Baby Clinic Research Articles

Association between breastfeeding profile and malocclusion of children in a preventive program

Purpose: To analyze the influence of the breastfeeding profile on the occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition in children participating and not participating in an educational-preventive dental program as well as its influence in these aspects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire filled in by the guardians combined with the examination of the occlusal characteristics of 400 children aged between 27 and 48 months, divided into 2 groups, 200 participants of a preventive dental program, Baby Clinic (BC), and 200 from schools from the city, not participating in a preventive dental program. The questionnaire included retrospective information on duration, type and form of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSH). Clinical evaluation of dental occlusion was also performed, using the malocclusion index recommended by the World Health Organization. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: In both groups, a high percentage of mothers breastfed their children (90% BC; 84.5% schools); high percentage of children had NNSH (64.5% BC; 57.5% schools), as well as a high rate of dental malocclusion (63% BC; 58% schools), the main one being anterior open bite (20.5% BC; 15% schools). In both groups, a lower occurrence of malocclusion was observed in children who were exclusively breastfed for up to six months (29.5% BC; 16.5% schools). Conclusions: our results indicated that children who were breastfed up to 6 months had a lower occurrence of malocclusion compared to those who were weaned early.

Treatment of pediatric COVID on outpatient basis

Background: Since December 2019, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread, becoming the first pandemic of the 21st century by number of deaths (over 3.8 million deaths worldwide) and still increasing. Many aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents remain unclear, and optimal treatment has not yet been defined.Methods: This is a collective descriptive study with analytical wing; on 756 children who were COVID-19 positive; at Ameya well baby clinic at Ameya orthopaedic centre and children hospital, Borivali West, Mumbai, India from December 2019 up to December 2021. In our study 756 children from birth to fifteen years who were symptomatic for COVID-19 and the diagnosis was confirmed by COVID RTPCR positive test, were treated with our standard protocol which included nebulization, bronchodilators and antibiotics on outpatient basis, with home quarantine and follow up done by teleconsultation. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS software version 11. Proportions were compared using Chi square (χ2) test of significance, categorical variables were assessed using χ2. In all the above the p value of less than 0.05 was accepted as indicating statistical significance.Results: In the study the covid affected children were treated with our protocol improved (p value less than 0.05).Conclusions: The findings of this study clearly establish the role of our protocol in treating COVID affected children on out-patient basis in the current COVID scenario prevailing in our country.

Probiotics for preventing and treating infant regurgitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Infant regurgitation is common during infancy and can cause substantial parental distress. Regurgitation can lead to parental perception that their infant is in pain. Parents often present in general practitioner surgeries, community baby clinics and accident and emergency departments which can lead to financial burden on parents and the health care system. Probiotics are increasingly reported to have therapeutic effects for preventing and treating infant regurgitation. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for the prevention and treatment of infant regurgitation. Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. A meta‐analysis was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration methodology where possible. Six RCTs examined the prevention or treatment with probiotics on infant regurgitation. A meta‐analysis of three studies showed a statistically significant reduction in regurgitation episodes for the probiotic group compared to the placebo group (mean difference [MD]: −1.79 episodes/day: 95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.30 to −0.27, N = 560), but there was high heterogeneity (96%). Meta‐analysis of two studies found a statistically significant increased number of stools per day in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group at 1 month of age (MD: 1.36, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.73, N = 488), with moderate heterogeneity (69%). Meta‐analysis of two studies showed no statistical difference in body weight between the two groups (MD: −91.88 g, 95% CI: 258.40–74.63: I 2 = 23%, N = 112) with minimal heterogeneity 23%. Probiotic therapy appears promising for infant regurgitation with some evidence of benefit, but most studies are small and there was relatively high heterogeneity. The use of probiotics could potentially be a noninvasive, safe, cost effective, and preventative positive health strategy for both women and their babies. Further robust, well controlled RCTs examining the effect of probiotics for infant regurgitation are warranted.

