Bachelor Level Research Articles

Digital Tools in the Thesis Process: A Case Study from Sweden

The emergence of autonomous learning has revolutionized educational systems, offering new pathways to enhance higher education. Across most Swedish universities, Bachelor's and Master's theses (final projects) represent an important part of students' academic journey. Embracing technology as a tool, rather than an end in itself, has become imperative in contemporary higher education and thesis processes. Departing from traditional instructional methods, the focus has shifted towards interactive and autonomous learning, propelled or supported by digitalization. Despite the growing emphasis on autonomous learning and the benefits of technology-enhanced learning (TEL), there are concerns about the misuse of digital tools such as Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in educational contexts. The scarcity of knowledge to properly use available tools would potentially affect students' academic performance and future employment prospects, which has recently caused significant concern for educational authorities, educators, and even policymakers. This study reflects on students' perceptions of using digitalization and GAI to facilitate autonomous and interactive learning to support the thesis writing process. The focus is to understand how digital natives (predominantly Gen Z) view the integration of new digital tools in autonomous learning. A case-based approach in the form of an open survey conducted during the spring semester of 2024 gathered 52 responses from students within the informatics discipline at bachelor's and master's levels in a Swedish university. Results indicate that most students used digital tools such as GAI interactively, in the thesis process, mainly for constructive learning. They indicated that learning about digital tools as part of their formal learning leads them towards effective and more structured use of the tools for brainstorming, drawing inspiration, and developing interactive learning, which simulates real-world peer interactions or teacher-student dynamics. This instructional approach equips students with the skills to responsibly use tools as academic support rather than for any other inappropriate purposes. Effective utilization of digital tools promotes autonomous learning, leading to improved quality of bachelor's and master's theses and overall academic performance in higher education. Conversely, inadequate knowledge and improper use of these tools can negatively impact students' educational outcomes.

Factors Affecting Impulsive Product and Service Buying Behavior: A Study of College Students in the Kathmandu Valley

Impulsive buying is the tendency of a customer to buy goods and services without planning. The study's objective is to determine the factors affecting the impulsive buying behavior of the students in Kathmandu Valley. The study was based on the cross-sectional research design which followed the quantitative design. The study targeted college-level students studying at Bachelor's and Master's level in Kathmandu Valley. 200 students were selected from different colleges through a simple random sampling technique. A well-structured closed-ended survey questionnaire was developed and disseminated in a well-organized manner to respondents to collect the primary data from the field and analyzed systematically in 2023. The study analyzed the data using statistical tools like frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, and correlation to derive the findings. The study finds that social influence is considered the first important cause influencing impulsive buying behavior. Similarly, it is followed by emotional triggers, lack of control, and financial resources influencing respectively. The study also shows that there was a strong relationship between social influence and impulse buying behavior. Business organizations should strategically leverage social factors in marketing campaigns to tap into this influential aspect of consumer behavior. Future researchers need to survey another variable with a large sample size by applying different methods.

Arup Group Limited: putting trust in the trust

Research methodology The data set used to write this case was collected from 83 public sources, including company communications, company journals and reports and the company website, along with newspaper articles, industry reports, scientific articles and case studies. The data set was used to analyse both the industry and firm in which Arup operated to draw conclusions about the firm’s strategy and competitive advantage, specifically, as it relates to trust and knowledge management. Case overview/synopsis Alan Belfield, an employee of Arup Group Limited for 29 years, and the company’s chairman since 2019, had witnessed significant growth since he first joined the firm. Operating globally, Arup had a proud past; since 1946, the company had served 6,931 clients across 143 countries, leading to its important contribution to many world-renowned landmarks within the built environment. From 2018 to 2020, revenue at the global multiservice engineering company had grown almost £250m [1] to £1.809bn. Over the past few years and as 2021 came to an end, the global engineering services industry had experienced a flood of mergers and acquisitions, as the industry grew towards maturity and clients looked for full-service solutions. Arup’s strategy had proven successful in the past, evidenced by its capacity to grow revenues and partake in the design of well-known structures and buildings. However, with the trend towards consolidation, as Arup headed into 2022, how could the firm retain its position as one of the global leaders in the industry over time? Complexity academic level The case can be used in business courses on global strategic management at the bachelor and master levels, as it applies key strategic management concepts within a global context. The case focuses primarily on the transnational corporation (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 2002) and how it creates value through strategy and structure. Instructors who wish to integrate the human resource management aspect into the course are provided with optional material, including an additional reading, along with an assignment question and associated analysis and teaching guidance.

