Baby Goats Research Articles

England versus Sicily in Pirandello's “The black baby goat”

Con il racconto “Il capretto nero,” Pirandello vuole resistere e sfatare l'articolazione di un discorso razziale, descrittivo e prescrittivo, che si era venuto ad articolare in Europa durante la modernità. Alternando commenti umoristici a quelli ironici, Pirandello mette in risalto la sua diffidenza verso il trionfo del razionalismo e del realismo che la modernità aveva imposto in Europa e che aveva sciaguratamente generato il darwinismo sociale e l’eugenetica. Da una condanna del razionalismo, Pirandello passa ad una critica nazional-politica che verte sulla mancata creazione di una vera unità d’Italia.

Online assessment of narrative macrostructure in adult Irish-English multilinguals.

BackgroundOnline assessment of narrative production and comprehension became an important component of language assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to establish quantitative measures of narrative macrostructure in the production and comprehension of adult Irish-English bilinguals in an online assessment.MethodsA total of 30 Irish-English bilingual adults participated in an online assessment of oral narrative production and comprehension. Narratives were elicited using LITMUS-MAIN for Irish and English. Story-tell elicitation method was used for all stories. Twenty participants produced Baby Birds and Baby Goats story pairs while 10 participants produced Cat and Dog story pairs. Quantitative measures of story structure, comprehension score, and the overall number of Internal State Terms (ISTs) in production and comprehension were compared across the story pairs, languages, and the output type (production vs. comprehension).ResultsA general linear model indicated no differences in either story structure or story comprehension scores across languages for both sets of stories. Combined analysis for all participants and stories indicated no difference in the story structure scores or comprehension scores across the languages or the story pairs. While the overall number of ISTs was the same across languages, a higher number of ISTs was observed in comprehension relative to production in both languages for Cat and Dog story pair only, but not for Baby birds and Baby goats' stories. The major benefit of using online assessment was the accessibility of participants. The major drawback was the inability to control the environment and the quality of the internet connection.Conclusion and implicationsWhile online assessment increased the availability of participants, which is a significant factor in rural Ireland characterized by low population density and the high percentage of Irish speakers, the availability of stable internet connection limited the applicability of online assessment. Measures of narrative macrostructure were stable across the languages and the story pairs. This is important because of high variability in exposure to Irish, frequent code-switching, and a high number of morphosyntactic errors due to rapid language change that characterizes Irish-English bilinguals. Identifying reliable measures of language performance for Irish-English adult speakers is an important step toward establishing developmental norms for Irish-English bilinguals.

Acquisition of referentiality in elicited narratives of Estonian-speaking children

Abstract This study addresses the acquisition of referential expressions in pre-schoolers’ narratives in Estonian. A total of sixteen 6- to 7-year-old typically developing monolingual Estonian children were tested using the story “Baby Goat” from the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) (Gagarina, Natalia, Klop, Daleen, Kunnari, Sari, Tantele, Koula, Välimaa, Taina, Balciuniene, Ingrida, Bohnacker, Ute and Walters, Joel. 2012. “MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives.” ZAS Papers in Linguistics 56, 1–140, Gagarina, Natalia, Klop, Daleen, Kunnari, Saru, Tantele, Koula, Välimaa, Taina, Bohnacker, Ute and Walters, Joel. 2019. “MAIN: Multilingual assessment instrument for narratives – Revised.” ZAS Papers in Linguistics 63). The objective was to understand how children introduce a new referent and how they maintain referents in their storytelling, and what correlation could be observed between the length of the story and the average length of the reference chain. Qualitative analyses revealed that children generally introduced new referents using bare nouns; they also generally used bare nouns for further reference. NPs consisting of a noun and a determiner were more frequently used for main characters in the story, while bare nouns were preferred for other characters. The influence of the typological character of Estonian can be observed in the use of zero references and pragmatically driven word order in children’s utterances. In general, the length but not the complexity of the story was correlated with the average number of reference units in a chain.

Lactic Acid Bacteria from Gamecock and Goat Originating from Phitsanulok, Thailand: Isolation, Identification, Technological Properties and Probiotic Potential.

