Primary Teeth Research Articles

Survival analysis of pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in primary molars with carious pulp exposure: a retrospective cohort study.

Both pulpotomy and pulpectomy are indicated in deciduous teeth with carious pulp exposure. Pulpotomy is recommended for treating carious pulp exposure in primary molars with the development of dental biomaterials. However, it is difficult to determine the severity of pulpitis as children frequently have difficulty communicating their clinical symptoms and there is no objective diagnostic method to assess pulpal status. Thus, therapeutic interventions for deciduous teeth with carious pulp involvement are controversial in clinical applications. This study compared the clinical and radiographic survival time of iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy and Vitapex pulpectomy in treating extremely deep caries with carious pulp exposure in deciduous molars under general anaesthesia. The 876 deciduous teeth in patients aged 3 to 6 years diagnosed with extremely deep caries were categorised into Group A (iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy) and Group B (Vitapex pulpectomy) based on treatment methods in this retrospective cohort study. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare the survival rates and time between the groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the factors associated with success. 876 primary molars were collected, including Group A (504) and Group B (372). The clinical and radiographic survival time in Group A (54.394 ± 1.388(months) and 48.978 ± 1.413(months)) were significantly higher than that in Group B (47.867 ± 0.956 (months) and 38.834 ± 0.981 (months)) (P < 0.05). The clinical and radiographic survival rates of Group A at 48 months were 77.0% and 69.5%, respectively. Group B's clinical and radiographic survival rates at 48 months were 53.1% and 29.1%. Younger age and treatment with iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy might predict higher success rates (P < 0.05). The long-term prognosis of iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy for treating extremely deep caries with carious pulp exposure in primary molars under general anesthesia was better than Vitapex pulpectomy.

Global, Regional, and Country-Level Economic Impacts of Oral Conditions in 2019.

The recent World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Resolution and the subsequent WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan highlight the key relevance of providing information on the economic impacts of oral conditions. The purpose of this study was to provide updated estimates for the global, regional, and country-level economic impacts of oral conditions in 2019. Extending previously established methods, dental expenditures (costs for treatments) and productivity losses for 5 oral conditions (caries in deciduous and permanent teeth, periodontitis, edentulism, other oral diseases) were estimated for the year 2019. The estimated total worldwide economic impacts of oral conditions in 2019 were US $710B, of which US $387B (US $327B to US $404B) was due to direct costs and US $323B (US $186 to US $460) was due to productivity losses for the 5 main oral conditions. Low-income countries spent an average of US $0.52 (US $0.22 to US $0.96) per capita on dental care, while high-income countries spent an average of US $260 (US $257 to US $268) per capita-a 500-fold difference. These findings suggest that oral conditions continue to substantiate an enormous economic burden to individuals and society. The comprehensiveness of estimates supersedes that of previous work as the primary information on direct costs was identified for a larger number of countries. The need for more and better routine reporting and monitoring of the economic impact of oral conditions is emphasized. The relevance of such information is also highlighted by its inclusion in the first-ever WHO Global Oral Health Status Report and Global Strategy on Oral health 2023 to 2030. Given the persistently high economic burden of oral conditions, there is a key role for better prioritization of cost-efficient oral health programs as well as needs-responsive capacity planning.

The influence of preformed metal crowns versus zirconia crowns on the diagnostic quality of magnetic resonance images.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare in vitro the influence of preformed metal crowns (PMC) versus zirconia crowns (ZC) on the extent of artifact formation and the diagnostic quality of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Standard crown tooth preparations were performed on Typodont models. PMC and ZC were cemented on all primary molar teeth (n = 8) of the respective models. MRI scans were taken for the Typodont alone (control), PMC, and ZC, using a 3T MRI machine and common MRI sequences. The diameter of image distortion was measured around the dental materials. Data was analyzed using a mixed model analysis. The average artifact size for PMC was 54.9mm (range 19.6-110.7mm) and 12.8mm (range 5.5-20.7mm) for ZC. The artifact size was associated with the MRI pulse sequence and dental material, with PMC showing larger artifact diameters than ZC for all MRI sequences (p < 0.001). The control had sensitive sequences for AxT2* and DWI sequences with MRI artifacts of 11.4mm and 10.7mm, respectively. It is important that dentists are aware of the potential of dental materials to cause unfavourable MRI artifacts. When areas of the brain requiring MRI preclude the use of PMC, ZC may be considered as an alternative to extractions. Further clinical studies are required to evaluate the impact of dental materials on the image quality of MR scans in vivo.

