Baby Monitoring Research Articles

Baby Monitoring for SIDS Prevention IoT

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome also known as SIDS, is the leading cause of mortality in infants from a month to a year of age. Today's lifestyle is fast-paced. Most of the working parents find a bit of difficulty to manage their work along with their child. So, they leave their baby to the grand-parents of the child. Due to SIDS, the infants have abnormal breathing, body temperature and digestion. In recent years, they use an 'Eulerian magnification' technique to detect the motion of the child. In that, they use a light camera to detect the action of the child and generate an alarm in the cradle. So, we proposed a method to detect the action of the child. We use a motion sensor to detect the motion of the child. During infant's sleep their chest movement due to respiration is detected. When the SIDS occurs, infants would stop breathing. So, the sensor doesn't detect any motion. It immediately sends an SMS to the working parents and generates an alarm in the cradle. Along with this, it also determines the availability of doctor in the nearby hospital or their family child specialist and sends the availability message to their parents and guardians mobile by using cloud algorithm. By this we can reduce the mortality of the child due to SIDS.

Multi-Modal, Remote Breathing Monitor.

Monitoring breathing is important for a plethora of applications including, but not limited to, baby monitoring, sleep monitoring, and elderly care. This paper presents a way to fuse both vision-based and RF-based modalities for the task of estimating the breathing rate of a human. The modalities used are the F200 Intel® RealSenseTM RGB and depth (RGBD) sensor, and an ultra-wideband (UWB) radar. RGB image-based features and their corresponding image coordinates are detected on the human body and are tracked using the famous optical flow algorithm of Lucas and Kanade. The depth at these coordinates is also tracked. The synced-radar received signal is processed to extract the breathing pattern. All of these signals are then passed to a harmonic signal detector which is based on a generalized likelihood ratio test. Finally, a spectral estimation algorithm based on the reformed Pisarenko algorithm tracks the breathing fundamental frequencies in real-time, which are then fused into a one optimal breathing rate in a maximum likelihood fashion. We tested this multimodal set-up on 14 human subjects and we report a maximum error of BPM compared to the true breathing rate.

A Low-Cost Intelligent Hardware System for Real-Time Infant Cry Detection and Classification

Cry of an infant serves as the main communication language to seek the attention of their caretakers. Acoustic characteristics of cries provide insights into the physiological and psychological states of the infants. To understand the reason behind the cries, caretakers pay attention to acoustic characteristics like tone, pitch, and loudness, etc. Infant cry classification has gained importance in both commercial and medical fields due to its applications such as baby monitoring and non-invasive diagnosis of health conditions of newborns in early stages. This paper discusses the implementation of a lowcost hardware device for real-time cry classification. Further, this presents the use of time and frequency domain features to detect cry words and identify the reasons. The proposed solution covers the use of classification techniques like artificial neural networks and k nearest neighbors to gain accuracy figures over 90% and 70% for cry detection and classification respectively while maintaining the resource utilization at a minimum level to keep hardware solution simple and low cost.

A Low-Cost Intelligent Hardware System for Real-Time Infant Cry Detection and Classification

Cry of an infant serves as the main communication language to seek the attention of their caretakers. Acoustic characteristics of cries provide insights into the physiological and psychological states of the infants. To understand the reason behind the cries, caretakers pay attention to acoustic characteristics like tone, pitch, and loudness, etc. Infant cry classification has gained importance in both commercial and medical fields due to its applications such as baby monitoring and non-invasive diagnosis of health conditions of newborns in early stages. This paper discusses the implementation of a lowcost hardware device for real-time cry classification. Further, this presents the use of time and frequency domain features to detect cry words and identify the reasons. The proposed solution covers the use of classification techniques like artificial neural networks and k nearest neighbors to gain accuracy figures over 90% and 70% for cry detection and classification respectively while maintaining the resource utilization at a minimum level to keep hardware solution simple and low cost.