Development of Local Percentile Growth Charts of Children between Birth to Ten Years

Growth pattern of human population changes with time and place. Particularly developing countries, country like India, is in a stage of nutritional transition hence it is necessary to update growth references regularly. The present study is carried out on 0-10 years from Baramati from Pune district of Maharashtra. We considered that children from maternity homes, BCG camps, well baby clinics, immunization camps, private clinics, ‘Anganwadis and Balwadis’, Nurseries’ and schools etc. Our study shows that growth performance of Anthropometric indices for Baramati children is much less than National Centre of Health Statistics (NCHS) and slightly less than Indian Council of Medical Research ICMR and Affluent Indians (AI). We have proposed growth charts for Baramati region to monitor growth parameters. Keywords: Anthropometric Indices, NCHS, ICMR, AI.

Effect of Cough Trick Technique on Vaccination Prick Pain among Preschool Children

Aims: To determine the effectiveness of the Cough trick technique on vaccination prick pain among preschool children.
 Study Design: Quantitative approach with true experimental research design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Pranav baby clinic, Chennai, from May 2021 to June 2021.
 Methodology: True experimental post-test only research design was adopted to conduct the study with a samples of 40 children. Children were randomly allocated into the experimental group (n=20) and the control group (n=20). Demographic variables were collected from mothers of preschoolers using a structured questionnaire. The cough trick technique was administered to the experimental group during intramuscular vaccination whereas the control group received the regular technique of the intramuscular vaccination. The post-test level of pain was assessed by FLACC scale for both the group. The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS statistical package.
 Results: The result of the study shows that in the experimental group, 14(70%) had mild pain and 6(20%) had no vaccination prick pain whereas in the control group, 14(70%) had severe pain and 6(20%) had moderate vaccination prick pain. Independent‘t’ test reveals that there is a significant difference in the level of pain after administration of the cough trick technique between the experimental and control at the level of P<0.05.
 Conclusion: The finding of the present study concludes that cough trick technique is an effective and easy method to minimize and reduce the pain during intramuscular vaccination. It is a simple distraction technique that can be effective in helping children cope with the pain of immunization.

Prevalence of home related injuries among children under 5 years old and practice of mothers toward first aid in Buraidah, Qassim.

Background:Unintentional injuries are reported to be the most common mechanism of childhood injuries; large proportion of these occur in or around home. Quick response and appropriate first aid is vital in saving life and preventing negative outcomes.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of home injuries among children five years old and younger and to explore their mothers' knowledge, attitude and practice toward first aid.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 mothers attending well baby clinics at primary health care centers (PHCC) in Buraidah city. The survey was conducted from February to June 2020. Simple random sampling was used to select PHCCs and systematic random sampling was used for participant selection. A self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data.Results:A history of home-related injury to the youngest child was reported by 114 (46.3%) mothers. The common home injuries were falls (50%), cut wounds (15.2%) and burns (10.7%). Among less than one-year age, injuries were more prevalent among males (41.4%) as compared to females (27.6%). Majority (58.2%) of mothers had fair knowledge about first aid. Internet websites (53.6%) followed by social media (47.6%) were the main sources of their knowledge. Mothers showed appropriate practice in dealing with suspected fracture (85.9%) and foreign body ingestion (80%) while burn (55.5%) and choking (43.2%) had the lowest appropriate practice.Conclusion:Home injuries are common among children. However, mothers' knowledge and practice of first aid is inadequate. To reduce the injuries' related morbidity and mortality, increasing awareness and organizing first aid training courses are recommended.

Judith Anne Gillian Wright

Judith Anne Gillian Wright (“Judy”) spent most of her career in community paediatrics in central London, working variously for Kensington and Chelsea, Bloomsbury and Camden, and Parkside health authorities, as...

Does Breastfeeding, milk formula or mixed feeding during maternity stay influence neonatal diet after hospital discharge?