Apoptosis-induced exosomes from human exfoliated deciduous teeth enhance angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Exosomes derived from the stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) hold promise for tissue regeneration. Apoptotic cells release a variety of extracellular vesicles that affect intercellular communication. This study aimed to investigate the angiogenic effects of SHED-derived exosomes modified via apoptosis induction on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Apoptosis was induced in SHED via serum starvation for 3 weeks and confirmed by the upregulation of the apoptotic genes, caspase 3 and 9, and via annexin V staining. The apoptotic SHED-derived exosomes were isolated, characterized, and subjected to proteomic analysis. In vitro experiments were performed to assess the effects of apoptotic SHED exosomes on the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs. The apoptosis-induced SHED showed increased cell viability and decreased numbers of dead cells compared with those of conventional cultures while retaining their identity as mesenchymal stem cells positive for CD44, CD73, and CD90. The apoptotic SHED-derived exosomes exhibited characteristic features, such as standard size, cup-shaped morphology, and positive staining, for exosomal markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. Proteins associated with apoptosis, programmed cell death, and cellular senescence were downregulated in the apoptotic SHED exosomes, whereas those associated with extracellular matrix organization were upregulated, indicating positive angiogenesis. HUVECs treated with apoptotic SHED exosomes exhibited significantly enhanced proliferation and migration compared with those treated with normal SHED exosomes. The mesh-like structures in the apoptotic SHED exosomes exhibited significantly increased signs of angiogenesis. The findings of this study provide new insights into the potential use of apoptotic SHED-derived exosomes in regenerative medicine.

Twelve-Year Changes in Pre-Schoolers’ Oral Health and Parental Involvement in Children’s Dental Care: Results from Two Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys in Lithuania

Background and objectives: The role of parents and the family in promoting children’s oral health is increasingly acknowledged in the dental literature. This study aimed to investigate twelve-year changes in pre-schoolers’ oral health and parental involvement in children’s dental care using data from two repeated cross-sectional surveys. The objectives were (1) to assess the temporal changes in children’s dental health status and oral health-related behaviours, (2) to examine temporal changes in parental attitudes toward their children’s oral health care, and (3) to analyze the associations between observed changes. Materials and methods: Two identical cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2010/2011 (n = 294) and 2023 (n = 304). In both surveys, parents answered questions regarding their children’s oral health care and completed the 38-item ‘Parental Attitudes toward Children’s Oral Health’ (PACOH) scale, while the dental health of their 3–7-year-old children was clinically assessed. Changes in the examined characteristics were analyzed using general linear models. Results: Significant positive changes (p &lt; 0.001) were observed when comparing the surveys: the dmf-t (decayed, missing, filled teeth) score for deciduous teeth decreased from 5.56 to 3.31; the Silness–Löe Plaque Index decreased from 1.45 to 1.15; the percentage of children brushing their teeth regularly increased from 33.0% to 55.3%; the percentage of parents assisting their child with tooth brushing increased from 19.2% to 85.1%; and regular visits to a children’s dentist increased from 36.4% to 85.1%. Moreover, the study revealed better parental attitudes toward their children’s oral health care, as reflected by a change in the total score of the PACOH scale from 112 to 122. Conclusions: It was concluded that changes in parental attitudes played a crucial role in driving positive trends in oral health-related behaviours, which likely contributed to the improvement of dental health in children. Therefore, understanding and influencing parental attitudes can be essential for promoting good oral health skills and good oral health in young children.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF METHODS FOR THE PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