Sensor Based Automatic Neonate Respiration Monitoring System

This research work aims to create awareness and monitor the breath rate of a neonate using the air flow sensors and to reduce the number of infants’ death. It is designed based on the Arduino which is open-source electronics platform for hardware and software use. This prototype is developed for reliable and efficient baby monitoring system and play as infant care and monitoring system.A cardio respiratory system is used to monitor the infant’s heart rate, rhythm, breathing rate and other relevant and useful medical information using Electro Cardio Graph (ECG) and other IoT (Internet of Things) devices.This research work proved that the respiration monitoring system for infants can be implemented at low cost and also can prevent the respiration failure deaths.

Baby Monitoring System using Image Processing and IoT

Non-contact-based baby monitoring system using image processing is proposed in this paper which is used for proper safety and monitoring the activity of baby by their busy parents. The system detects the motion, crying and present position of the baby. If any abnormal action is detected, then the system sends a message in the form of text and images of baby to the particular user through email. Raspberry Pi B+ module is used to process the videos taken by pi camera, MIC is used for crying detection and image processing is used for detection of real-time motion of babies and boundary condition of the bed. The system required to first install OS Raspbian, and all the other packages like OpenCV, Numpy and Virtual environment. Face detection algorithm is trained using Haar classifier for positive face images and negative nonface images. This system will help in decreasing the chances of the baby’s falling from the bed. Also, this system can be used in hospitals while baby is sleeping where the stress among the nurses will be reduced.

Distributed denial of service attacks and its defenses in IoT: a survey

A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is an attempt to partially or completely shut down the targeted server with a flood of internet traffic. The primary aim of this attack is to disrupt regular traffic flow to the victim’s server or network. DDoS attacks are volumetric attacks, and non-legacy IoT devices with low security such as webcams, baby monitoring devices and printers are compromised to form a botnet. High traffic from compromised IoT devices is rerouted to servers to disrupt their regular services. DDoS attacks are to an extent covered in the research literature. However, existing research do not discuss all DDoS attacks on general servers and botnet attacks on IoT devices and suggest few detection and mitigation solutions which are limited to addressing attacks on the cloud environment. Existing survey focuses either on the cloud layer or the IoT layer. A complete survey of DDoS attacks for both IoT and the cloud environment is not present in the current literature. Our survey is a comprehensive approach which includes general DDoS attack motivations and specific reasons why attackers prefer IoT devices to launch DDoS attacks. Various attack methods to compromise IoT devices and tools used to deploy botnet-infected IoT devices for DDoS attacks on the cloud layer are presented. A detailed attack classification on IoT devices and the cloud environment is presented considering that IoT devices are first compromised and then used by attackers against their primary targets on the cloud layer. Various state-of-the-art defense measures in the current literature for defense against DDoS attacks are present. Suggestions to implement an essential first line of defense for IoT devices are suggested. Our paper, to the best of our knowledge, is first to provide a holistic study of DDoS attacks from IoT devices to the cloud environment.

Remote sensing of vital signs using an ultra-wide-band radar

ABSTRACT Remote vital signs monitoring and tracking are of great importance for various applications including but not limited to baby monitoring, elderly care, human activity behind barriers, bio-medical and more. This paper deals with the extraction of micro-Doppler (uDoppler) signatures of a person’s respiration and heart-beat using a single transmitter (TX), single receiver (RX) Ultra Wide Band (UWB) impulse radar. The received spectrum contains the respiration and heart fundamental beat frequencies and their corresponding integer multiplicity harmonies as well as their mutual inter-modulations that appears due to the micro-Doppler frequency-modulation of the sinusoidal nature of the moving torso and heart, a fact that poses a difficulty in extracting the correct heart-beat fundamental harmony. Moreover, the commonly used Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is insufficient for differentiating close proximity spectral components, thus, an adaptive, real-time, novel, spectral estimation algorithm is proposed and experimental results are given.

