Baby Lima Bean Research Articles

Machine Harvesting of Lima Beans for Processing

ABSTRACT Pod stripper combines are the predominant method of harvesting lima beans for processing in the Mid-Atlantic region. Losses during harvest represent a significant economic loss to growers and processors. Eighty-four field tests in 1994 and 1995 showed that total crop loss during harvest averaged more than 540 kg/ha (475 lbs/acre) or 23.6% of the commercial yield. Results for four baby lima bean varieties and combines from five different manufacturers indicate the major field loss occurs at the header of the combine where the pods are stripped from the plant. Threshing and cleaning losses on the combine averaged less than 25% of the total crop loss. The cultivar ‘Maffei 15’ exhibited significantly higher header loss than the variety ‘8–78.’ There were no significant differences in loss between any of the combines evaluated. The predominant losses occurring at the combine header were loose pods and pods left on the plant. Trash content in the harvested beans averaged 13% by weight. Field levelness ...

PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND FLOWERING PHENOLOGY OF LIMA BEANS GROWN AT HIGH TEMPERATURES IN THE GREENHOUSE

Lima bean yields are lower in Delaware than in other lima-bean-producing states. One of the factors that contributes to the low production is the high temperatures that occur during production. Six commercial varieties of lima beans, both fordhook and baby lima bean types, were grown in a glass greenhouse at either 25C or 35C daytime temperatures to screen for heat tolerance. Plants grown at high temperature were typically shorter and more bushy than plants grown at 25C. Few, if any, buds, flowers, or early pods remained on plants at harvest if the plants were grown at 25C, while plants grown at 35C were still producing buds and flowers. Lima bean yields were generally reduced at 35C. The magnitude of the effect on yield ranged from `F1072', which had a 100-fold decrease in yield, to `Early Thorogreen', which demonstrated a slight increase in yield in response to increased temperatures.

Fate of Cyanogenic Compounds in Beans during the Manufacturing Process of Bean Paste

The fate of cyanogenic compounds in butter beans and baby lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) during the manufacturing process of bean paste on a laboratory scale was investigated. Linamarin, the main cyanogenic glycoside in the beans, was analyzed by FID-GC after trimethylsilylation and free cyanide was analyzed by ECD-GC using the head-space method.The changes of linamarin and free cyanide contents showed similar decreasing tendencies in both beans though there was a six-fold difference of cyanogen content between butter beans and baby lima beans. Linamarin and free cyanide decreased greatly during the soaking and refining processes, but they decreased little during the boiling process. The percentage of residual cyanogen in the final bean paste was 0.3% in both kinds of beans. Linamarin was the main cyanogenic component in the original beans and at each step.

Crystalline Nature of Acid Extracted Proteins From Phaseolus Beans

The microscopic structures of proteins, extracted at room temperature from Phaseolus beans with eighteen organic acid solutions and precipitated by refrigeration at 5°C for 18h, were investigated. Bipyramidal crystals were obtained with each of seventeen organic solutions used to extract large lima beansand baby lima beans (P. lunatus). At least five sizes of bipyramidal crystals were obtained. The length of carbon chain, number of carboxylic acid groups, number of hydroxy groups and the presence orabsence of carbon-carbon double bonds in the organic acids had little effect on the formation of bipyramidal crystals or the size of the bipyramidal crystals obtained. White kidney beans (P. vulgaris) extracted with citric acid solutions resulted in the formation of bipyramidal crystals depending on the protein concentration of the extracts. The crystalline isolates were glycoproteins with man nose as the principal sugar. The man nose contents of the crystalline isolates were considerably greater than the man nose contents of amorphous isolates.

A Consistent Method for Producing Gram Quantities of TypicalBipolaris ZeicolaandB. MaydisConidia

A consistent method was developed to economically produce gram quantities of typical Bipolaris zeicola and B. maydis conidia that are viable, uniform, morphologically normal, and free from other fungi and bacteria. Such conidia were produced on a lima bean agar (LBA) consisting of 20 g/liter finely ground dry baby lima bean seed and 7.5 g/liter USP crude agar. Plates of LBA were inoculated with conidia, incubated at 25 C in the dark or under fluorescent light (continuous 100-200 lux) for 14 days, and dried at 32-35 C to a thin film. Conidia were aseptically vacuumed at 200 mm Hg from the dried medium with a cyclone spore collector. We obtained 25 g of phragmoconidia of each species from 300 LBA petri dish cultures (-82 mg conidia/plate culture). Cultures on the LBA medium produced four to six times more conidia than on potato dextrose agar medium and at the lowest practical cost of any of several substrates tried.

A Consistent Method for Producing Gram Quantities of Typical Bipolaris zeicola and B. maydis Conidia

A consistent method was developed to economically produce gram quantities of typical Bipolaris zeicola and B. maydis conidia that are viable, uniform, morphologically normal, and free from other fungi and bacteria. Such conidia were produced on a lima bean agar (LBA) consisting of 20 g/liter finely ground dry baby lima bean seed and 7.5 g/liter USP crude agar. Plates of LBA were inoculated with conidia, incubated at 25 C in the dark or under fluorescent light (continuous 100–200 lux) for 14 days, and dried at 32–35 C to a thin film. Conidia were aseptically vacuumed at 200 mm Hg from the dried medium with a cyclone spore collector. We obtained 25 g of phragmoconidia of each species from 300 LBA petri dish cultures (~82 mg conidia/plate culture). Cultures on the LBA medium produced four to six times more conidia than on potato dextrose agar medium and at the lowest practical cost of any of several substrates tried.