The high prevalence and intensity of early childhood caries in Ukraine and in the world indicate insuffi cient attention of practical dentistry to the prevention of dental caries in young children. The development of adapted prevention programs considering the risk factors for the development of the disease remains relevant.Aim of the study. To compare the eff ectiveness of methods of pre- and postnatal prevention of early childhood dental caries based on correction of the microbial environment of the oral cavity and macro- and microelemental nutrition.Material and methods. The work was carried out within the framework of the research work of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the Bukovinian State Medical University «Development of methods of prevention and treatment of major dental diseases in children, taking into account the risk factors of their development» (DR # 0121U110122). The prenatal method of dental caries prevention was applied to a group of pregnant women (30 persons) whose average age was (25,17±1,05) years. It included the use of Elevit Pronatal and Iodomarin 200, one tablet daily, starting from the second trimester ofpregnancy, and a course of local probiotic therapy with BioGaya ProDentis chewable tablets, used for 20 days in the second trimester of pregnancy and 20 days before delivery. As a method of postnatal prevention of dental caries in children, a preventive complex was used, including the use of the probiotic BioGaya ProDentis and the vitamin and mineral complex Supervit. The course lasted three weeks twice a year. The preventive complex was applied to a group of children aged 2-3 years. The number of children in the control group was 30. The mean age of the group was (2.51±1.30) years. The eff ectiveness of preventive measures was evaluated by the prevalence and intensity of caries of primary teeth («kpv» and «kpppv»), the state of oral hygiene (M. E. Kuzmina index), the content of phosphate ions, inorganic and ionized calcium in the oral fluid of children, the content of mutans streptococci in the oral cavity and the concentration of sIgA in the oral fl uid of children. Statistical processing of the study results was performed using standard methods of variation. The study complied with all bioethical norms (conclusion of the Bioethics Commission of the Bukovinian State Medical University No. 4 dated 15.12.2022).Results of the study. The use of preventive complexes for early childhood caries, based on the supplementation of macro- and microelements and the infl uence on the microbial landscape of the oral cavity, are eff ective methods of prevention of caries of temporary teeth in children, which is confi rmed by a decrease in the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children in the dynamics of their observation. Prenatal measures are more eff ective in the prevention of early childhood caries in children, as they optimize the processes of primary mineralization of hard dental tissues and thus strengthen them, reducing the risk of dental caries. Postnatal use of the drugs has a slightly lower preventive eff ect on early childhood caries, while it has a positive eff ect on the processes of secondary mineralization of tooth enamel, as it was found that the level of phosphate ions in the oral fl uid of children under these conditions increased by 23.72 % (p&lt;0.05), and the level of total calcium decreased by 15.84 % and its free fraction by 25.86 % (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions. Our results suggest that both methods of prevention of early childhood caries are eff ective, but prenatal prophylaxis is clinically more eff ective with respect to the hard tissues of temporary teeth in children, due to its eff ect on the processes of primary mineralization of enamel. Postnatal prophylactic measures have a positive eff ect on the secondary mineralization of the hard tissues of temporary teeth and the primary mineralization of permanent teeth and will have a clinical result in the long term.

Comparison of iRoot BP Plus and mineral trioxide aggregate for pulpotomy in primary molars under general anesthesia: a 3-year retrospective study

Background Pulpotomy is a widely recommended treatment for deep caries and reversible pulpitis in primary teeth. However, there is a significant lack of large-scale clinical studies evaluating the long-term efficacy of pulpotomy in primary molars, especially in studies with follow-up periods extending beyond a two years. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and iRoot BP Plus for pulpotomy in primary molars performed under general anesthesia and to investigate factors influencing the success rate. Methods In this retrospective study, a total of 942 primary molars from 422 children who met the inclusion criteria underwent pulpotomy. Propensity score matching method (PSM) was used to match the MTA and iRoot BP Plus groups in a 1:1 ratio based on covariates. Efficacy was assessed using the Zurn &amp; Seale criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards model were performed to analyze the outcomes. Results PSM resulted in 266 pairs of matched teeth from 532 teeth of 291 children (mean age: 4.64 ± 1.07 years, ranging from 2 to 8 years). Long-term clinical and radiographic evaluations revealed higher success rates for iRoot BP Plus (24-month: 99.54%/97.25%; 36-month: 97.22%/95.83%) compared to MTA (24-month: 94.76%/95.29%; 36-month: 92.50%/91.25%). Survival analysis indicated a statistically significant difference between two groups (P = 0.0042). Age, gender, tooth position, and decayed tooth surface showed no significant impact on pulpotomy success, whereas the choice of pulp capping materials significantly influenced the outcome (HR [95% CI]=0.3745[0.1857-0.7552], P = 0.006). Conclusion Clinical and radiographic evaluations support the use of iRoot BP Plus for pulpotomy in primary molars.