From independent swab samples of the cloaca of indigenous gamecocks (CIG), anus of healthy baby goats (AHG), and vagina of goats (VG) originating from Phitsanulok, Thailand, a total of 263 isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were collected. Only three isolates, designated C707, G502, and V202, isolated from CIG, AHG, and VG, respectively, exhibited an excellent inhibitory zone diameter against foodborne pathogenic bacteria when evaluated by agar spot test. Isolates C707 and G502 were identified as Enterococcus faecium, whereas V202 was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. When foodborne pathogenic bacteria were co-cultured with chosen LAB in mixed BHI-MRS broth at 39°C, their growth was suppressed. These LAB were found to be capable of surviving in simulated stomach conditions. Only the isolate G502 was able to survive in the conditions of simulated intestinal juice. This research suggests that selected LAB could be used as a food/feed supplement to reduce foodborne pathogenic bacteria and improve the safety of animal-based food or feed.

Influence of Additional Feeding of Sucrose Goat Females on Indicators of Natural Resistance of the Body and Productivity of Kids

The traditional way of breeding pastured animals is year-round pasture keeping without any additional fertilizing. Recently, among adult animals and the resulting offspring, a large number of individuals with low levels of natural resistance have begun to appear, which negatively affects the productivity of adults, and growth and development, as well as the safety of the resulting offspring. In this regard, the aim of the study was to study the effects of full-fledged feeding of females during pregnancy on the level of natural resistance of the received goats. To achieve this goal, a number of modern physiological and biochemical research methods were used. According to the results obtained, it was established that with the organization of full-fledged feeding, the period of suckling of the goat develops normally and the resulting baby goats are born with increased levels of natural resistance and more massive. In the goats of the experimental group, these advantages persist steadily until the age of one year, and to a certain extent ensure the normal preservation of the received goats and their growth and development. This makes it possible for farmers to fatten goats unused in breeding from 8 - 9 months of age and donate them for meat as an additional economic supplement to production.

Анализ распространения акушерско-гинекологических заболеваний на крупном козоводческом предприятии

Abstract. The purpose is to analyze the prevalence of obstetric and gynecological pathologies in a large dairy goat enterprise. Method. Analysis of data from veterinary registers of the enterprise, as well as histological examination of fetal membranes and determination of the biophysical profile of newborn goats were carried out. Results. The results obtained showed different distribution of obstetric and gynecological diseases among the Alpine goats in the conditions of a large industrial enterprise during the year. The results obtained showed that the general level of obstetric-gynecological diseases of goats by months of the year made up from 2.7 % to 100 % of the number of calves taken place with the most favourable conditions for obstetric-gynecological pathologies being June, July and September – 7.8 %, 4.1 % and 2.7 % respectively. A significant increase in the proportion of stillborn goats from their total number to 26.8 % and 26.3 % was observed in August and November, respectively. In winter and late autumn, there is a marked increase in retention of placenta, up to 8–10 %. In late spring and summer there is a seasonal decrease. The average number of goats in calving at this farm is 1.8 ± 0.43 goats with fluctuations by months of the year from 1.4 in January to 2.9 in August. The conducted histological and fetal membrane studies and determination of the biophysical profile of goats' calves showed a wide spread of fetoplacental insufficiency and changes in the placenta structure in the Alpine breed goats in the conditions of a large enterprise. Scientific novelty. The analysis of spread of obstetric-gynecological diseases of the Alpine breed goats in the conditions of the big enterprise has been carried out; the wide spread of fet-placental insufficiency among the uterine population has been confirmed by histological studies and the estimation of the biophysical profile of newborn baby goats.