Monopoly Reimagined: Cultivating Gaming Literacy for Tackling Real-World Complexities

Gaming literacy proposes specific ways of thinking and acting by providing cognitive, creative, and social skills, which are necessary in the face of complex (Zimmerman, 2008) and wicked problems we encounter in today’s society (Rittel & Webber, 1973). This paper presents preliminary findings from an exploratory study of how students within arts, design and media might redesign board games and develop gaming literacy; helping them understand and make sense of the world “from the point of view of gaming” (Zimmerman, 2008, p. 156). Through research-based teaching at both bachelor and master levels, we developed a work-in-progress workshop where students must face complexity and practice navigating it. In the workshop, students redesigned the familiar board game Monopoly, using it as a metaphor, and our emergent findings suggest that it can provide a scaffold that enables students to map, prototype and simulate different complex problems and systems onto it - without prior game design knowledge. Monopoly introduced a balance between familiar and known rules and constraints on one side, and hackability and the freedom of play on the other. The monopoly workshop provides an experimental, hands-on, and collaborative approach to understanding complexity through intertwined actions of exploring, prototyping, testing, and reflecting (Zimmerman, Forlizzi & Everson, 2007). We found that the success of such a process seemingly depends on the facilitator and the participants. Here, allocating time for explicit reflection on learning outcomes was a necessary and vital part of the workshop (Alme & Hvidsten, 2022; Dewey, 2018). This work-in-progress workshop method contributes to studies of pedagogical games by focusing on how students might develop gaming literacy through board game redesign, offering a novel, hands-on model for engaging students in, and understanding, systemic complexity. We suggest that future research should validate this approach further, in other contexts and with other types of (board) games. Further, future research should investigate this approach as an introduction to the overarching model of gaming literacy in the face of complex problems.

Prevalence of risky sexual behaviour and its associated factors among youths of Pokhara metropolitan city, Nepal: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionRisky sexual behaviour, which puts young people at greater risk of acquiring HIV AIDS and sexually transmitted infection, is a significant public health concern all around the world. In 2020,...

Exploring the Characteristic of Good Catholic Teacher of the Sister of Saint Paul de Chartres in Thailand

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of good teachers at St. Paul de Chartres parish schools in Thailand including directors, heads of department, and teachers who make up the total population of 2,400 from 24 schools. A sample of 420 people was selected by stratified random sampling. The research tool was the Good Teacher Characteristics Questionnaire and Rating Scale. The statistics used to analyze the data included was exploratory factor analysis. The results were divided into two parts: The General sample data analysis of good teachers at the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres Schools in Thailand was comprised of good teachers. 361 of the 420 teachers were female, 86.0% were between the ages of 36 and 45, and 111, or 26.4%, were female. When categorized by level of education, it was discovered that 334 teachers, or 79.5%, held the highest level of bachelor's degrees. There were 211 teachers or 50.2% with at least 16 years of experience, and 375 teachers, or 89.3%. were teachers at the school. And the analysis of the data was analyzed with good teacher characteristics component analysis and divided into 6 components as follows: knowledge (well-rounded), interpersonal skills (interpersonal skills), working spirit spirituality, lifelong learner, teacher leadership) and a good role model (role model).

Assessment of diabetes related-knowledge and practice among Algerian university students: a cross-sectional survey

Diabetes is increasing significantly in the world especially among low- and middle-income countries including Algeria where it is ranked second in term of morbidity. This study was conducted aiming to evaluate the level of knowledge and lifestyle practice among Algerian university students. A national online cross-sectional survey was conducted between 14 November 2022 and 11 February 2023. 417 students answered the questionnaire. Demographically, females (82%), singles (86.1%), students aged between 20 and 30 years old (62.2%) and those living in urban areas (86.8%) were the most represented. More than half were students of bachelor level (52.3%) and were mainly studying in Natural and Life Sciences (37.2%) and Humanities (29.5%) faculties, and 10.6% of them declared living with diabetes. Overall, an average percentage of 75.1% correct responses was obtained and 54.6% of the respondents have shown a high level of knowledge. If age, the field of study and paternal education were associated with a high level of knowledge, being a Health Sciences student (OR: 10.175, CI 95%: 2.985–34.677) and being diabetic (OR: 10.486, CI95%: 3.424–32.12) were highly significant factors (p < 0.01). Regarding lifestyle practice, a moderate level of good practice of 54.2% was obtained and the level of knowledge was the only associated factor. These results described that some gaps of knowledge were observed especially among certain categories including students without formal education in Health, and Natural and Life Sciences. Results of this study could be helpful to the health program deciders in their campaigns of prevention against this silent disease.