The Diagnosis and Management of Infraoccluded Deciduous Molars: A Systematic Review

The infraocclusion (IO) of primary molars, often seen in retained deciduous teeth, is a common condition that presents significant challenges for pediatric oral health. It occurs when primary molars are positioned below the occlusal plane due to the absence of permanent successors, leading to complications such as misaligned teeth, impaired chewing, and long-term dental health issues. Objectives: This study examines IO prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted, searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for articles from the last 15 years. Nine articles were included for qualitative analysis. Results: IO was associated with several complications, including root resorption, altered eruption of adjacent teeth, and space loss within the dental arch. Clinical and radiographic evaluations are key to early detection. Severe cases often require invasive treatments, such as tooth extraction and space maintenance, while mild cases could be monitored. Conclusions: IO is prevalent in pediatric dentistry and can lead to significant dental issues if untreated. Early detection and intervention are crucial for preventing complications like tooth misalignment and impacted premolars. Tailored treatment strategies based on severity, along with increased awareness among dental practitioners, are essential to improve long-term outcomes for affected children.

Eruption Disturbance in Children Receiving Bisphosphonates: Two Case Reports

Background: Bisphosphonates used for the treatment of osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, or heterotopic calcifications can cause serious adverse dental events such as osteonecrosis of the maxillary and mandibular bones. However, the effects in childhood remain scarcely explored. Case Presentations: We encountered two children who had started bisphosphonate therapy before completion of the primary dentition. No systemic disease causing congenital delayed tooth eruption was diagnosed. Although the children’s height and weight increased with age, their tooth eruption was significantly delayed compared with the mean. The primary teeth gradually erupted in the follow-up period; however, some teeth did not completely erupt and needed to be extracted to allow for permanent tooth eruption. Conclusions: We report a case of children with early use of bisphosphonates and eruption disturbance, highlighting the need for further investigation into the relationship between these factors.

Traumatic Dental Injuries in Children and Adolescents from a Major Dental Clinic in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A 5-Year Retrospective Study

The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of dental trauma in a public dental clinic in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 2019 to 2024. Methods: This research was conducted as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The data were analysed and compared between injured primary and permanent maxillary and mandibular teeth. Results: The review of the dental records revealed 73 patients (49 boys and 24 girls) with TDIs, involving 55 primary and 64 permanent teeth. Most of the patients (27 patients, 36.98%) were aged 7–9 years. The main cause of TDI was falls in both dentitions (81.81% of injured primary teeth and 73.43% of injured permanent teeth). The time of arrival after a TDI for assistance in the dental clinic for most cases was after 24 h in both dentitions, 45.45% of injured primary teeth and 48.43% of permanent teeth. For both dentitions, enamel fractures were the most common injury of hard dental tissues and the pulp, and the necrosis of the maxillary central incisor was the most common complication. Conclusions: It is very important to improve trauma management and increase public knowledge on the way parents seek proper treatment for the TDIs of their children, and in due time.

Remineralizing Potential of Natural Hydroxyapatite from Snakehead (Channa striata) Fish Bone on Remineralization of Primary Teeth Enamel: An In Vitro Study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxyapatite from snakehead (Channa striata) fish bone on the surface hardness of the enamel of the primary teeth. Materials and Methods Twenty-six primary maxillary incisors were mounted on self-cured acrylic resin, divided into two groups, and demineralized. Remineralization was performed using hydroxyapatite paste synthesized from C. striata fish bone by the precipitation method. The case group was subjected to 15% hydroxyapatite paste and subsequently submerged in artificial saliva, while the control group was only exposed to artificial saliva. Enamel hardness was measured by the Vickers hardness tester after 7 days of treatment. The statistical analysis used in this research was an independent t-test. Results The case group had a surface hardness of 356.192 ± 25.218, and the control group had a surface hardness of 269.686 ± 22.931. Statistical tests showed a significant difference between the case and control groups. Conclusion Hydroxyapatite paste from snakehead (C. striata) fishbone stimulates remineralization of primary teeth, as evidenced by an increase in the enamel surface hardness of the teeth.

