchorages with hole clearance. Furthermore, for anchor groups with multiple anchor rows loaded in shear perpendicular and towards the edge, the failure load may be calculated by assuming the failure crack originating from the front anchor row (EN 1992-4) or from the back anchor row (fib Bulletin 58, ACI 318). The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the behaviour of shear loaded anchor groups of rectangular, triangular and hexagonal configurations undergoing concrete edge failure. A comprehensive experimental program was carried out on single anchors and anchor groups of different configurations to obtain information on (i) the group behaviour, (ii) the crack initiation and propagation, (iii) the influence of the displacement behaviour of single anchors on the behaviour of anchor groups and (iv) the influence of hole clearance pattern. The testing concept, test setup and the detailed evaluation of the test results such as load-displacement curves of the groups, load-displacement curves of single anchors, measurements on the hole clearance pattern and the investigation of the crack pattern and failure mode are discussed in this paper. Based on the evaluation of the test results presented here, a new analytical model is being developed for the concrete edge failure mode of shear loaded anchor groups that will be presented in a future paper.

Geochemical partitioning from pulverized coal to fly ash and bottom ash

Fly ash and bottom ash chemistry is a function of the chemistry and mineral assemblages of the feed coal in addition to coal pulverization, boiler type and size, combustion parameters and combustion efficiency, and configuration of the ash collection system. Pulverization eliminates <1% of the raw feed coal, but, in reducing the amount of pyrite and hard rock in the feed coal, eliminates more that 10% of the As, Hg, and Se, among other hazardous elements, from the feed to the boiler. Pulverization also levels the variation in the boiler feed, smoothing the natural variation in ash chemistry. Arsenic is more concentrated in the cooler back rows of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) arrays where the fly ash particles are smaller. Mercury is captured by fly ash carbons; the fundamental factors being cool flue gas temperatures; the amount of carbon in the fly ash; and the distribution of fly ash carbon forms and their surface area. Selenium, a volatile element, exhibits some semblance of flue gas temperature control, but some ESP arrays have their highest Se concentrations in the relatively warmer 1st ESP row. The lanthanides, Y, and Sc (REYSc) are not volatile elements; their distribution is controlled by the fragmentation of the REYSc-bearing minerals at combustion temperatures, the incorporation of the fine minerals in Al-Si glass and other neoformed fly ash constituents, and the partitioning of those constituents among the ash-collection rows and by particle size within the individual samples.

Investigation of heat transfer in tandem and staggered arrangement of wires on single layer wire-on-tube condensers in cross-flow

Nowadays, wire-on-tube condensers, especially in industrial applications, are used in forced convection conditions. The effect of tandem and staggered arrangement of the wires welded to the front and back surfaces of the tube in single layer wire-on-tube condensers in cross-flow is investigated in this study. The experimental study is carried out on two different coils, one of which is tandem and the other is staggered. CFD studies are performed according to the related experimental parameters and the results have been observed to be very close to each other. Then, the effect of wire diameter (Dw), tube diameter (Dt), wire spacing (Sw), tube spacing (St), staggering rate (Ss) and free stream velocity (Uf) on heat transfer is examined parametrically for wide ranges. Furthermore, the variation of the convective heat transfer coefficients on the wire (hw) and the tube (ht) are investigated by Genetic Aggregation Response Surface Method (RSM) according to the geometric parameters. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting hw and ht is performed by means of this method. As a result of the study, it is determined that the wires in the back row in the direction of flow in the tandem arrangement is dominantly under the influence of the wires in the front row. A decrease in heat transfer is observed because of this situation. This effect is largely eliminated by the staggered arrangement of the wires. The heat transfer coefficient on the wires is improved around 18–22% by increasing the value of staggering rates from 0 to 0.25. It is determined that the variation of staggered rate values slightly affects ht. Free stream velocity is found to be the most effective parameter in terms of heat transfer via the sensitivity analysis. Also, it is concluded that Ss is the most effective parameter on hw among the geometric parameters studied. Over 700 analyzes have been performed according to different combinations of 1.20 mm ≤ Dw ≤ 2.00 mm, 2.1≤ Dt/ Dw ≤ 8.64, 1.75 ≤ Sw/ Dw ≤ 8.33, 2.0 ≤ St / Dt ≤ 11.90 mm intervals and 0.5 ≤ Uf ≤ 2.5 m/s free stream velocity. This data is compared via three correlations in the literature to estimate the convective heat transfer coefficient on the wire and the tube respectively. A correction factor has been added to Gönül et al.’s (2020) correlation [1] that takes into account the staggering effect for the calculation of convective heat transfer coefficient on the wire (hw). Thus, hw gives results in the 10% error range when compared with the CFD analysis results.