Avaliação de sistemas de produção e análise econômica de cabritos lactentes criados na região semiárida da Paraíba

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and economic indicators of baby goats region submitted to different feeding systems in the Semiarid. A total of 30 baby goats of breed Parda Alpina × without defined racial pattern (SPRD) with initial weight of 3.35 kg ± 0.65 kg and final weight of 12.3 kg ± 0.5 kg were used, distributed in a completely randomized design in three breastfeeding systems with ten replicates each: traditional system (with natural breastfeeding), intensive breastfeeding system without concentrated supplementation, and intensive breastfeeding with concentrated supplementation. Goats submitted to the intensive artificial feeding system without concentrated supplementation showed a similar weight gain (121 g/day) when compared to the goats submitted to the system of suckling with concentrated supplementation (126 g/day). The highest income was provided by the animals submitted to the intensive system of suckling with concentrate. The gross margin for the two centenarians was positive, that is, revenues are higher than the effective operating cost, allowing us to conclude that the activity is paying off and will survive, at least in the short term. The diet of kids using concentrate provided better dry matter intake, greater weight gain and consequently presented better economic indicators.

To the Best of Our Knowledge

<i>To the Best of Our Knowledge</i>

ПРОБИОТИЧЕСКИЙПРЕПАРАТ«ПЛАНТАРУМ» ВРАЦИОНЕКОЗОМАТОК И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РОСТ И РАЗВИТИЕ КОЗОЧЕК

To obtain viable offspring of animals, much attention is paid to the physiological state of the mothers. To ensure the normal physiological and immune status of pregnant animals, biologically active and environmentallyfriendly drugs, in particular probiotic products are widely used. The prospects for the use of probiotic products in animal hus-bandry are determined to their ability to optimize digestion and accelerate the absorption of nutrients due to their composition of live and biologically active strains of probi-otic microorganisms. This paper presents the research findings on the growth and development of Saanen type female baby goats whose mothers received the experi-mental probiotic product Plantarum with their diets. The research targets were Saanen type pregnant goats and their offspring (female baby goats). To conduct the experi-ment, 4 groups of pregnant goats comparable regarding the live weight and age were formed; then 4 groups of fe-male baby goats were formed from their offspring. The pregnant goats of the control group received the basic diet of the farm; the basic diets of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups during the second half of pregnancy was supplemented with the probiotic product Plantarum in doses of 0.4 mL per kg of body weight per day, 0.6 mL per kg of body weight per day and 0.8 mL per kg of body weight per day, respec-tively. It was found that supplementing the diets of preg-nant goats with different doses of the experimental probi-otic product Plantarum during the second half of pregnancy contributed to increased growth energy of the obtained offspring (female baby goats).

Meat quality of suckling goat raised in differents feeding systems

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three breeding systems on the organoleptic quality and the physico-chemical composition of kids goat meat. Were used thirty newborn baby goats of 3.35 kg ± 0.65 kg crossed Parda Alpina x Undefined Race (SPRD) submitted to three breeding systems: Traditional system-TS; Intensive Feeding System without Concentrate- IS and Intensive Feeding System with Concentrate- IS+C. When the goats reached 12 kg, the animals were slaughtered and chemical and physical analyzes were performed in the evaluation of the meat and sensorial. The experimental design was completely randomized, submitted to analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test and Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh at 5%. All analyzed variables were also submitted to Pearson correlation. The meat of the goats submitted to IS+C and IS presented higher intramuscular fat content and better flavor and aroma scores. A of Goats that used concentrated ration (TS and IS+C) showed a more intense red color in the meat than the animals that did not receive concentrate in their diets, besides presenting higher lipid contents in their composition, better scores for these two organoleptic characteristics. The chemical composition of goat meat in both breeding systems indicates that it is low in fat and high in moisture and therefore classified as very tender and juicy. The meat obtained from the IS+C, in general, presented better attributes than the others, believing it in the markets of meat of high quality.

