Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Research Articles

Biocontrol potential of epiphytic bacteria against Xanthomonas citri pathotypes A and A*

BackgroundCitrus canker caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri (Hasse 1915) is known as a dangerous disease that has serious economic impacts on citrus production in many tropical and subtropical countries. In Iran, Citrus canker disease has caused significant damage to various citrus fruits, particularly limes. Nowadays, employing antagonistic bacteria as an effective and environmentally friendly method for plant disease management has gained special importance.ResultsCitrus leaf samples were collected from different regions of Iran, and after isolating epiphytic bacteria, ex planta and in planta investigations concerning antagonistic activities of the isolates against Xanthomonas citri pathotypes A and A* were performed. A total of 94 epiphytic bacterial isolates were isolated from citrus aerial parts. Based on biochemical, physiological, morphological, and genotypic tests, it was determined that these bacteria belong to the Bacillus and Staphylococcus genera. The highest inhibition activity against the pathogenic bacterium was related to isolates D4 and D5. Using the molecular method and the resulting dendrogram, it was found that these isolates were most similar to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The present findings demonstrated that pathogenicity test on key lime leaves infected with X. citri pathotypes A and A*, along with the application of the biocontrol strain B. amyloliquefaciens, resulted in a significant reduction in the number of canker lesions.ConclusionThe results strongly suggested that the identified antagonistic bacterial isolates hold promising potential as biocontrol agents for managing citrus bacterial canker disease.

The Association between Broiler Litter Microbiota and the Supplementation of Bacillus Probiotics in a Leaky Gut Model.

Probiotics provided from hatch have a major influence on microbiota development, and together with environmental and bedding microbiota, shape the microbial community of the litter. We investigated the influence of probiotic supplementation and a leaky gut challenge induced using dexamethasone (DEX) on the litter microbial community and litter parameters. The probiotic product was a mix of three Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains. The litter microbiota were compared to the microbial communities from other gut sections. The litter samples had higher microbial diversity compared to the caecum, gizzard, jejunum, and jejunal mucosa. The high similarity between the litter phylum-level microbiota and gizzard microbiota detected in our study could be a consequence of ingested feed and litter passing through the gizzard. Moreover, the litter microbial community is fundamentally distinct from the intestinal microbiota, as evidenced by the number of genera present in the litter but absent from all the intestinal sections and vice versa. Furthermore, LEfSe analysis identified distinct microbial taxa across different groups, with specific genera associated with different treatments. In terms of litter quality, the birds in the DEX groups had a significantly higher moisture content, indicating successful leaky gut challenge, while probiotic supplementation did not significantly affect the moisture levels. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the distinct microbiota characteristics of litter.

Formulation of the microbial agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NCPSJ7 and its application against Botrytis cinerea in tomato

Formulation of the microbial agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NCPSJ7 and its application against Botrytis cinerea in tomato

Phenylalanine as an effective stabilizer and aggregation inhibitor of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase

Aromatic compounds are known anti-amyloid aggregates. Their effect on amorphous aggregates of proteins is, however, less studied. We chose aromatic amino acids Trp, Tyr, and Phe, as well as another known stabilizer (i.e. Arg), as potential compatible solvents to be tested on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase (BAA). Among these additives, Phe was the only one to be effective on the thermal inactivation and amorphous aggregation of BAA, while preserving its intrinsic activity. A concentration of 50 mM Phe was used to test its potential in counteracting the deleterious effect of BAA amorphous aggregates in vivo. After 21 days of daily subcutaneous injections of the native enzyme to mice, amorphous aggregates of BAA, as well as aggregates produced in presence of 50 mM Phe, the tissues located at the site of injection were studied histologically. Amorphous aggregates caused an increase in macrophages and lipid droplets. Serum levels of IL6 and TNF-α were also accordingly elevated and indicative of an inflammation state. Aggregates also resulted into increased levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as liver enzymes SGOT and SGPT. On the other hand, the presence of Phe prevented this exacerbated inflammatory state and the subsequent impairment of biochemical parameters. In conclusion, Phe is an interesting compound for both stabilizing proteins and counteracting the pathological effect of amorphous aggregates.

Biological Control of Root Rot of Strawberry by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strains CMS5 and CMR12.