An innovative Doctor of Nursing Practice scholarly project curriculum model: Strategies for supporting learners at various entry levels

The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Program curriculum must address the challenge of developing Competency Based Education (CBE) curriculum for DNP Scholarly Projects tailored to meet variations in nursing learner preparation and practice, from novice bachelor's entry level and master's advanced nurse practice expert entry level pathways. The recent Future of Nursing 2020–2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity report by the National Academy of Medicine advocates that competency-based education (CBE) approaches in nursing schools should focus upon the advanced practice nursing population within collaborative academic practice partnerships. This article describes an innovative DNP Scholarly Project Curriculum model at an academic health science center that integrates academic partnerships and CBE strategies that have been developed for second degree Bachelor's direct entry to nursing (direct entry), post BS in nursing to DNP (BS to DNP), Post Master's to DNP (PM DNP) entry levels of preparation. The DNP Scholarly Project Curriculum utilizes an innovative, scaffolded approach to fostering CBE for the assessment of learning activities at the doctoral level. The DNP Scholarly Project Curriculum includes domains of quality improvement, critical appraisal of the literature, evidence-based practice models, implementation practice models, policy analysis, and process/outcome evaluations. Preliminary alumni and stakeholder feedback suggests that these projects are not only impacting practice but improving learner competency in quality improvement science. Implementation of this model has led to enhanced CBE-driven curriculum teaching and learning strategies, and sustainable collaborative academic partnerships.

Nursing core competencies and educational needs in the low- and middle-income country: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe government of the Kyrgyz Republic is committed to improving healthcare worker education, and as nurses comprise the majority of healthcare workers, improving nursing education and competency is a critical policy strategy. However, insufficient understanding of nurses' duties and competencies, low levels of professional education and motivation, and the poor reputation of the profession have negatively impacted the development of nursing in the Kyrgyz Republic. AimThis study aimed to identify the core competencies of nursing that are necessary for improving healthcare in the Kyrgyz Republic. DesignThe research design was a cross-sectional study. SettingThe study was conducted from June to November 2022 across the Kyrgyz Republic. ParticipantsA total of ten focus group interviews were conducted with 54 participants, and 289 individuals responded to the survey. MethodsA job analysis was conducted to identify nursing core competencies, followed by focus group interviews. Educational needs were assessed and analysed for importance and performance using the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses and the Borich Needs Assessment Model. ResultsOf the 289 participants, 97.9 % were female, the mean age was 43.22, and the mean nursing career length was 19 years. Eleven duties were identified as nursing core competencies. Educational needs were highest for teaching-coaching, followed by clinical care and critical thinking and research aptitude, with interpersonal relations being the lowest. Critical thinking and research aptitude, clinical care, and professional development were identified as topics with high importance and educational needs. ConclusionsThe nursing core competencies reflect the emphasis on primary health care in the Kyrgyz Republic, while the educational needs were related to international nursing standards and national nursing education characteristics. The findings can be used to develop a bachelor's-level nursing curriculum in the Kyrgyz Republic to improve nursing care and contribute to improving the health status of the population.

Bachelor Level Students Misconception in Chemistry Education

Bachelor Level Students Misconception in Chemistry Education

Evaluating Students' Performance in Consonant Phoneme Identification within Word Structures