Intelligent Baby Behavior Monitoring using Embedded Vision in IoT for Smart Healthcare Centers

Mainstream Internet of Things (IoT) techniques for smart homes focus on appliances and surveillance in smart cities. Most of the researchers utilize vision sensors in IoT environment targeting only adult users for various applications such as abnormal activity recognition. This paper introduces a new paradigm in vision sensor IoT technologies by analyzing the behavior of baby through an intelligent multimodal system. Traditional wearable sensors such as heartbeat if attached to any body part of the baby make him uncomfortable and also some babies are paranoid toward sensors. Our vision based baby monitoring framework employs one of the process improvement techniques known as control charts to analyze the baby behavior. We construct control chart in a specific interval for real-time frames generated by Raspberry Pi (RPi) with attached vision sensor. Baby motion is represented through points on control chart, if it exceeds upper control limit (UCL) or falls from lower control limits (LCL), it indicates abnormal behavior of the baby. Whenever such a behavior is encountered, a signal is transmitted to the interconnected devices in IoT as an alert to baby care takers in smart health care centers. Our proposed framework is adaptable, a single RPi can be used to monitor a baby in home or a network of RPi’s for an IoT in a children nursery for multiple babies monitoring. Performance evaluation on our own created dataset indicates the better accuracy and efficiency of our proposed framework.

IoT-BBMS: Internet of Things-Based Baby Monitoring System for Smart Cradle

The current number of working mothers has greatly increased. Subsequently, baby care has become a daily challenge for many families. Thus, most parents send their babies to their grandparents' house or to baby care houses. However, the parents cannot continuously monitor their babies' conditions either in normal or abnormal situations. Therefore, an Internet of Things-based Baby Monitoring System (IoT-BBMS) is proposed as an efficient and low-cost IoT-based system for monitoring in real time. We also proposed a new algorithm for our system that plays a key role in providing better baby care while parents are away. In the designed system, Node Micro-Controller Unit (NodeMCU) Controller Board is exploited to gather the data read by the sensors and uploaded via Wi-Fi to the AdaFruit MQTT server. The proposed system exploits sensors to monitor the baby's vital parameters, such as ambient temperature, moisture, and crying. A prototype of the proposed baby cradle has been designed using Nx Siemens software, and a red meranti wood is used as the material for the cradle. The system architecture consists of a baby cradle that will automatically swing using a motor when the baby cries. Parents can also monitor their babies' condition through an external web camera and switch on the lullaby toy located on the baby cradle remotely via the MQTT server to entertain the baby. The proposed system prototype is fabricated and tested to prove its effectiveness in terms of cost and simplicity and to ensure safe operation to enable the baby-parenting anywhere and anytime through the network. Finally, the baby monitoring system is proven to work effectively in monitoring the baby's situation and surrounding conditions according to the prototype.

User Presence Inference via Encrypted Traffic of Wireless Camera in Smart Homes

Wireless cameras are widely deployed in smart homes for security guarding, baby monitoring, fall detection, and so on. Those security cameras, which are supposed to protect users, however, may in turn leak a user’s personal privacy. In this paper, we reveal that attackers are able to infer whether users are at home or not, that is, the user presence, by eavesdropping the traffic of wireless cameras from distance. We propose HomeSpy, a system that infers user presence by inspecting the intrinsic pattern of the wireless camera traffic. To infer the user presence, HomeSpy first eavesdrops the wireless traffic around the target house and detects the existence of wireless cameras with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. Then, HomeSpy infers the user presence using the bitrate variation of the wireless camera traffic based on a cumulative sum control chart (CUSUM) algorithm. We implement HomeSpy on the Android platform and validate it on 20 cameras. The evaluation results show that HomeSpy can achieve a successful attack rate of 97.2%.

Monitoring well-baby visits in primary health care facilities in a middle income country.