Strawberry root rot caused by Fusarium solani is one of the main diseases of strawberries and significantly impacts the yield and quality of strawberry fruit. Biological control is becoming an alternative method for the control of plant diseases to replace or decrease the application of traditional chemical fungicides. To obtain antagonistic bacteria with a high biocontrol effect on strawberry root rot, over 72 rhizosphere bacteria were isolated from the strawberry rhizosphere soil and screened for their antifungal activity against F. solani by dual culture assay. Among them, strains CMS5 and CMR12 showed the strongest inhibitory activity against F. solani (inhibition rate 57.78% and 65.93%, respectively) and exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity. According to the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA and gyrB genes, CMS5 and CMR12 were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Lipopeptide genes involved in surfactin, iturin, and fengycin biosynthesis were detected in the DNA genomes of CMS5 and CMR12 by PCR amplification. The genes related to the three major lipopeptide metabolites existed in the DNA genome of strains CMS5 and CMR12, and the lipopeptides could inhibit the mycelial growth of F. solani and resulted in distorted hyphae. The inhibitory rates of lipopeptides of CMS5 and CMR12 on the spore germination of F. solani were 61.00% and 42.67%, respectively. The plant-growth-promoting (PGP) traits in vitro screening showed that CMS5 and CMR12 have the ability to fix nitrogen and secreted indoleacetic acid (IAA). In the potting test, the control efficiency of CMS5, CMR12 and CMS5+CMR12 against strawberry root rot were 65.3%, 67.94% and 88.00%, respectively. Furthermore, CMS5 and CMR12 enhanced the resistance of strawberry to F. solani by increasing the activities of defense enzymes MDA, CAT and SOD. Moreover, CMS5 and CMR12 significantly promoted the growth of strawberry seedlings such as root length, seedling length and seedling fresh weight. This study revealed that B. amyloliquefaciens CMS5 and CMR12 have high potential to be used as biocontrol agents to control strawberry root rot.

Seed treatment with Bacillus bacteria improves maize production: a narrative review

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in relation to its production and consumption. Production of maize is constrained by soil infertility and poor quality seed. Microbial technologies like seed treatment with Bacillus bacteria improves the productivity of maize on infertile soil. However, due to variations in maize growth environments and Bacillus species, this review was conducted to identify the common species of Bacillus species used for seed treatment, and provide an overview of the effect of seed treatment with Bacillus on maize growth and yield. Results show that Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were the dominant species used for seed treatment. Bacillus was used as both a biofertiliser and biopesticide. The conspicuous positive effects of Bacillus were in plant height, shoot and root length, and shoot dry matter depending on the species. In terms of grain yield, Bacillus subtilis (8502 kg ha-1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (6822 kg ha-1) and Bacillus safensis (5562 kg ha-1) were the bacterial species that had an overall pronounced effect. The highest increase in grain yield was in the interactive effect of Bacillus megaterium + Bacillus licheniformis (18.1%) and sole Bacillus subtilis (15.6%), while Bacillus pumilus reduced grain yield by 4.8%. This shows that the improvement of maize productivity using Bacillus bacteria requires careful selection of the species for seed treatment.

Production of Nattokinase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MRS18: A Bacterial Strain Isolated from Fermented Beans.

Nattokinase (NK) is a naturally occurring fibrinolytic protease enzyme obtained from the traditional Japanese food called Natto and has several uses in the pharmaceutical and medical industries. Nowadays, the most often used thrombolytic agent in the clinical field is NK, in part because it is less expensive than other thrombolytic medicines. The objective of this study is to investigate the screening, isolation and characterization of the NK enzyme-producing Bacillus strain from fermented Soya beans. The sample of fermented soya beans were tested for the presence of fibrinolytic protease- producing bacteria, followed by the screening, extraction, characterization and clot lysis assays. A total of three isolates were screened for caseinolytic activities by casein hydrolysis assay. Out of those isolates, MRS18 was found to be potent in producing the enzyme proteinase. To determine the taxonomy and phylogeny of these isolates, biochemical and molecular characterization has been carried out. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MRS18 has been found with the highest caseinolytic activity. The clot lysing ability of the potent strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was found to be 61.7% after 120 min, and on further purification, by ammonium sulphate precipitation method, the lysis percentage was found to be 656% after 120 min. From the results of the present study, we concluded that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from the fermented soya beans produced an NK enzyme that exhibits immense potential to lyse blood clots.

Coinoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in solid-state and submerged coffee fermentation: Influences on chemical and sensory compositions

This study aimed to evaluate the influence coffee fermentation with yeast and bacillus as starter cultures in SIAF method applied in solid-state and submerged process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were separately and coinoculated into natural coffee in buckets with or without water adding. The fermentations were performed for until 96 h, and the effects on physicochemical composition including the concentrations of organic acids (citric, lactic, acetic, malic), sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), ethanol, and glycerol as well as the sensory profiles of the resulting coffee beverages, were evaluated. All coffees produced were classified in specialty coffee with final score above 84. The coinoculated coffees obtained the highest sensory scores in submerged process (>86). Due to the results found, the type of process, submerged and solid-state, showed more influence in chemical and sensory analyses than type of inoculation. Submerged process showed major concentration of lactic acid, while solid-state process promotes major concentrations of ethanol, glycerol and acetic acid. Different sensory descriptions were observed in each treatment. Coffees from the submerged process showed nutty, cocoa, and sweet sensory descriptions, while solid-state process produced coffees with sour and acidic attributes.

Comparative Evaluation of In-vitro Bioefficacy of Microbial Bioagents and Novel Chemical Compounds against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Cubense

The Assam and North-eastern regions of India recognized as diverse repositories of wild and cultivated banana cultivars, confront a significant threat to banana varieties, Malbhog due to Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc). This study investigates the in-vitro bioefficacy of indigenous bioagents and new-generation chemical compounds against Foc to develop an integrated module subsequently, in line with the worldwide pursuit of environmentally conscientious and high-performance agricultural practices.In this study, four bioagents viz., Bacillus vallismortis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Trichoderma harzianum, and Talaromyces pinophilus were screened in-vitro against Foc revealed the highest efficacy of B. vallismortis with 68.22 % mycelial growth inhibition of Foc followed by B. amyloliquifaciens with (60.05%) and the least inhibition was exhibited by T.pinophilus with (50.05%).To identify new generation chemical compounds, namely Propiconazole, Azoxystrobin, Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin were tested with a standard check Carbendazim wherein all the chemicals significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen over control with Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin combination fungicide showing highest percent inhibition of 94% at 0.1% concentration followed by Carbendazim at 0.1%. Our study has identified potential microbial strains and chemical fungicides which can be further explored for the development and exploration of bio-fungicide and chemical fungicide-based biointensive integrated management of Fusarium wilt menace in malbhog banana in the region.

Root Exudates Metabolic Profiling Confirms Distinct Defense Mechanisms Between Cultivars and Treatments with Beneficial Microorganisms and Phosphonate Salts Against Verticillium Wilt in Olive Trees.

Root exudates play a key role in the life cycle of Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt diseases, because they induce microsclerotia germination to initiate plant infection through the roots. In olive plants, the genotype and the application of biological control agents (BCAs) or phosphonate salts influence the ability of root exudates to decrease V. dahliae viability. Understanding the chemical composition of root exudates could provide new insights into the mechanisms of olive plant defense against V. dahliae. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to analyze the metabolomic profiles of root exudates collected from the olive cultivars Arbequina, Frantoio, and Picual subjected to treatment with BCAs (Aureobasidium pullulans AP08, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PAB-024) or phosphonate salts (copper phosphite, potassium phosphite). These treatments were selected due to their effectiveness as inducers of resistance against Verticillium wilt in olive plants. Our metabolomic analysis revealed that the olive cultivars exhibited differences in root exudates, which could be related to the different degrees of susceptibility to V. dahliae. The composition of root exudates also changed with the application of BCAs or phosphonate fertilizer, highlighting the complex and dynamic nature of the interactions between olive cultivars and treatments preventing V. dahliae infections. Thus, the identification of genotype-specific metabolic changes and specific metabolites induced by these treatments emphasizes the potential of resistance inducers for enhancing plant defense and promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms.