Uşak İli Keçi Yetiştiriciliğinin Mevcut Durumu Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri

Bu çalışmada Uşak ili ve ilçelerinde keçi yetiştiriciliği yapan işletmelerin mevcut durumları ile, sorunlarının belirlenmesi ve çözüm önerilerinin geliştirmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, çok aşamalı rasgele örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 132 tane keçi yetiştiricisine 83 soruluk bir anket çalışması uygulanmıştır. Alınan cevaplara göre Uşak ilinde keçi yetiştiricilerinin çoğunlukla ilkokul mezunu olduğu (%86,4) ve genellikle Kıl keçisi (%89,4) yetiştiriciliği yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Uşak‘ta teke katımının Eylül ve Ekim aylarında olduğu ve serbest aşım şeklinde yapıldığı, dişilerde ilk damızlıkta kullanma yaşının 15-18 ay olduğu, ek yemleme ile senkronizasyonun genellikle yapılmadığı ve oğlakların sütten kesim yaşının 3-4 ay olduğu belirtilmiştir. Doğumların genellikle Şubat-Mart aylarında gerçekleştiği, sağımların bu dönemde başlayıp ortalama 6 ay sürdüğü, laktasyon süt veriminin 60-80 lt olduğu, sağımın günde bir defa elle yapıldığı ve sağılan sütün daha çok peynir yapımında kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca ilde keçi yetiştiriciliğinde yaylacılığın yaygın olmadığı ve yetiştiricilerin büyük çoğunluğunun hayvanlarına düzenli olarak koruyucu aşılama yaptırdığı belirtilmiştir. Birçok bölgede olduğu gibi Uşak ilinde de yem fiyatlarının yüksek oluşu, çoban bulma sıkıntısı ve fiyat istikrarsızlıkları gibi birçok sebep keçi yetiştiricilerin işi bırakma noktasına gelmesine neden olmaktadır. Keçi yetiştiriciliğinin sürdürülebilir olması için üreticilerimize yönelik teknik ve ekonomik anlamda desteklere devam edilmesi ve bu yönde iyileştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Genellikle yem girdilerinin işletme içinden karşılanmasıyla, üretilen ürünlerin toplu ve aracısız olarak doğrudan pazarlanmasıyla bazı sorunların çözülmesine yardımcı olacağı önerilmiştir. Bu konunun üzerinde durulması ve özendirici politikalar geliştirilmesi keçi yetiştiriciliğine katkı sağlayacaktır. Araştırma sonucunda, Uşak ilinde daha çok küçük ölçekli aile tipi işletmeler şeklinde olan keçi işletmeleri çeşitli teşvik ve desteklemelerle entansif üretimin yapıldığı büyük ölçekli ticari işletmeler şeklinde geliştirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Macrostructural organization of adults’ oral narrative texts

This study investigates macrostructure in elicited narratives of 69 monolingual German-, Russian- and Swedish-speaking adults. Using the LITMUS-MAIN (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives), and its Baby Goats and Baby Birds stories, story structure and story complexity, concerning episodic organization, were examined across the 3 languages. As theoretical underpinnings, a multidimensional model of macrostructure was used. This model includes analyses of story structure (SS), in which a narrative merits a maximum score of 17, based on the occurrence of five types of macrostructural components (Internal states as initiating event and as reaction, Goal, Attempt and Outcome), and of story complexity (SC), which measures combinations of Goals, Attempts and Outcomes within one episode. The highest attainable complexity is the GAO-sequence, when a Goal, Attempt and Outcome are produced within the same episode. The results for SS were similar for German, Russian and Swedish, where adults included 11-12 components per story. A more detailed analysis of the individual components revealed striking similarities across the 3 languages, both for frequently used and seldom occurring components. SC did not differ significantly across languages nor across stories, whilst for SS, a slight difference between the two stories was found. We interpret this finding as story complexity (a qualitative measure of macrostructure) being of a more universal nature. Furthermore, our results indicate that caution is warranted when conclusions about children’s narrative skills are to be drawn on the basis of the MAIN Baby Goats and Baby Birds stories.&#x0D;

Einfluss des Bildaufbaus in Narrativen auf die Erzählkomplexität von Vorschulkindern – eine empirische Vergleichsstudie