Background. Globally, child health services are a priority, but are most acutely felt in underdeveloped and developing countries. Most of the children who live in such countries die from a disease or combination of diseases that could easily have been prevented through immunisations, or treated at a primary healthcare level. Undernutrition contributes to over a third of these deaths. Preventive measures are important to proactively prevent such disease and mortality burdens. Well-baby visits are for babies who come to the clinic for preventive and promotive health, and who are not sick. One of the goals in the National Core Standards is to reduce waiting time in health establishments. However, it is imperative that all necessary assessments are conducted during a well-baby visit. The Road to Health booklet (RtHB) contains the baby’s health record, and is issued to all caregivers, usually on discharge post-delivery. It also contains lists of appropriate assessments that should be performed during each well-baby visit according to age, including immunisations and health promotion messages for caregivers. In South Africa, infant morbidity and mortality rates are decreasing very slowly, requiring effective use of the RtHB to address important applied and research problems. Objective. To investigate how ‘well babies’ were monitored in primary healthcare facilities. Methods. A descriptive quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used for retrospective review of 300 babies’ RtHBs, using a checklist developed directly from the assessment page of this booklet. The clinical microsystem model was used to guide the study. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.0. Results. Babies were shown to have been immunised in 100% of records, while discussion of side-effects and the management thereof were only recorded in 9.7% ( n =20) charts. Records indicated that 98.7% ( n =296) of babies were weighed, but only 71% ( n =213) of weights were ‘plotted’ and 56.3% ( n =169) classified according to the integrated management of childhood illnesses norms. Conclusion. Based on the findings, this research was able to make a contribution to the body of knowledge about baby monitoring practices in primary healthcare settings.

A Study on Light Weight Cryptography Algorithms for Data Security in IOT

IOT - things like the smart devices and sensors that connects and communicates through Internet. IOT applications like smart home, smart vehicles, smart retail, which makes the mankind’s life easier. There is a prediction that we will be having million of devices connects to the Internet. Since the sensitive devices like baby monitoring devices, health monitoring devices are the part of interconnected world there is the necessity to address the consequence of the security aspects of the IOT. The built-in nature of the IOT is to trace user’s identity easily, so the security and privacy concerns like stealing the data, disruption of operations and even the loss of life are becoming critical issues in today’s IOT applications. Due to the resource constrained environment in IOT the conventional algorithms is not enough to ensure the data security. So we need a less computational cost in terms of power consumption and memory management and more efficient cryptography algorithms which are discussed in this paper.

Development of RTOs Based Internet Connected Baby Monitoring System

This paper focused a web connected baby monitoring that streams live camera videos and very important data concerning the encircling setting and creates it out there on the online. this helps the parents to watch the baby from anyplace at any time, whether or not within the next area or off from home. The device is often unbroken physically at a secure distance off from the baby. All the parents must to do is to own a connected device like a Smartphone or a computer with a web browser. There's no must to install and maintain a separate mobile app. the device acts as an online server associated connects to the net over a local area network affiliation. The microcontroller runs on high of associate RTOS to attain this.

A simple, remote, video based breathing monitor.

Breathing monitors have become the all-important cornerstone of a wide variety of commercial and personal safety applications, ranging from elderly care to baby monitoring. Many such monitors exist in the market, some, with vital signs monitoring capabilities, but none remote. This paper presents a simple, yet efficient, real time method of extracting the subject's breathing sinus rhythm. Points of interest are detected on the subject's body, and the corresponding optical flow is estimated and tracked using the well known Lucas-Kanade algorithm on a frame by frame basis. A generalized likelihood ratio test is then utilized on each of the many interest points to detect which is moving in harmonic fashion. Finally, a spectral estimation algorithm based on Pisarenko harmonic decomposition tracks the harmonic frequency in real time, and a fusion maximum likelihood algorithm optimally estimates the breathing rate using all points considered. The results show a maximal error of 1 BPM between the true breathing rate and the algorithm's calculated rate, based on experiments on two babies and three adults.