Effects of Dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SCAU-070 (Based on a Woody Plant-Based Diet) on Antioxidation, Immune and Intestinal Microbiota of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study aimed to explore the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) as one woody forage addition (as a probiotic, 1 × 107 CFU/g) on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Woody forage is one kind of fishery feed that could significantly enhance the growth, feed utilization, and digestibility of tilapia. At first, tilapia was divided into eight groups and fed with control, control + BA, Moringa oleifera, M. oleifera + BA, Neolamarckia cadamba, N. cadamba + BA, Broussonetia papyrifera, and B. papyrifera + BA diets, respectively. After dieting for 8 weeks, the intestinal morphology of tilapia in the eight groups was observed, and the effects of the B. amyloliquefaciens addition and wordy forage on the intestine functions were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. As no significant negative effects were found on the woody forage on tilapia, the villus height, density and width, and epithelial goblet cells in the posterior intestines of tilapia with BA supplementation were greater than those in the groups without BA supplementation, suggesting B. amyloliquefaciens SCAU-070 could promote the growth and development of tilapia intestinal tracts. Furthermore, it was found that B. amyloliquefaciens SCAU-070 enhanced the antioxidation capacity of tilapia posterior intestine tissue by promoting the activity of superoxide dismutase and content of malondialdehyde. In addition, the result of high-throughput sequencing (16S rDNA) showed that the beneficial bacteria Cetobacterium and Romboutsia in the probiotic groups increased significantly, while the potential pathogenic bacteria Acinetobacter decreased significantly.

Biosurfactant production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, characterization and its potential applications

Aim: To identify indigenous bacteria responsible for producing biosurfactants in soil contaminated by oil and to investigate their potential uses in the fields of pharmaceuticals and environmental applications. Methodology: The microorganisms of oil-contaminated soil were isolated, screened, and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was utilized to produce biosurfactants, and were characterized by UV, TLC, FTIR, HPTLC, and GCMS analysis. Antibacterial activity, plant growth promotion, biocompatibility, and wound healing activity of surfactant were performed. Results: Six bacterial cultures (B1 to B6) were isolated from the soil samples collected from various locations in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Among the isolates screened for biosurfactant production, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens exhibited the highest capacity for biosurfactant production, confirmed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The biosurfactant produced was identified as surfactin of lipopeptide nature, characterized by various analytical techniques: UV absorption at 400 nm, TLC and HPTLC (Rf value of 0.58), FTIR (prominent peak at 3819 cm-1 corresponding to -OH groups), GCMS with a maximum retention time of 12.03. Surfactin effectively inhibited pathogenic bacteria, enhanced plant growth, was biocompatible, and enhanced the rate of cell migration towards wound scratch. Interpretation: The current study revealed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, isolated from oil-contaminated soil, is capable of producing biosurfactant surfactin. Additionally, it unveiled a broad spectrum of applications for surfactin, encompassing wound healing, biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and promotion of plant growth. Key words: Antibacterial activity, Biocompatibility, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Biosurfactant, Wound healing

Integration of engineering microbial consortium and boosting extracellular amylase of B. amyloliquefaciens for intensifying bioconversion of food waste into lipopeptides

Lipopeptides possess significant antifungal activity and serve as eco-friendly biopesticides. However, their widespread application is limited by exorbitant production costs and low yields. Food waste emerges as a promising substrate for lipopeptide production. To efficiently harness the starch in food waste during bioconversion it into lipopeptides, the engineered Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HM618, constructed by knocking out multiple extracellular proteolytic enzyme genes (aprE, nprE, vpr, and epr) and overexpressing gene amyA with Phag promoter, capable of producing both high-level extracellular amylase and lipopeptides. It was found that the recombinant B. amyloliquefaciens HM3–5 in the pure culture containing starch exhibited notable amylase activity about 17046.37 U/mL, a total of 2530.72 mg/L lipopeptides, and 80.02 % degradation rate of starch. Considering the crucial roles of fatty acids and amino acids precursors in lipopeptide synthesis, these engineered B. amyloliquefaciens producing higher-level extracellular amylase, Yarrowia lipolytica producing fatty acids, and Corynebacterium glutamicum releasing proline and serine were integrated to construct an artificial consortium for efficiently bio-converting food waste into lipopeptides. After optimized inoculation times and ratios of these engineered strains, the levels of surfactin, fengycin, and iturin A in the four-strains artificial consortium during food waste bioconversion reached 8690.67, 635.83, and 74.19 mg/L, respectively. The total lipopeptides in the four-strain artificial consortium reached 9400.69 mg/L, 2.38-fold increase compared to that in the pure culture of strain HM3–5. Furthermore, the degradation efficiencies of starch and oil in food waste were 96.41 % and 98.35 %, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for efficiently bio-transforming food waste into lipopeptides.