International guidelines recommend exclusive breast milk feeding during the first six months of life and its continued use complemented with other food types until the end of the second year of life. Some studies report that the use of milk formula in maternity wards may influence the nutritional choices of parents regarding their children's future diet. Our aim was to determine if the type of milk used during a newborn maternity ward stay, at our Portuguese Hospital, influences the type of milk used in neonates after hospital discharge. A retrospective analysis was done of the clinical records of babies born at our hospital during 2017. A total of 2505 babies were born and a sample of 491 (19.6%) was included in this study; 50.9% were male and 3.9% were premature. Of these, during maternity ward stay 53.4% were exclusively breastfed, 45.2% had mixed breast and milk formula feeding and 1.4% were exclusively formula-fed. Data recorded at Well Baby Clinic, at around the second, third week of life, regarding baby milk feeding type, as referred by parents, respectively as, 59.7%, 32.6% and 7.7% (p

Awareness and Perception of Parents Regarding Well Baby Clinic in Primary Health Care Centres in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Background:Well-baby clinic (WBC) service is implemented in all primary health care centers and is provided based on international standards to all children under 5 years in Saudi Arabia. It is a comprehensive package of health promotion and curative care to improve and maintain the health status and well-being of this age group.Aim:The main aim is to assess parents’ awareness and perception regarding WBC in primary health care centers in Abha sector, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).Methodology:A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used in the current study. The study targeted all babies’ caregivers attending WBCs in primary health care centers in Abha city. The children's parents were included using three stages cluster sample technique. The questionnaire included participants’ demographic data such as age, gender, relation to the baby, educational level, work, and monthly income. Awareness regarding the WBC was assessed using two main items covering hearing about the clinic provided services.Results:The study included 1593 participants whose ages ranged from 19 to 55 years old with a mean age of 34.6 ± 11.8 years. About 64% of the respondents knew about the WBC, which was significantly higher among the females than males (P = .003). Also, 71.2% of respondents aged 25–34 years knew about well-baby clinic (WBC) compared to 35% of parents aged less than 25 years (P = .001). Exact 57.1% of the respondents went to the nearest governmental health office at vaccination times. About 46% of the respondents reported that the clinic nurse was the main person who dealt with them. Regarding services provided by a nurse at the vaccination clinic, registering child vaccination was the most reported (66.2%), followed by helping the mother make the child calm (56.8%).Conclusions:In conclusion, the study revealed that proper care is vital for a child's survival as well as optimal physical and mental development. Adequately cared child has proper well-being and happiness. Mothers and children caregivers had adequate awareness and acceptable attitude towards WBCs and provided services. Some barriers were declared including lack of available WBCs within the residence range, not all WBCs usually working, and more information should be provided about WBCs.

Prevalence and Management of Perceived Adverse Events Following Immunization in Infants attending Well Baby Clinics in Benin City, Nigeria

Background: Immunization is an important public health intervention for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). However, adverse events may follow immunization of infants. This study determined the prevalence and management of Adverse Events following Immunization (AEFI) reported by caregivers of infants in Well-Baby Clinics in Benin City, Nigeria.Methods: The study was carried out in 2015 among 400 caregivers of infants attending Well- Baby Clinics in Benin City, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized. Respondents were selected using a systematic sampling technique. An adapted structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20.0.Results: Less than half, 169 (42.3%) of the caregivers stated that their children had AEFI. Three-quarters 126 (74.6%) and 68 (40.2%) of the AEFI occurred following vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and pentavalent vaccine. Fever and swelling of the injection sites occurred in 142 (84.0%) and 65 (38.5%) of the children, respectively. Almost all 167 (98.8%) of the respondents reported an AEFI. Few of those who reported an AEFI, 13 (7.8%) had their children hospitalized.Conclusion: A significant proportion of children vaccinated experienced side effects perceived to be AEFI that presented mainly as fever and swollen injection sites which were mainly reported at the immunization clinic. Few of the reported cases of AEFI were hospitalized. Healthcare workers should continue to educate and reassure caregivers of infants of the symptoms and signs that may occur following vaccination and how they can be managed.
 Keywords: Adverse Events Following Immunization; Infants; Management; Prevalence; Nigeria.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary health care providers towards oral health of preschool children in Qatar.