The aim of the present study was to test the influence of picture composition on the narrative complexity of preschool children, and to compare the different procedures of the Cat Story of Hickmann (2002) and the Fox Story of Gülzow &amp; Gagarina (2007) with the Baby Birds and Baby Goats Story of MAIN, by Gagarina et al. (2012). For this purpose, 27 children between the ages of 5;01 and 6;09 were tested with both variants to check whether a macro-structurally controlled picture structure would lead to more complex stories. The results show that narratives with a Goal-Attempt-Outcome structure, i.e. the Baby Birds and Baby Goats Stories, make children with increasing age tell more complex stories by means of a rise in story complexity than the narratives of Hickmann and Gülzow &amp; Gagarina without that structure.&#x0D;

Comprehension and production of narrative macrostructure in Swedish: A longitudinal study from age 4 to 7

This article reports results from a longitudinal study from age 4 to 7 of comprehension and production of narrative macrostructure in Swedish monolingual children ( N = 17). Baby Birds/ Baby Goats from the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) were used to elicit narratives and ask comprehension questions at age 4;4, 5;10 and 7;4. Results showed a steep development from age 4;4 to 5;10 in both comprehension and production of macrostructure, but only some further development in comprehension to age 7;4. For the measures studied, children seem to reach a plateau around age 6. Consistent differences between comprehension and production (higher scores in comprehension) and between stories (higher scores on Baby Goats) were found across time points.

Intratesticular injection followed by electroporation allows gene transfer in caprine spermatogenic cells

The production of transgenic livestock is constrained due to the limited success of currently available methods for transgenesis. Testis mediated gene transfer (TMGT) is an emerging method that shows a high success rate in generating transgenic mice. In this study, we report a newly developed protocol for electroporation-aided TMGT to produce a transgenic goat. The injectable volume and concentration of the transgene were first standardized, and then electroporation conditions were optimized in vitro. In vivo experiments were performed by injecting a transgenic construct (pIRES2-EGFP; enhanced green fluorescent protein) into the testicular interstitium followed by electroporation. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting analyses confirmed the successful transfer of the transgene into seminiferous tubules and testicular cells. Furthermore, chromosomal integration of the transgene and its expression in sperm were evaluated d60 and d120 post-electroporation. Our protocol neither altered the seminal characteristics nor the fertilization capacity of the sperm cells. In vitro fertilization using transgenic sperm generated fluorescent embryos. Finally, natural mating of a pre-founder buck produced a transgenic baby goat. The present study demonstrates the first successful report of an electroporation-aided TMGT method for gene transfer in goats.

The Post-human Sound: an Interview with Michelangelo Frammartino

Michelangelo Frammartino is an Italian director capable of producing a major change in international cinema: his extensive experience with video art has been the beginning of a long philosophical and artistic reflection, which included his first full-length film, Il dono ( The Gift ), presented at Locarno Film Festival in 2003; a path that lead him to rethink the role that cinematography has had, since its origins, in the relation with non-human otherness. His great masterpiece, Le quattro volte ( The Four Times , 2010), praised by the critics in many festivals, including Cannes, presents a relational, modal and deeply dialogic notion of human identity. Frammartino abandons the stereotypical, traditional view that conceives of man as a rigid, introverted entity, trapped in a paradigm that postulates his innate superiority (a vision favored by a certain, antiquated, humanist tradition). He therefore welcomes in his works very diverse perspectives and needs: non-human ones, that can radically modify our point of view through a long process of mutual blending, that can allow us to reach a renewed understanding of what is “human”. In fact, the film tells four stories intertwined together: the story of a shepherd, of a baby goat, of a tree and, eventually, of some coal. Inspired by the Pythagorean view of metempsychosis , that postulates four different phases of the journey of the soul through life (human, animal, plant, mineral), Frammartino underlines how any life form, despite their different rhythms and processes, has in itself a baffling but precious potential. This awareness leads toward a dialogical attitude, that can question the notion of an unmovable identity, making it exceed the boundaries of humanity and blend with the surrounding non-human otherness. The following article is an interview that attempts to decipher and understand the poetics of the young Calabrian director, starting from his last movie, Le quattro volte .