Development and Research Implementation of Remote Object Monitoring Through Video Streaming Based on Android Mobile

Android is a bright young, vibrant, completely open source mobile platform packing warm chirpy waves in the world all around. Android is the first open source software toolkit for mobile environment. Economic Techno Commercial incentives through Market Android has been kindling a tremendous stimulations to technical developers worldwide and has promoted Techno Entrepreneurial influence to Developers as a social boon of Google Android to the Society & Fraternity. This research paper explores the concept of video streaming by implementing Android Applications and uploading the Apps on Android Market. Application for online stored video streaming has been developed. Along with Object Monitoring with Webcam fitted in Laptop and USB based Web Camera works fine with VLC Media Player for capturing Live Video uploading on Media Server which can watched on Android Mobile by authenticating the application. The same concept has been implemented on Android Mobile by capturing video with Mobile Camera uploading the MJPG video on IP network which can be observed on VLC or any supported browser. The system implemented can be used as video surveillance and monitoring application to monitor objects in remote locations and makes use of the camera on the Mobile or Laptop device to capture real time video image from remote stations which is then streamed over the WiFi network so that the video can be viewed on VLC media player as well as browser applications. Android based Webserver application is customized to work as Media Server for this research paper. Finally the Processor Performance Analysis is done to compare the two Video Streaming application for the performance of Processor while each of them is running on Android Mobile The project finds application in Healthcare monitoring, Employee surveillance, Patient monitoring, Baby monitoring, Pets and Remote Location monitoring. It can be implemented for automatic surveillance of Students of Examination centers by Controller of Examination and several other remote video surveillance applications. The applications covered in the research papers has been successfully accepted and uploaded in Android Market by Google.

Baby Cry Detection in Domestic Environment Using Deep Learning

Automatic detection of a baby cry in audio signals is an essential step in applications such as remote baby monitoring. It is also important for researchers, who study the relation between baby cry patterns and various health or developmental parameters. In this paper, we propose two machine-learning algorithms for automatic detection of baby cry in audio recordings. The first algorithm is a low-complexity logistic regression classifier, used as a reference. To train this classifier, we extract features such as Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients, pitch and formants from the recordings. The second algorithm uses a dedicated convolutional neural network (CNN), operating on log Mel-filter bank representation of the recordings. Performance evaluation of the algorithms is carried out using an annotated database containing recordings of babies (0-6 months old) in domestic environments. In addition to baby cry, these recordings contain various types of domestic sounds, such as parents talking and door opening. The CNN classifier is shown to yield considerably better results compared to the logistic regression classifier, demonstrating the power of deep learning when applied to audio processing.

Wearable sensors bring new benefits to continuous medical monitoring, real time physical activity assessment, baby monitoring and industrial applications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the recent advancements in the development of wearable sensors which can continuously monitor critical medical, assess athletic activity, watch babies and serve industrial applications. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an in-depth review of a number of developments in wearable sensing and monitoring technologies for medical, athletic and industrial applications. Researchers and companies around the world were contacted to discuss their direction and progress in this field of medical condition and industrial monitoring, as well as discussions with medical personnel on the perceived benefits of such technology. Findings – Dramatic progress is being made in continuous monitoring of many important body functions that indicate critical medical conditions that can be life-threatening, contribute to blindness or access activity. In the industrial arena, wearable devices bring remote monitoring to a new level. Practical implications – Doctors will be able to replace one-off tests with continuous monitoring that provides a much better continuous real-time “view” into the patient’s conditions. Wearable monitors will help provide much better medical care in the future. Industrial managers and others will be able to monitor and supervise remotely. Originality/value – An expert insight into advancements in medical condition monitoring that replaces the one-time “finger prick” type testing only performed in the doctor’s office. It is also a look at how wearable monitoring is greatly improved and serving athletics, the industry and parents.