SummaryObjectiveHealth care providers can effectively participate in oral health promotion for children in primary care setting. Currently, there are no oral health promotion programs that involve primary health care professionals in Qatar. Hence, this study was undertaken to examine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of all health professionals who work in the Well baby Clinics in the primary health centers.MethodA 23-item questionnaire was distributed across 20 primary health centers. The questionnaire sought information on the demographic data of health professionals, their knowledge of oral health and their practices and attitudes towards critical oral health issues. Data were examined by Pearson Chi-squared tests or Fisher’s Exact test (p = 0.05).ResultsThe response rate of the health professionals was 67%. Only 35.7% of the 225 participants received some form of oral health training during their undergraduate programme. The participants would assess the dental problem of the child (p = 0.05) and discuss the importance of tooth brushing with the mother (p = 0.03). A significant number of respondents (p = 0.04) were unlikely to assess the children’s fluoride intake. There was a significant difference in the group of participants that would examine the child’s teeth (p = 0.1) and counsel the mothers on prevention of dental problems (p = 0.01). This group would also refer children to dentist at 12 months of age (p = 0.05).ConclusionsHealth professionals had a positive attitude towards the anticipatory guidance elements of oral health. However, the knowledge of healthcare professionals on childhood oral health is rather limited.

Screen Dependency Disorders in children under two years of age: A Parent Report Measure

Screen dependency disorder is a growing concern. The rising trend in use of digital devices among young children being less researched, the study was done to find out the prevalence and pattern of total and device-specific screen viewing (SV), in a well baby clinic among children less than two years of age, Data was collected through in-person interviews from mothers of the children. Increasing child age and type of family were found to be significantly associated with higher prevalence of SV. Smart phones had similar usage rates at par with TVs; reiterating the fact that mobile devices have become widely available in the entire population, being second source of SV. Parental knowledge and parental practices were also found to influence the SV and screen-time in children. Modifiable factors like parental knowledge on SV, parental SV practices can help in designing health promotion strategies and recommendations on SV

Affordability and Availability of Child Restraints in an Under-Served Population in South Africa.

Background: Child road traffic injuries are a major global public health problem and the issue is particularly burdensome in middle-income countries such as South Africa where injury death rates are 41 per 100,000 for under 5′s and 24.5 per 100,000 for 5–14-year-old. Despite their known effectiveness in reducing injuries amongst children, the rates of use of child restraint systems (CRS) remains low in South Africa. Little is known about barriers to child restraint use especially in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We carried out observation studies and parent/carer surveys in 7 suburbs of Cape Town over a three month period to assess usage rates and explore the knowledge and perceptions of parents towards child restraint legislation, ownership and cost; Results: Only 7.8% of child passengers were observed to be properly restrained in a CRS with driver seatbelt use and single child occupancy being associated with higher child restraint use. 92% of survey respondents claimed to have knowledge of current child restraint legislation, however, only 32% of those parents/carers were able to correctly identify the age requirements and penalty. Reasons given for not owning a child seat included high cost and the belief that seatbelts were a suitable alternative. Conclusions: These findings indicate the need for a tighter legislation with an increased fine paired with enhanced enforcement of both adult seatbelt and child restraint use. The provision of low-cost/subsidised CRS or borrowing schemes and targeted social marketing through online fora, well baby clinics, early learning centres would be beneficial in increasing ownership and use of CRS.