Livestock Pedigree Data Management Using Radio Frequency Identification

Boerka goat is a crossbreeding product of Australian boer goat and Indonesian local kacang goat. Boerka goat produce meat better than kacang goat and more suited to Indonesian climate than boer goat. In order to develop an optimal boerka population, the crossbreeding process beetwen the next generation has to observed very carefully. To support that purpose, the things needed are registration system for newborn livestock and data management system of pedigree of livestock. It could help the breeder to find a perfect seed for their goat. The newborn goatling will fitted with an RFID integrated electronic ear-tag. This unique ID number will be sent to an online database server together with the neccessary datas of the baby goat. These datas will online managed using website that operated by the breeders. In addition to livestock datas, the website also provides information about the goat farm, the owner, and also the migration or transaction of the livestocks from one to another farm or to the outside goat farm community.

Perspectives on bilingual children's narratives elicited with the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives

This Special Issue is all about the stories of children: preschool- and school-age children; bilingual and monolingual children; children developing typically or identified as having a specific language impairment (SLI); and children speaking and experiencing one or more of the following languages: English, Finnish, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, Slovak, Swedish, and Turkish in minority or majority language contexts. The stories are fictional ones, about baby birds and baby goats, a cat and a dog: a cast of characters the reader will come to know well as they read the Introduction (Gagarina, Klop, Tsimpli, &amp; Walters, 2016) and individual articles. They were collected using a new narrative assessment tool that is common to all the articles within the issue: the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings—Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN; Gagarina et al., 2012, 2015), described at some length by its developers in the Introduction to the Special Issue.

A rational framework for evaluating the next generation of vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Since the early 1980s, several investigations have focused on developing a vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep. These studies used whole-cell inactivated vaccines that have proven useful in limiting disease progression, but have not prevented infection. In contrast, modified live vaccines that invoke a Th1 type immune response, may improve protection against infection. Spurred by recent advances in the ability to create defined knockouts in MAP, several independent laboratories have developed modified live vaccine candidates by transpositional mutation of virulence and metabolic genes in MAP. In order to accelerate the process of identification and comparative evaluation of the most promising modified live MAP vaccine candidates, members of a multi-institutional USDA-funded research consortium, the Johne's disease integrated program (JDIP), met to establish a standardized testing platform using agreed upon protocols. A total of 22 candidates vaccine strains developed in five independent laboratories in the United States and New Zealand voluntarily entered into a double blind stage gated trial pipeline. In Phase I, the survival characteristics of each candidate were determined in bovine macrophages. Attenuated strains moved to Phase II, where tissue colonization of C57/BL6 mice were evaluated in a challenge model. In Phase III, five promising candidates from Phase I and II were evaluated for their ability to reduce fecal shedding, tissue colonization and pathology in a baby goat challenge model. Formation of a multi-institutional consortium for vaccine strain evaluation has revealed insights for the implementation of vaccine trials for Johne's disease and other animal pathogens. We conclude by suggesting the best way forward based on this 3-phase trial experience and challenge the rationale for use of a macrophage-to-mouse-to native host pipeline for MAP vaccine development.

Screening of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants for attenuation in a bovine monocyte-derived macrophage model.

Vaccination remains a major tool for prevention and progression of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis of ruminants worldwide. Currently there is only one licensed vaccine within the United States and two vaccines licensed internationally against Johne's disease. All licensed vaccines reduce fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and delay disease progression. However, there are no available vaccines that prevent disease onset. A joint effort by the Johne's Disease Integrated Program (JDIP), a USDA-funded consortium, and USDA—APHIS/VS sought to identify transposon insertion mutant strains as vaccine candidates in part of a three phase study. The focus of the Phase I study was to evaluate MAP mutant attenuation in a well-defined in vitro bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) model. Attenuation was determined by colony forming unit (CFUs) counts and slope estimates. Based on CFU counts alone, the MDM model did not identify any mutant that significantly differed from the wild-type control, MAP K-10. Slope estimates using mixed models approach identified six mutants as being attenuated. These were enrolled in protection studies involving murine and baby goat vaccination-challenge models. MDM based approach identified trends in attenuation but this did not correlate with protection in a natural host model. These results suggest the need for alternative strategies for Johne's disease vaccine candidate screening and evaluation.