Peptidomics- inspired discovery and activity evaluation of antioxidant peptides in multiple strains mixed fermentation of Porphyra yezoensis

This study investigated the production of antioxidant peptides from Porphyra yezoensis through fermentation with three strains of microorganisms: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L13, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MMB-02, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae A8. The crude peptides were extracted by aqueous acid precipitation and purified by Sephadex G-25 gel column to produce highly active antioxidant components with molecular weight of <4000 Da. The LC-MS/MS result revealed that the fermentation group contained more hydrophobic amino acids and oligopeptides, which were mainly originated from phycobiliproteins and algal blue proteins. Finally, the antioxidant activity of Porphyra yezoensis was determined with DPPH· and ABTS· scavenging rates of 54.87% and 57.39%, respectively. The ferric ion-reducing power (FRAP) and enzyme activities of SOD and CAT were significantly higher than those of the control group. This study provides a scientific foundation for the deep processing of striped seaweed and contributes to the theoretical understanding of synthetic antioxidant substitutes.

The Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 on Behavior and Brain Function in Broilers Infected by Clostridium perfringens.

Poultry studies conducted on Clostridium perfringens (CP) mainly focus on the effects of intestinal health and productive performance. Notably, the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 (BaSC06) is known to play a role in preventing bacterial infection. However, whether CP could induce the changes in brain function and behaviors and whether BaSC06 could play roles in these parameters is yet to be reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of BaSC06 on stress-related behaviors and gene expression, as well as the brain morphology and mRNA sequence of the hypothalamus in broiler chickens. A total of 288 one-day-old chicks were randomly divided into four groups: (1) a control group with no treatment administered or infection; (2) birds treated with the BaSC06 group; (3) a CP group; and (4) a BaSC06 plus CP (Ba_CP) group. The results showed that stress and fear-related behaviors were significantly induced by a CP infection and decreased due to the treatment of BaSC06. CP infection caused pathological damage to the pia and cortex of the brain, while BaSC06 showed a protective effect. CP significantly inhibited hypothalamic GABA and promoted HTR1A gene expression, while BaSC06 promoted GABA and decreased HTR1A gene expression. The different genes were nearly found between the comparisons of control vs. Ba group and Ba vs. CP group, while there were a great number of different genes between the comparisons of control vs. Ba_CP as well as CP vs. Ba_CP. Several different gene expression pathways were found that were related to disease, energy metabolism, and nervous system development. Our results will help to promote poultry welfare and health, as well as provide insights into probiotics to replace antibiotics and reduce resistance in the chicken industry.

In Vitro Approbation of Microbial Preparations to Shield Fruit Crops from Fire Blight: Physio-Biochemical Parameters.

The need for the increasing geographical spread of fire blight (FB) affecting fruit crops to be addressed led to large-scale chemicalization of the environmental matrices and reduction of plant productivity. The current study aimed to assess the effects of novel biopreparations at different exposure durations on photosynthetic pigment content and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of apple and pear varieties with varying levels of resistance to FB. Biopreparations were formulated from a cultural broth containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei M12 or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB40 isolated from apple trees' phyllosphere. Aseptic leaves from blight-resistant (endemic Malus sieversii cv. KG10), moderately resistant (Pyrus pyraster cv. Wild), and susceptible (endangered Malus domestica cv. Aport and Pyrus communis cv. Shygys) varieties were employed. The impact of biopreparations on fruit crop antioxidant systems and photosynthetic apparatuses was investigated in vitro. Study results indicated that FB-resistant varieties exhibit enhanced adaptability and oxidative stress resistance compared to susceptible ones. Plant response to biopreparations varied based on the plant's initial FB sensitivity and exposure duration. Indeed, biopreparations improved the adaptive response of the assimilation apparatus, protein synthesis, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in susceptible varieties, suggesting that biopreparations have the potential for future commercialization to manage FB in fruit crops.

Impacts of Bacillus probiotics on productive performance and egg quality criteria in laying Japanese quails

The present study aimed to determine the effects of adding Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to laying quail diets on performance, egg quality, and internal organ weights. We used 96 laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) at 12 weeks of age. The birds were divided into three treatment groups (32 quails per group), each divided into eight replicates (four quails per replicate). The research was carried out in three periods of 28 days each. We used three diets; the 1st group served as a control group, receiving only a basal diet. The 2nd and 3rd experimental groups received 0.1% (1×109 CFU/g) B. megaterium and B. amyloliquefaciens as an addition to the basal diet, respectively. Adding B. megaterium and B. amyloliquefaciens did not influence the performance parameters statistically. Also, adding B. megaterium and B. amyloliquefaciens significantly (p<0.05) impacted the albumen index, Haugh unit, and egg yolk compared to the control group. In contrast, the applied Bacillus species did not affect other egg quality parameter values. The addition of B. megaterium and B. amyloliquefaciens did not significantly influence body weight, heart weight, liver weight, gizzard weight, small intestine length, and caecum length among the slaughter parameters examined. Adding 0.1% (1×109 CFU/g), of B. amyloliquefaciens to the laying quail diets can be used without causing a significant difference in performance, egg quality characteristics, and visceral weights compared to the control group.