A study of prevalence and factors associated with language delay among 0-3 year old children in a tertiary teaching hospital

Background: Speech and language are essential components of child development. Delay in language development leads to poor scholastic performance, learning disabilities and poor socialization. Language Evaluation Scale Trivandrum (LEST) is a screening tool for use in office and communities for identifying language delay.Methods: A descriptive study of cross-sectional design was done in 350 children between 0 and 36 months attending well baby clinic. A proforma with demographic details of parents, antenatal, perinatal risk factors were completed. All mothers were asked to complete home screening questionnaire to assess home environment. Language delay was identified using LEST scale. The association of language delay with antenatal, perinatal risk factors, socio economic status and home environment were analyzed.Results: The prevalence of language delay was 6%. No association was found between language delay and type of family, place of residence, antenatal complications, perinatal complications, gestational age, birth weight and socio-economic status. Negative home environment was significantly associated with language delay.Conclusions: The prevalence of language delay was 6%. Negative home environment significantly affects speech and language development

Socioeconomic influences on breastfeeding and weaning practices in a Mediterranean setting

AbstractThe World Health Organisation (2016) recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age and the introduction of complementary foods at around 6 months. International literature suggests that although knowledge of the guidelines is high, only a minority of parents wait until 6 months to wean and sub-optimal weaning practices are common. The aim of this study was to assess breastfeeding and weaning practices and to evaluate the effect of socio-economic determinants on such behaviours in a Mediterranean setting.A cross-sectional study design was used. One-time short interviews with 250 consenting mothers having 8 month old infants were conducted using a structured questionnaire. Mothers attending all the well baby clinics in the primary health care centres of the Maltese Islands for a period of two months were included in the study. The questionnaire included socio-economic and demographic data, details on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding, weaning practices and a short assessment of the infant's usual diet at 8 months.Mothers between 25–34 years old (26%) and mothers with a high level of education (25%) were more likely to breastfeed only during the first 8 months of life without using any other type of milk, compared to younger (6.5%) or older (21%) mothers, and to mothers with a lower level of education (16%). The level of education was also positively associated with the continuation of breastfeeding, with the mean duration of breastfeeding for higher educated mothers being 4 months compared to 2.6 months in less educated mothers. Mothers with a lower level of education and mothers who are house-wives are more likely to give their infants only ready-made foods however associations were in this case borderline significant. On the other hand, appropriateness of weaning age was not associated with any socio-economic factors.The length of breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary foods varied widely between mothers. Compliance with infant feeding guidelines was poor. The mother's age, level of education and employment status all have an impact on breastfeeding and weaning practices. The provision of professional advice and a supportive environment for mothers, together with interventions for increasing awareness may promote maternal adherence to WHO guideline.

Complementary feeding practices and their determinants among children 6-23 months of age in an outpatient hospital setting in Central India: A cross-sectional study.

Objective:To study and profile complementary feeding practices and their determinants among children 6–23 months of age in an outpatient hospital setting in Central India: A cross-sectional study.Method:Total 464 Children, 6-23 months of age, visiting Well baby clinic and Immunization center at AIIMS Bhopal during February 2015 to June 2016, where parents had given consent for participation in the study were included. Children with congenital malformations affecting feeding, cerebral palsy, known chronic systemic diseases, were excluded.Result:Breastfeeding was initiated within 1 hour in 59.5%. Complementary feeds were given in 84% of children 6-8 month of age. Minimal dietary diversity as determined by WHO was received by 57% of children while minimal meal frequency was present in 86%. Minimal acceptable diet was received by 58% of children. Breastfeeding was continued in 86% children at 1 year of age and 41% children at 2 years of age. Bottle feeding was present in 26% of children. Multivariate regression analysis was done to correlate minimum acceptable diet and various variables affecting the feeding habits. Higher maternal education (adjusted OR: 4.03; 95% CI: 2.35–6.89) and income group (adjusted OR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.11–3.72) were found to be significant. Joint families had better feeding practices when compared to nuclear families (adjusted OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.12–2.64). Homemaker mothers were able to feed their children in more appropriate way (adjusted OR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.17–6.62).Conclusion:Well-educated homemaker mother, higher income group, and joint families help in establishing better complementary feeding habits in children less than 2 years. An understanding of the prevalent practices will be helpful in identification of areas that need to be focused upon and reemphasized during counseling the caregivers of the young children to improve their nutritional status, which will also reduce the burden of disease at primary care.