The prime objectives of this article are to evaluate the bachelor level first year major English students’ performance in consonant sound identification within word structures, and examine the effectiveness of an intuitive-imitative approach in teaching consonant phonemes of the spellings. To attain these objectives, the researchers employed the one-group pretest posttest research design in which 200 phoneme recognition test items as data collection tools regarding the consonant sounds of English were administered to 30 students at Makawanpur Multiple Campus, Hetauda, Nepal in 2023 before and after teaching them the sounds through the intuitive-imitative approach for 30 teaching periods. Population being low, this study involved the census for collecting data. After observing their performance in consonant phoneme identification, it was found that their performance was bad at identifying the phonemes of the spelling's “g” in “Genre”, “c” in “Cello”, “th” in “Thailand”, etc. Their performance was not so good at identifying the phonemes of the spellings “j” in “Join”, “y” in “Yak”, etc. Their performance was satisfactory in identifying the phonemes of the spelling's “g” in “Gene”, “g” in “Gem”, “n” in “Donkey”, etc. Similarly, they were good at identifying the phonemes of spelling “p” in “Punch”, “b” in “Boat’, “k’ in “Book”, etc. A related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test value (p  .05) implies that there was a significant difference in the median scores of the posttest scores and the pretest scores of the students. It suggests that the intuitive-imitative approach was an effective method of teaching sounds. This article is significant in a phonological process and pronunciation, resulting in phonemic awareness.

Introduction of Space Science in Higher Education: Space Science in BSc Engineering

Space science is a fascinating and powerful field in which our country has now become an important part. From an educational point of view, several universities now offer some kind of specialised training in space science, and there are already master's degrees in space engineering. Under the UniSpace programme, 17 Hungarian universities are cooperating to offer advanced training in space science at four universities. However, at bachelor's level, a prospective engineer is unlikely to encounter a subject related to space science outside of basic physics, or it may only be offered in a few specialised programs. Future professionals should be introduced to this discipline as soon as possible. This is why universities should consider offering undergraduate-level space science courses, to better prepare students interested in pursuing careers in this field. The Széchenyi István University of Győr has already taken several steps to promote space technologies, including the SZESAT student group, where students can work on space telecommunications, the Mobilis summer children's camps, where SZESAT gives lectures on the topic every year, and the University of Győr is also a member of the UniSpace Hungary consortium. The study seeks to answer two questions: first, how interested students are in a similar subject that introduces them to space science and the basic space technology opportunities. The second is what majors are interested in the new subject, and which segments of the discipline might be the most interesting to them. In addition to the two main orientations, another important consideration is how students might integrate it into their studies and what prior learning would be required to start such a new subject.

Bachelor Level Student's Perspective on Teaching Methodology: Traditional vs. Modern

This study attempts to examine the present need for teaching methodology from the perspective of learners. It studies the ground-level opinion of students of Kathmandu Valley studying at the bachelor’s level regarding traditional and modern teaching methodology. It is based on information provided by students collected through questionnaires and interviews, based on 536 respondents aged 18-22. The findings might be contrary to our existing knowledge and expectations of modern teaching methodology as most students were not ready to accept and adapt to modern teaching methodologies such as PowerPoint slides, group discussions, quizzes, etc. Even though their belief in modern teaching methodology was somehow positive, the study revealed that students still were not used to the modern method of teaching. They were unprepared to be independent learners and still depend on their teachers. This study implies that if universities and institutions in Kathmandu favor adopting modern teaching methodology as believed to be the best alternative to traditional teaching methods, student orientation and practice about modern methods is required.

Assessment of knowledge and practices regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis in Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand: A cross-sectional study.

Taeniasis and cysticercosis are parasitic infections caused by Taenia spp., mainly transmitted through the consumption of undercooked pork. Prevention requires increasing knowledge and awareness, improving meat inspection and hygiene, and promoting safe food handling and sanitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice (KP) of residents in Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, and its 11 subdistrict municipalities. Study participants were selected using a stratified random sampling design. A validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.70) was used to collect socio-demographic information and assess knowledge and practices related to taeniasis and cysticercosis. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used for the analysis. Of the 360 survey respondents, 65.0% (n = 234) were women, 82.2% (n = 296) were aged under 60 years, 99.2% (n = 357) identified as Buddhist, 87.5% (n = 315) had less than a bachelor's degree education level, 54.2% (n = 195) had monthly family income ≥10,000 Thai baht, 10.6% (n = 38) were unemployed, and 26.1% (n = 93) lived in a town municipality. The survey revealed that 98.3% (n = 354) of participants were categorized as having less accurate knowledge and 83.6% (n = 301) were classified as more frequently engaging in correct prevention practices. Our study revealed that pig farmers (1.7%) occasionally permitted the pigs to forage freely. The results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed that knowledge scores were positively associated with household income ≥10,000 Thai baht (βadj = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65 to 2.36). Practice scores were negatively associated with age over 60 years (βadj = -1.77, 95% CI -3.14 to -0.40) and living in a subdistrict municipality (βadj = -2.58, 95% CI -3.77 to -1.39). There was no association between KP regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis in the population of Pak Chong. Overall, participants' knowledge was lacking. Public education interventions are recommended to improve knowledge among residents with low socioeconomic status. These findings can inform the development of targeted interventions and educational programs in Pak Chong District, especially among elderly people in subdistrict municipalities, to improve practices for the prevention and control of these parasitic infections.