Implementing Monitoring Systems in Mobile Applications – a Case Study

During the last years, the evolution of mobile applications allowed the developers to become more and more creative. In this way, we can imagine many applications models with a real impact in the real life. In this article we are trying to present a case study for a monitoring system using the Android platform and the benefits of computer networks. We use the power of mobile sockets and mobile threads, integrating them in a complex architecture in order to obtain a real monitoring system. As an immediate application, we propose a baby monitoring systems so that the children could be remotely supervised by their parents. The case study is based on an Android mobile client-server architecture and also uses the capabilities offered by the phone's speaker and microphone. We intend to have a robust application and that's why we initially preferred Network Service Discovery and Android P2P, but these functionalities are implemented starting with Android 4.1. So, we emulated all these functionalities by using a model based on sockets and server sockets.Keywords: Mobile Monitoring Systems, Android Implementation, Mobile Sockets, Mobile Architectures(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1IntroductionIn this article we present a case study of a mobile monitoring application made on Android platform. Our goal is to implement an application which can be used by parents in order to supervise their children; this vision could be used to also improve the proposals about the intelligent tutoring systems described by [1] or to implement innovative systems described by [2]. We propose the following scenario: the baby is in a room and the parent is in other room; in both rooms they have smart-phones with our application. Without using the GSM provider, the parent can hear the activity of the baby. Eventually, if the baby cries, the system will warn the parent about the situation.The application is designed to run in some conditions and rules:* the application does not use the GSM capabilities and it can also run on a tablet;* the minimum required platform is Android 2.0;* the application uses only a Wi-Fi connection and doesn't need any external remote server;* the application uses the speakers and the microphones of the involved smartphones.Initially, we intended to use Network Service Discovery [3] and Android P2P, but these functionalities are implemented starting with Android 4.1. For these reasons, we preferred to emulate these capabilities by using the socket's technology. As a conclusion, the only restrictions are the following: smart-phones with a Wi-Fi connection, speaker and microphone. As we know, these resources are already available on almost all the smartphones, so the proposed application could be installed on a significant number of mobile devices. Although the new HTML5 standard could represent a solid enterprise mobile computing foundation and a feasible path towards the proliferation of the applications as described in [4], we consider that it is extremely important that an application could be used by a large number of clients with normal smart-phones. We are also conscious that, according to [5], Mobile Application Development is a popular topic these days, when tons of mobile apps are released and available tools and resources are expanding.Nowadays, the wireless networks have many sensors and protocols used to capture and transmit data [6], but one of the oldest methods of network communication provided by Java is by using Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) sockets. For this, we use two classes: Socket and Server Socket, the latter being the one to trace the connections that are made. For the audio streaming, it is used the device's microphone which is operated by Android through the objects of type Audio Recorder. The information received by the microphone is encoded (using Audio Format class) through predefined constants (ENCODING PCM16BIT) and it is allocated abroadcast channel (in our case CHANNELINMONO). …

Determinants of using pacifier and bottle feeding.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with the use of pacifiers and/or bottle feeding in infants aged under one year.METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with 34,366 children and using data from the database of the 2nd Nationwide Survey of Breastfeeding Prevalence performed in the Brazilian capitals and Federal District in 2008. Cluster sampling was used. The questionnaire included questions about the use of artificial nipples in the last 24 hours. The analysis considered three outcomes: exclusive use of pacifier, exclusive use of bottle feeding, and use of artificial nipples (pacifier and bottle feeding). Prevalence ratios were obtained using Poisson regression with robust variance following a hierarchical model.RESULTS The following factors were associated with exclusive use of the pacifier: mother working outside the home, primiparity, child was not breastfed within the first hour, and child had consumed tea on the first day at home. The following factors were associated with exclusive use of bottle feeding: mother working outside the home, primiparity, low birth weight, child not breastfed within the first hour, and child had consumed milk formula and tea on the first day at home. The following factors were associated with use of artificial nipples (pacifier and bottle feeding): mother working outside the home, primiparity, cesarean delivery, the male gender, low birth weight, born in a hospital not accredited as “baby friendly”, required health baby monitoring in the Primary Health Care Unit (PR = 0.91), and child had consumed milk formula, water, or tea on the first day at home.CONCLUSIONS This study identified profiles of exclusive users of pacifiers, bottle feeding, and both. The provided information can guide preventive practices for child health.