Constitution of leguminous seeds. Polyacrylamide‐disc gel electrophoresis of acid soluble and acid precipitated proteins prepared from baby lima beans

AbstractAcid soluble proteins (bipyramidal crystalline, 76.9% protein, 15% carbohydrate) prepared by citric acid extraction and acid precipitated proteins (amorphous, 64.2% protein, 11.3% carbohydrate) prepared by alkali extraction from baby lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) were found to behave in a similar manner under alkaline conditions (pH 8.9) of electrophoresis (absence of urea). Striking differences were observed in the behaviour of the two types of protein preparations when electrophoresis was performed under acidic conditions (pH 4.5; absence and presence of urea and a mixture of urea and 2‐mercaptoethanol) and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate.

Constitution of leguminous seeds. Scanning electron microscopy of proteins prepared from Phaseolus beans

AbstractProteins were isolated from citric acid and sodium hydroxide extracts of navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and baby lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus). Examination of the proteins under the scanning electron microscope revealed that several types of particulate micro‐structures were present in the proteins obtained by citric acid extraction of the beans followed by precipitation by cooling. Examination of the proteins obtained by extraction with sodium hydroxide solution and isoelectric precipitation revealed the presence of only one type of non‐particulate micro‐structure.

Constitution of leguminous seeds. The effect of some physico‐chemical factors on the yield of proteins isolated from Phaseolus beans

AbstractThe yields of acid‐soluble proteins isolated from white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), navy beans (P. vulgaris) and baby lima beans (P. lunatus) were determined under different conditions of extraction. Highest yields of protein material were obtained when malic acid solutions [0.4M (pH 3.5) white kidney bean and navy bean; 0.05M (pH 3.5) baby lima bean] were used and under the following conditions: shaking time 20‐30 min; extraction temperature 40‐45°C; particle size 0.50‐1.00 mm.

Constitution of leguminous seeds: The microscopic structure of proteins isolated from Phaseolus beans

AbstractProteins were isolated from citric acid and sodium hydroxide extracts of Phaseolus beans. Examination of the proteins under the light microscope revealed that they had different micro‐structures. Bipyramidal crystalline and spheroidal protein were obtained from the citric acid extracts of the white kidney bean, the navy bean and the baby lima bean. Cubical crystalline, rosette‐type and needle‐like structures were isolated from the navy bean under certain conditions. Analysis of the proteins revealed the presence of phytic acid and carbohydrate material. There was some indication that neither of these two materials affect the microscopic structure of the proteins.

Occurrence of Vicine and Convicine in Seeds of Some Vicia Species and Other Pulses

The occurrence and distribution of vicine and convicine in a number of pulse crops and beet root were studied using gas-liquid chromatography. The presence of the glycosides in the samples was confirmed by retention time studies or co-chromatography on different liquid phases, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and enzyme hydrolyzate studies. Fababean, broad bean, common vetch and Vicia narbonensis contained 0.72, 0.71, 0.75 and 0.06% vicine and 0.27, 0.19, 0.08 and 0.01% convicine, respectively. Examination of fababean starch and protein fractions revealed that the glycosides were concentrated in the protein fraction. Neither vicine nor convicine were found in chickpea, soybean, lentil, baby lima bean, blue lupine, sweet white lupine, mung bean, field pea, navy bean, kidney bean, grass pea, pinto bean, cowpea and Great Northern bean or in beet root.

Evaluation of Quality Measurement Techniques for Raw Baby Lima Beans1

Abstract Flotation of raw baby lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) in salt brines and flotation combined with sieve sizing were found to be reliable methods of segregating such beans into quality classes for evaluation and grading. The shearpress gave only a general indication of the over-all quality of a lot, since it did not facilitate segregation of individual beans.

Nutrients in Frozen Foods, Variations in Nutritive Value of Frozen Green Baby Lima Beans as a Result of Methods of Processing and Cooking

Nutrients in Frozen Foods, Variations in Nutritive Value of Frozen Green Baby Lima Beans as a Result of Methods of Processing and Cooking

Efficacy of Insecticidal Seed Treatments Against Wireworms on Lima Beans and Corn1

Insecticidal seed treatments on baby lima beans effected a 45% mortality of the eastern field wireworm, Limonius agonus (Say), found in a row 18 days after planting. Average gains of (61.6% in stand and 36.4% in whole plant weight were attributed to seed treatments, as measured at harvesttime. No advantage was found in using lindane, dieldrin, heptachlor or aldrin at more than 0.5 oz. per 100 pounds of seed. Averages from three separate corn experiments in loam soil infested with wireworms ( Agriotes mancus (Say) and Melanotus sp.), showed 5.8% increase in stand and a 5.7% increase in yield using 0.1 and 0.25 oz. of heptachlor. dieldrin, or aldrin per bushel of seed. These gains were 52.7 and 25.7%. respectively, of the benefits derived from “maximum control” plots where 1.5 pounds of heptachlor per acre were employed as a soil treatment. There was no significant difference between the three insecticides or between the two dosages employed.