Experimental Study of Bridge Foundation Reinforced with Front and Back Rows of Anti-Slide Piles on Gravel Soil Slope under El Centro Waves

A shaking table test for a bridge foundation reinforced with the front and back rows of anti-slide piles on a gravel soil slope was designed. The test results were obtained by loading El Centro waves with different peak accelerations. It was not an advantage for the deformation of bridge pile foundation while the distance between the front-row anti-slide piles and pier was large. The back-row anti-slide piles played a major role in seismic reinforcement, and the peak bending moment of the pile shaft and the peak earth pressure behind the pile had a triangular distribution. The distance from the crack to the sliding surface of the anti-slide pile was approximately one fifth of the length of the anchoring section. As the crack propagated, the bearing capacity of the pile shaft decreased gradually. Since the influence of pier inertia force and soil horizontal thrust, a peak negative bending moment and a peak positive bending moment were observed near the pile top and the sliding surface respectively. The rate of attenuation of the bending moment from the top of the pile along its depth was related to the resistance of the soil around the pile. The stress-induced deformation of the pile foundation behind the pier was larger than that in front of the pier. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) amplification factor of the slope had a vertical amplification effect and a layered distribution. The acceleration responses of the sliding section and the steep slope section were strong, while the acceleration responses of the region between the bridge pier and the back-row anti-slide piles were weak. With the increase in the vibration intensity, the soil damping ratio increased and the PGA amplification factor decreased. The feasibility of analyzing the acceleration response of the slope model by the two-dimensional equipotential map was experimentally verified.

Senior Club-Level Rugby Union Player's Positional Movement Performance Using Individualized Velocity Thresholds and Accelerometer-Derived Impacts in Matches.

Takamori, S, Hamlin, MJ, Kieser, DC, King, D, Hume, P, Yamazaki, T, Hachiya, M, and Olsen, PD. Senior club-level rugby union player's positional movement performance using individualized velocity thresholds and accelerometer-derived impacts in matches. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 710-716, 2022-Game demands of professional rugby union players have been well documented; however, there is minimal game demand information using individualized velocity thresholds and collision loads, particularly for amateurs. This study investigated movement patterns of 20 male amateur rugby players during 16 senior premier division one matches using global positioning system (GPS) devices sampling at 10 Hz. Derived GPS variables included distances, velocities, sprinting, and impacts. Data files from 86 player games (≥60 minutes of play per game) were categorized into broad (forwards and backs) and specific (front row, second row, back row, half back, inside back, and outside back) positional groups for analysis. It was most likely that backs covered more distance in the high-speed running (>60% maximal velocity) zone (502 ± 157 m) compared with forwards (238 ± 147 m) (100/0/0%, chances of positive/trivial/negative differences, effect size [ES] = 1.3), performed more striding (backs 1,116 ± 240, forwards 954 ± 240 m, 96/4/0%, ES = 0.5), and sprinting (backs 121 ± 58, forwards 90 ± 65 m, 93/7/0%, ES = 0.5). However, forwards had higher collision loads (35 ± 12 arbitrary units) compared with backs (20 ± 6, 99.9/0.1/0%, ES = 1.3) with back row forwards completing the highest collision load of any playing position (40 ± 13). Our example match movement performance and impact information is valuable to coaches and support staff in preparing player profiles for similar-level rugby players to help manage their workloads.