Analysis of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites Produced by Endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Background: Bacterial endophytes live inside the plant tissues and are known to play a crucial role in the functioning of host plants by influencing their physiology and development. Moreover, this group of bacteria could produce secondary metabolites to suppress plant pathogens and also produce compounds to promote plant growth. Methods: In this present study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was isolated from Oryzae officinalis and screened for antifungal activity against rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani by dual culture assay. The secondary metabolites produced during the interaction of B. amyloliquefaciens with R. solani were characterized with pathogen-inoculated control and antagonist inoculated control through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Result: The isolated Bacillus amyloliqufaciens displayed antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani which showed a 63% inhibiton in the mycelial growth of R. solani over control. Analysis of secondary metabolites from the zone of inhibition, confirmed the presence of unique biomolecules including -Propanamine, N,N,2-trimethyl, 1(2H)-Naphthalenone, 3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethyl, Diethyl Phthalate, Dichloroacetic acid tridecyl ester, Hexadecen-1-ol trans-9, Glycine N-(N-glycyl-L-leucyl) and 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl of antifungal and antimicrobial nature.

Are the Nutritional Properties of Organic Tomatoes Altered by Single and Combined Microbial Soil Inoculants?: A Multiperspective Approach

Biologically active compounds are key-important ingredients of tomato fruits, especially those produced by organic agricultural practices. Being biologically effective soil treatments, microbial inoculants can improve soil quality through a variety of mechanisms. Their activity can influence soil properties and plant development, thereby determining the quantity and quality of the crop. However, little research was done on how these inoculants affect the nutritional quality of the tomato fruit and on the antioxidant status of the fruits. This study investigated lycopene content and total antioxidant capacity of organically grown tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. ‘Mobil’) using various types of single and combined bioeffector products in two growing seasons. Single inoculation contained Trichoderma harzianum, plant growth promoting Pseudomonas sp., and phosphorus-mobilizing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains. The combined treatment consisted of biotic Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis strains with abiotic micronutrients of zinc and manganese. Sum of ranking differences method, as a multicriteria optimization method, was used to rank the treatments and identify the ones deviating the least from the reference treatment. The results showed that all microbial soil inoculants positively affected tomato lycopene content. The combined treatment showed significantly higher lycopene content than the Control in both years. We found that weather and climate conditions also greatly influence the total antioxidant capacity. Based on our results, we recommend the use of combined bioeffective treatments to improve the food quality value of tomato fruits.

Hypocholesterolemic potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KAVK1 modulates lipid accumulation on 3T3-L1 adipose cells and high fat diet-induced obese rat model.

The significance of microorganisms occurring in foods is predominantly targeted due to their application for identifying a novel range of the bacterial spectrum. Diverse microbial species are capable of exhibiting potential pharmacological activities like antimicrobial and anticancer. Microbial strains capable of reducing obesity-related syndromes have also been reported. In the present study, the hypocholesterolemic efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from dairy products was scrutinised by in vitro (3T3-L1 adipose cells) and in vivo (high-fat diet-induced obese Wistar albino rats) methods. Potential cholesterol-lowering isolates were screened using a plate assay method and optimised by physical parameters. Molecular identification of the topmost five cholesterol-lowering isolates was acquired by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene region. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain KAVK1, followed by strains KAVK2, KAVK3, KAVK4, and KAVK5 were molecularly determined. Further, cholesterol-lowering strains degraded the spectral patterns determined by the side chain of a cholesterol molecule. The anti-lipase activity was demonstrated using the porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory method and compared with the reference compound Atorvastatin. Lyophilised strain KAVK1 revealed maximum pancreatic lipase inhibition. Strain KAVK1 attenuated lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipose cell line predicted by Oil Red O staining method. Significant reduction of body weight and change in lipid profile was recognised after the supplement of KAVK1 to obese rats. Histopathological changes in organs were predominantly marked. The result of this study implies that the cholesterol-lowering B. amyloliquefaciens KAVK1 strain was used to treat hypercholesterolemia.