New insights into the upper and lower deciduous dentition of Pyrotherium from the late Oligocene of South America

New insights into the upper and lower deciduous dentition of Pyrotherium from the late Oligocene of South America

The critical intersection of mental health and oral health in severe mental disorders.

To highlight the critical need for integrated healthcare approaches for individuals with severe mental disorders and poor oral health. Review and discussion of factors contributing to elevated DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth) indices in individuals with severe mental disorders. Higher DMFT indices are reported in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder due to medication side effects, cognitive impairments, and socio-economic challenges. Emphasis on the necessity of combining mental and dental health services through regular dental check-ups, specialized education programs, and professional collaboration. Integrated healthcare strategies are essential to improve overall patient care and well-being for those with severe mental disorders.

Effectiveness of hand and rotary instrumentations during biomechanical preparation in primary teeth: an umbrella review with evidence stratification.

Biomechanical preparation (BMP) of primary teeth often involves using hand and rotary instruments. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of hand and rotary instruments during BMP in primary teeth. A thorough search for relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs) was conducted in four databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library. The primary outcome assessed was the instrumentation time (IT) for BMP, and the identified SRMAs were qualitatively analysed using the ROBIS tool. Furthermore, quantitative analysis, evidence stratification, and GRADE analysis of eligible SRMAs were performed using the browser-based R package metaumbrella software. Six SRMAs addressing the research question were included, with five being evaluated as having a high risk of bias (ROB). The findings indicated that the IT required for BMP in primary teeth was 3.2 min less (95% CI = 1.52 to 4.93; I2 = 96%; P = < 0.001) using rotary instruments compared to hand instruments, with a 'class IV' evidence stratification and 'very low' class of evidence. Based on the existing evidence, it can be inferred that there is insufficient quality data to recommend the use of rotary instruments over hand instruments in primary teeth.

Comparative analysis of rotary versus manual instrumentation in paediatric pulpectomy procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The use of rotary file in permanent teeth is well-documented, but there is limited scientific evidence for its effectiveness in primary teeth. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare rotary and manual tools in primary tooth pulpectomy procedures. Ten databases were searched from 2000 to 2024 to find relevant literature. The Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) tool assessed bias in randomised control trials. STATA software version 18 conducted the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used for instrumentation time and obturation quality evaluation while sensitivity analysis followed high heterogeneity detection. Twenty RCTs were included after screening 723 studies. Publication bias and heterogeneity were found for instrumentation time, leading to removal of nine studies. Significant difference in mean instrumentation time (1.42) was noted. Obturation quality assessment showed an odds ratio of 1.82. Use of rotary instrumentation yielded superior outcomes compared with manual instrumentation for pulpectomy for primary teeth.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta in a 6-year-old male neutered Labrador retriever: Case report with atypical clinical presentation and treatment review

This case report details the diagnosis and treatment of dentinogenesis imperfecta in a 6-year-old neutered male Labrador, presenting without concurrent osteogenesis imperfecta. Diagnostic modalities, including radiographs, CT imaging, and histopathological examination, are reviewed in conjunction with the latest literature on canine dentinogenesis imperfecta. This patient presented at a more advanced age than typically reported cases. The clinical history, as provided by referring veterinarians, documented fractured deciduous teeth with delayed exfoliation. By 10 months of age, the patient’s permanent dentition exhibited a translucent appearance and structural anomalies. Upon presentation to Eastcott Referrals the patient was experiencing significant oral pain and exhibited generalised coronal wear with yellow/brown intrinsic discolouration. CT imaging revealed that all teeth had endodontic disease and associated apical periodontitis, with varied root canal widths indicating that teeth succumbed to endodontic disease at different time points. The treatment protocol involved staged full-mouth extractions, resulting in the complete resolution of clinical symptoms. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in managing dentinogenesis imperfecta in dogs.

Adhesive restorations in primary dentition: A retrospective analysis of survival rate and associated factors.