“Christopher Cat”: An Excerpt

“Christopher Cat”An Excerpt Mecca Jamilah Sullivan (bio) Among the teenagers of New York City, Galton Preparatory High School for the Gifted was known for many things. Each spring, it made the New York Times rankings of the best high schools in the city, and the number of graduates it sent to Ivy League universities each fall was a point of great pride for parents and administrators. But for the students themselves, Galton’s reputation was more complicated, and more exciting. Galton students were the rebellious stepchildren of New York’s young intelligentsia—the ones who popped speed and saw therapists and agonized over their grades during the day, then snuck out of their homes and dropped acid and did lines of cocaine with businessmen in fancy clubs downtown while their parents slept at night. This reputation, of course, was earned almost entirely by the white students, and those few black students born wealthy enough to live beyond the burden of racial proof. This was not the case for La Famille. They were a group of hood imports— scholarship students, children of immigrants, and first-generation black middle class. Early in the solidification of their group and regularly thereafter, they bonded over the various sit-down talks they’d each gotten from their parents, lectures so similar they could have been copied from an Official Third World Parenting Handbook and distributed across languages, cultures, and generations until they were imprinted on all the world’s upwardly mobile brown teenage brains. There were classics like “You Will Have to Be Twice as Smart and Work Twice as Hard to Get Half of What You Deserve” and “Not Fair? Life’s Not Fair. Don’t You Know Our History?” The boys often got some version of “All They Expect of You Is to End Up Dead, Gay, or In Jail. It’s Your Job to Prove Them Wrong,” while the girls received the corollary: “They Think You’ll End Up Illiterate, Pregnant and On Welfare at Sixteen. It’s Your Job to Prove [End Page 38] Them Wrong.” Talking with Eric Martinez, Shanté Price, and the Hillings twins, it was clear to Malaya that these dictums ran through the diaspora like blood and bassbeats. They brought La Famille together. Whatever nonsense Galton’s white students got into, the members of La Famille understood that their place was only to listen to the gossip with a delicate mix of disgust and envy, and to go on about their forward-striving lives. Malaya Clondon never mentioned the other sit-downs she got from her parents—If You Don’t Lose Weight, You’re Going to Die—or how much she longed to be the kind of girl who someone would worry might turn up pregnant one day. As La Famille’s charming fat girl—beyond fat, she knew, but still—her role was to be dazzling, the warm and winsome glue that kept the group whole. Compared to the white kids’, La Famille’s infractions were minor, but for them, even small transgressions carried the scent and thrill of danger. Cutting class to give hand jobs in the record store, buying blurry overdubbed VHS pornos from the news stands on 72nd street and watching them in Eric Martinez’s dusty kitchen, sneaking out to meet in Central Park to drink $1.25 bottles of flavored malt liquor and wine coolers from the bodega and smoke Newports late into the night—there were no hard drugs involved in their hijinks, no felonies or glamorous trysts, but it was enough to make them feel alive and almost grown. One morning in December of eleventh grade, a blizzard hit Manhattan unexpectedly, and classes were dismissed after first period. On a nicer day, this would have meant taking it to the park or the two-dollar movie theater in midtown to laugh too loudly and eat popcorn while Shanté and Eric made out in the back row. But the blizzard seemed to be serious, because the train schedules had slowed down, which meant that the kids from Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx had to start their treks home now. RayShawn Carter, Shanté, and the...

Patterns of the Teaching and Learning Cycle of GBA by EFL Teachers in Indonesia

This article purposes to tease out the EFL teachers’ patterns in implementing the stages of teaching and learning using GBA in the Indonesian context. The participants involved in the study were 15 English teachers from seven state senior high schools in Kota Malang Indonesia. The data were collected through interviews and observations. Fieldnotes were also made to record the relevant data. The observations of each teacher were carried out five times to attain sufficient data for the analysis. The writers observed the classes recommended by the teachers, sitting down in the back row and observing the activities done by teachers and students. They also put a tick (v) to indicate the presence of activities as listed in the checklist. If the teachers and students did activities which were absent in the checklist, the writers made fieldnotes to record them for supplementary purposes. The data were analysed descriptively based on the descriptors in the checklists. The analysed data showed that none of the English teachers fully employed the four stages of GBA (BKoF, MoT, JCoT, and ICoT) in teaching. Instead, they also applied the stages of GBA with the following patterns: BKoF-MoT-JCoT; BKoF-JCoT; BKoF-MoT; BKoF-MoT-ICoT; and BKoF-ICoT.