A Reflective Report to Educational Policymakers: Field Expertise Status of Translation Programs in Turkish State Universities

This qualitative study investigates the educational background and fields of expertise of faculty members in English translation programs at the bachelor's degree level in state universities of Türkiye. Despite the prevalence of these programs across Turkish universities, a discrepancy emerges between the faculty members' doctoral qualifications and the specialized field of Translation Studies. The research aims to reveal the academic landscape of these programs by examining the doctoral disciplines of faculty members, utilizing data primarily sourced from the YÖK (Council of Higher Education) Atlas Database and the YÖK (Council of Higher Education) Academic Database. When information is unavailable in the database above, university websites serve as supplementary data sources. This methodological approach enables a comprehensive analysis of the extent to which academic program qualifications align with the field of Translation Studies. Preliminary findings indicate a significant underrepresentation of faculty with doctoral degrees in Translation Studies, suggesting a potential misalignment between program expertise and the specialized training needs of translation programs. This study underscores the crucial link between the program's field-specific expertise and the quality of training, highlighting the need for policy interventions aimed at bolstering the recruitment and development of academically qualified faculty in the discipline of Translation Studies. The implications of this research extend beyond academia, informing policymakers and educational administrators about the importance of aligning educational offerings with program qualifications to enhance the educational outcomes of translation programs in Türkiye.

ПІДГОТОВКА ФАХІВЦІВ СПОРТИВНО-ОЗДОРОВЧОГО ТУРИЗМУ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ: ІНТЕРАКТИВНИЙ ПІДХІД

Team Actuality. The training of sports and health tourism specialists necessitates a shift in emphasis from traditional forms of education to innovative methods and ways of organizing the educational process in higher education institutions. The purpose of the research there is a systematization of methods and means of activating the educational process during classes in professional disciplines for the training of sports and health tourism specialists. Research methods. Analysis, comparison, systematization, generalization of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical testing. Research results and key conclusions. The components of the professional training of specialists in this field have been identified, the expediency of using interactive technologies in the training of sports and health tourism specialists, first (bachelor's) level graduates in the specialty "Tourism" has been substantiated. The forms and methods of interactive training that can be used for the purpose of training sports and health tourism specialists include: discussion, presentation, heuristic conversation, round table method, business games, role-playing games, case method, practical group or individual exercises followed by discussion of results, simulation of interaction situations, analysis of video recordings, including recording of own actions, organization of meetings with invited specialists and outstanding people, collective solution of creative tasks, animation. The use of interactive learning methods actualizes the situational motives of activity; activity motivated by these incentives leads to the formation of established motives and values that lie in the semantic field of the individual's tourist competence. The use of interactive learning methods enriches the experience of independent activity and personal responsibility of students.

Dropouts and its Reasons in a Community Campus: A Narrative Inquiry

This study has predominantly explored the primary challenges associated with the dropout rates in higher education institutions. Furthermore, this research paper seeks to analyze the dropout rates within bachelor's degree programs at Myagdi Multiple Campus (MMC) and delve into the underlying causes for these dropouts. Among the four primary factors contributing to the dropout rate under investigation in this study, the personal-related factor is identified as the most influential. It has explored a variety of the reasons of the dropout: the pursuit of foreign employment, not getting suitable job at homeland, low motivation rate for higher study and parental socio-economic status. Moreover, the objective of this study is to identify the reasons of the dropout in bachelor level fundamentally at a community campus, and attempt to recommend the positive feedbacks to the concerned authority for upliftment of the present situation. This study has employed interpretivism as the research paradigm, phenomenology as research design and narrative inquiry as research methodology. The theories that I have employed the dominant motivational theories in this study: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Tinto’s model. For the purpose, I have applied Google forms to collect forty participants' opinions through non-random judgement sampling and the phone calls for the interview with seven participants as the tools for collecting the required data for the designated study. Question included in form regarding student’s background and credentials, parents' education level, current educational status, occupation, income, specific reasons for dropping out, family support, satisfaction with MMC, and opinions on the duration of the bachelor's program. The implications of this study are to improve and boost up higher education policy for controlling and monitoring the existing dropout rate of the community campuses.