Several clinical and individual factors may play a role in the survival rate of dental restorations, such as characteristics related to the child's age and oral hygiene, and factors associated with the tooth, such as the type of material and number of surfaces to be restored. To analyse the survival rate of adhesive restorations on primary teeth and factors associated with restoration survival. The study included dental records of children aged 3-12 years having received adhesive restorations on primary teeth at a Brazilian dental school between 2009 and 2019. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to plot survival rates using the log-rank test. A multivariate Cox regression model was run to identify individual and dental factors associated with restoration failure. The sample comprised 269 restored teeth in 111 children. Survival curves were similar for all materials (p = .20) and types of isolation (p = .05). The annual failure rate was 3.60% for glass ionomer cement, 1.23% for resin-modified glass ionomer cement and 0.40% for composite resin. The following variables were associated with more failures: Class II restoration compared with Class I (HR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.28-2.99, p < .001), proportion of decayed teeth (HR = 11.89; 95%CI: 2.80-50.57, p < .001) and child's age (HR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.06-1.29, p < .001). The different materials and types of isolation had similar survival rates. Children with more decayed teeth have an increased risk of restoration failure.

Glass Ionomer Modified with Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals. An In Vitro Analysis Assessing Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage Scores in Deciduous Dentition

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) incorporated into conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) when bonded to deciduous dentin. Sixty primary first and second molars with class I cavitated dentinal lesions were preserved and randomly allocated into two groups based on the technique used for caries removal. Group 1 utilized the conventional approach for caries removal, while Group 2 used Carie Care™ for caries removal. Each of these groups was further divided into two subgroups based on the type of restoration received. Microleakage and failure mode assessments were performed using a stereomicroscope, while SBS testing was conducted using a universal testing machine. The SBS and microleakage scores were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test with a significance level of p=0.05. Specimens from Group 1A (conventional approach+CGIC) presented the highest scores of marginal leakage, while Group 1B (conventional approach+BCNCs-modified CGIC) demonstrated the lowest values of microleakage. Additionally, samples from Group 2B (Carie Care™+BCNCs-modified CGIC) revealed the highest bond integrity scores. The incorporation of BCNCs into CGIC had a positive impact on both shear bond strength and marginal leakage when bonded to the dentin substrate. This modification improved the performance of the glass ionomer cement, enhancing its applicability in dental restorations.

Relationship Between Early Childhood Caries And Iron Levels In Children: A Systematic Review

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most common diseases in early years of life. It is considered a serious public health problem. Though preventable, globally over 530 million children have decay in their primary teeth, and the condition is highly prevalent in both developed and developing countries. It has also been reported to have a close relationship with other systemic deficiencies. Materials and Methods: A systematic review on ECC and iron deficiency was done based on published articles in PubMed and Google scholar databases. The search profiles included ECC/risk factor, ECC/anemia, ECC/ferritin, and ECC/iron. Inclusion criteria comprised of all studies that focused on ECC and iron. Results: A significant relationship was observed between iron deficiency (ID) and occurrence of ECC. Several theories have been laid down in this regard. Our listed studies states that children with ECC appear to be at greater odds of having low iron and haemoglobin levels depicting iron deficiency anemia as compared to the control groups. Conclusions: Based on our findings, it is concluded that the incidence of ECC in young children appears to be associated with iron deficiency even in its mildest form. It is one of the risk factors for ID in children. More research needs to be done to examine lifestyle and socioeconomic risk factors that are associated with malnourishment.

Improving Quality Of Life Through Prosthodontic Intervention In Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Case Report

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare inherited disorder that affects ectodermal tissues such as hair, nails, teeth, and skin. Dental symptoms often include missing (anodontia) or reduced (hypodontia) primary and permanent teeth, conical teeth, and underdeveloped alveolar ridges. These orofacial issues frequently lead to psychosocial challenges, making the restoration of appearance and function particularly demanding. Hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ED and hidrotic ED are the two most common syndromes in this group. The most prevalent form of ectodermal dysplasia is hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), which occurs in approximately one in every 100,000 infants. The primary symptoms of HED include hypohidrosis (reduced ability to sweat), hypotrichosis (sparse hair), and partial anodontia (missing teeth). Common facial features of ED include frontal bossing, sunken cheeks, saddle nose, thick everted lips. Treatment options for ED include removable, fixed, or implant-supported prostheses, either alone or in combination. This report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with ED, focusing on improving both function and aesthetics