Postpartum Depression and its Risk Factors among Indian Women

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder that can affect women after childbirth. The ill effects of PPD include maladaptive mother-infant interactions, negative effect on cognitive and behavioural development of infants. There are wide variations in reported prevalence of PPD ranging from 0.5 percent to 60 percent among various countries as estimated by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). PPD screening is not a routine part of postpartum care in India and postpartum women suffering from PPD may remain largely unrecognized and untreated. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and its risk factors in postpartum women attending well-baby clinic at 6 weeks postpartum at a tertiary hospital in India. A total of 284 women who came for immunisation of their babies in well baby clinic at 6 to 8 weeks postpartum were assessed for PPD using the EPDS, after taking consent. Ethical approval was taken from the ethics committee of the organisation. Demographic pro le was collected and women were assessed for risk factors of PPD using a self-developed performa. The point prevalence of PPD was 21.5 percent with a cut off EPDS score of 12 (mean=7.67±5.94). Presence of congenital malformation or neonatal morbidity, problems related to feeding, sleep, satisfaction with marital relationship, violence in the family, relationship with mother-in-law, and presence of stressor in the family were signi cantly associated with PPD. The study brings out the importance of screening for PPD at accessible points like well-baby clinic. Maternal health programmes need to address the mental wellbeing of postpartum women

Women's Intention to Consent to Universal Screening for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) at Well Baby Clinics.

The Israeli Ministry of Health requires medical and nursing staff in both hospitals and community settings, screen all women for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This study explored factors associated with the intention of Israeli women to consent to universal IPV screening during their visits to well baby clinics, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Two hundred Jewish women of childbearing age completed a questionnaire based on the TPB. Only 52% of the women reported that they had undergone IPV screening conducted by nurses at well baby clinics in the last year. The TPB was found to predict 44% of the variance in women's intention to consent to universal IPV screening, whereas control beliefs, perceived behavioral control, and normative beliefs with regard to universal screening, were found to be the most significant predictors. These findings may help design interventions aimed at raising women's intentions to consent to universal IPV screening.

Remodelling baby clinics: Opportunities to support parent–baby relationships

This article examines how the ‘weigh in’ can be a ‘way in’ to joined-up physical and mental healthcare in baby clinic settings. Instead of a group of parents and babies in a waiting room environment, clinics are remodelled into interactive, playful group community hubs. Pilot projects have taken place and offer evaluation results and practical methods. Professionals work together using their observational skills as a basis for engaging directly with babies and parents, bringing social and emotional development to the fore.

Awareness of sudden infant death syndrome and choice of infant’s sleep position among mothers in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria

Background: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been identified as a common cause of death among infants. However, in countries that introduced risk reduction and safe sleep campaigns, there has been a significant decline in SIDS-related deaths. Unfortunately, there has been little interest in SIDS by researchers in Nigeria. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the level of parental awareness and awareness of the risk reduction measures about SIDS in Nigeria and to further determine the level of practice of the measures. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted over a 6-month period from April 2016 to September 2016 in the Well Baby Clinic of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Four hundred and one respondents were enrolled, and interviewer-based questionnaires administered. Results were presented as percentages. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 was used for data analysis and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 49 (12.2%) of the 401 respondents claimed to have heard of SIDS, but only 5/401 (1.2%) had good or some knowledge of SIDS. Mothers with higher educational qualification were more likely to have heard of SIDS (p=0.002, ?2=12.892). There was a significant association between mother’s knowledge of SIDS and laying of infants in a back-to-bed position during sleep (p=0.000, ?2=12.610). Conclusion: Knowledge of SIDS among mothers in Enugu is poor. It is hoped that this study will generate further public discourse and awareness of this significant cause of infant mortality, to reduce preventable deaths associated with it. More efforts should be geared toward creating awareness of SIDS and its associated risk factors through electronic media, social media, and health talks in developing countries.