Evaluating an acceptance-based lifestyle modification program to address cardiovascular disease risk among adolescent girls with overweight and obesity: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundBehavioral weight loss interventions achieve only limited weight loss in adolescent samples and weight regain is common. This limited intervention success may be attributed, in part, to adolescents' lack of self-regulation skills essential for lifestyle modification and use of a one-size fits-all approach to produce weight loss in boys and girls. Interventions which teach self-regulation skills, such as Acceptance-Based Therapy (ABT), and are tailored to meet gender-specific concerns, are critical to help adolescents adapt to pervasive biological and environmental influences toward weight gain. ObjectiveThis trial tests the effect of an ABT intervention on cardiometabolic health, health-related behaviors, and psychological factors among adolescent girls with overweight or obesity (OW/OB). MethodsGirls 14–19 years (N = 148; ≥ 40% racial/ethnic minorities) with OW/OB (BMI: ≥ 85th percentile) will be enrolled in the study. Participants will be randomized to one of two 6-month interventions, consisting of either 18 sessions of ABT or 9 sessions of a health education control, an augmented version of standard care for adolescent OW/OB, both led by bachelor's level interventionists. ResultsRecruitment is taking place in Philadelphia, USA, from January 2024 to January 2028. Cardiometabolic health markers (adiposity; blood pressure; blood lipids), health-related behaviors (dietary intake; physical activity; sleep), and psychological factors (quality of life; depression; disordered eating; psychological flexibility) will be measured at baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up. ConclusionsThis study will provide valuable information on a novel intervention tailored to the needs of adolescent girls with OW/OB to address self-regulation and cardiometabolic health.

Factors of interest of general practitioners in scientific research in first-level care centers in Bolivia

Introduction: Publication, as part of scientific and academic communication, is a key element of the ethical and moral obligation of every researcher. Our study addresses the factors of interest that general practitioners have in scientific research in first-level public health care centers in the municipality of El Alto.Objective: Determine the factors of interest that general practitioners have in scientific research in first-level public health care centers in the municipality of El Alto, department of La Paz, Bolivia.Methods: It is a qualitative, descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study, under a non-experimental design. The universe consisted of 3,520 general practitioners in the department of La Paz, 103 general practitioners agreed to participate as a sample of the research, and who met inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results and discussion: 68% of the doctors are between 31 and 40 years old. 46.6% graduated from a university abroad, however it had no impact on the research process. 62.1% of all doctors have an academic degree at the bachelor's level. The majority of doctors after graduating do not continue with higher professional training studies. 80.6% did not publish scientific articles. 41.7% indicate that they do not carry out scientific research because there is no institutional support.Conclusions: The majority of doctors who participated in our study are relatively young – adults. Regardless of the school they graduate from, it has no impact on the research processes. Their academic degree is a bachelor's degree, followed by diplomas and none with a doctorate. After graduating, they do not continue with higher or postgraduate studies. The vast majority of doctors do not publish any research articles. Based on these results, it is necessary to implement strategies that encourage the development of research in general practitioners at the first level of care.

Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies Utilized by Bachelor-Level Nursing Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 global pandemic was challenging for the general population and the students as well. The classes moved to online and stayed at home with a safe execution was ordered. Many students faced distressing changes. Both behavioral and psychological coping strategies were employed to minimize stress. This study aimed to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies used during the COVID-19 pandemic by nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Nursing students studying bachelor level in the Constituent Colleges of Tribhuvan University were the study population. A structured self-administered online questionnaire containing demographic information, a perceived stress scale, and a modified brief cope scale was used. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 25.76+3.13 years, almost half (42.9%) were from Maharajgunj Nursing Campus. More than half (53.8%) were studying in a Bachelor of Nursing Science (BNS) in their third year, among them 9.2% had medical problems. Only a few (5.4%) suffered from COVID-19 during this study period. Around 14.7% perceived a high level, 61.4% moderate level and 23.9% perceived a low stress level. The mean scores of approach coping strategies and an avoidant coping strategies were found to be 35.2 and 23.1 respectively. No association existed between the respondents' stress levels and the selected demographic variables. Conclusion: Most of the respondents perceived a moderate level of stress and used a healthy coping strategies to minimize stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.