Baby Chicks Research Articles

What Mamá Gallina Can Teach Literacy Educators about Healing Biliteracies

AbstractIn this Action & Learning article, we describe the connections between the popular Spanish nursery song “Los pollitos dicen” (The Little Chicks Say) and Aesop's fable's “The Fox and Hen” with the literacy teaching of bilingual Latinx students. In this metaphor, the bilingual teachers represent the Mamá Gallina (Mother Hen) and their students represent the pollitos (little chicks) in their care. Then, we detail the teaching context from three elementary classrooms with bilingual Latinx students that spurred the metaphor for Mamá Gallina taking care of her pollitos in the classroom. These classrooms suggest how teachers could act as the “Fox” and perpetuate white English hegemony and the “Mother Hen” who mobilized their biliteracies to metaphorically feed and clothe their “baby chicks” with cariño (often translated as “care”). The rest of the article centers on how the metaphor of Mamá Gallina serves as a compelling vision for the healing practices of bilingual teachers themselves, before detailing principles for healing biliteracies in the classroom. These tools include: personal connections, cultural practices, linguistic relevance, and bilingual/biliterate pride. Ultimately, this metaphor illustrates how emancipatory pro‐Latinx teaching must attend to dual purposes: responding to the harm to bilingual teachers and students' biliteracies while also nurturing their dynamic beauty.

Molecular identification of vancomycin and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in baby chicks with omphalitis in Egypt

Molecular identification of vancomycin and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in baby chicks with omphalitis in Egypt

Pengaruh perbedaan bentuk tempat pakan terhadap performa puyuh padjadjaran petelur fase brooding

This research purpose was to determine the effect of different feeder shape on performance of Padjadjaran Layer Quails in the brooding phase. This research was held in the Quail Breeding Center, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University used 360 male and female black line of Padjadjaran Layers Quail. There were 18 treatment cages, each cage unit containing 20 quails. This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) there were 3 treatments and repeated 6 times. The treatment given to quail from 1 until 3 weeks of age consisted of trough feeder (P1), baby chick feeder (P2) and feeder tray (P3). Data of feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed convertion ratio were analyzed using variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Total feed consumption is as follow 240,59 gram, 257,38 gram, and 247,55 gram. Each successive body weight gais is as follow 84,20 gram, 109,57 gram, and 98,47 gram. Average of feed convertion ratio is as follow 2,87; 2,39; and 2,52. The conclusion from result showed that the different feeder shape affected on performance of Padjadjaran Layer Quails in the brooding phase. Baby chick feeder provides good performance for laying Padjadjaran quail in the brooding phase.

Peeling back the many layers of competitive exclusion.

Baby chicks administered a fecal transplant from adult chickens are resistant to Salmonella colonization by competitive exclusion. A two-pronged approach was used to investigate the mechanism of this process. First, Salmonella response to an exclusive (Salmonella competitive exclusion product, Aviguard®) or permissive microbial community (chicken cecal contents from colonized birds containing 7.85 Log10Salmonella genomes/gram) was assessed ex vivo using a S. typhimurium reporter strain with fluorescent YFP and CFP gene fusions to rrn and hilA operon, respectively. Second, cecal transcriptome analysis was used to assess the cecal communities' response to Salmonella in chickens with low (≤5.85 Log10 genomes/g) or high (≥6.00 Log10 genomes/g) Salmonella colonization. The ex vivo experiment revealed a reduction in Salmonella growth and hilA expression following co-culture with the exclusive community. The exclusive community also repressed Salmonella's SPI-1 virulence genes and LPS modification, while the anti-virulence/inflammatory gene avrA was upregulated. Salmonella transcriptome analysis revealed significant metabolic disparities in Salmonella grown with the two different communities. Propanediol utilization and vitamin B12 synthesis were central to Salmonella metabolism co-cultured with either community, and mutations in propanediol and vitamin B12 metabolism altered Salmonella growth in the exclusive community. There were significant differences in the cecal community's stress response to Salmonella colonization. Cecal community transcripts indicated that antimicrobials were central to the type of stress response detected in the low Salmonella abundance community, suggesting antagonism involved in Salmonella exclusion. This study indicates complex community interactions that modulate Salmonella metabolism and pathogenic behavior and reduce growth through antagonism may be key to exclusion.

Effect of Dried Oregano Leaves (Origanum vulgare) on Chicken Productive Traits

Between the dates of 9/18/2019 and 10/23/2019, researchers from the Animal Production Department at the College of Agriculture at Al-Qasim Green University will carry out their study. There were 240 Ross 308 chickens employed in the study. The baby chicks were split into four groups for the various experiments. The following parameters of drinking water were examined when a suspension of leaves extract was added at concentrations of 0, 3, 5, and 7 ml/liter: body mass index, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality rate The results demonstrated that the average live body weight, total weight increase, and feed intake of the broilers were significantly enhanced by supplementing their diet with an aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare leaves. Both the feed conversion factor and the mortality rate were rather constant throughout all trials.

A deep learning method for monitoring spatial distribution of cage-free hens

The spatial distribution of laying hens in cage-free houses is an indicator of flock's health and welfare. While larger space allows chickens to perform more natural behaviors such as dustbathing, foraging, and perching in cage-free houses, an inherent challenge is evaluating chickens' locomotion and spatial distribution (e.g., real-time birds' number on perches or in nesting boxes). Manual inspection of hen's spatial distribution requires closer observation, which is labor intensive, time consuming, subject to human errors, and stress causing on birds. Therefore, an automated monitoring system is required to track the spatial distribution of hens for early detection of animal welfare and health concerns. In this study, a non–intrusive machine vision method was developed to monitor hens' spatial distribution automatically. An improved You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) method was developed and trained to test hens' distribution in research cage-free facilities (e.g., 200 hens per house). The spatial distribution of hens the system monitored includes perch zone, feeding zone, drinking zone, and nesting zone. The dataset contains a whole growth period of chickens from day 1 to day 252. About 3000 images were extracted randomly from recorded videos for model training, validation, and testing. About 2400 images were used for training and 600 images for testing, respectively. Results show that the accuracy of the new model were 87–94% for tracking distribution in different zones for different ages of hens/pullets. Birds' age affected the performance of the model as younger birds had smaller body size and were hard to be detected due to blackness or occultation by equipment. The performance of the model was 0.891 and 0.942 for baby chicks (≤10 days old) and older birds (> 10 days) in detecting perching behaviors; 0.874 and 0.932 in detecting feeding/drinking behaviors. Miss detection happened when the flock density was high (>18 birds/m2) and chicken body was occluded by other facilities (e.g., nest boxes, feeders, and perches). Further studies such as chicken behavior identification works in commercial housing system should be combined with the model to reach an automatic detection system.

Passive Grouping Enhances Proto-Arithmetic Calculation for Leftward Correct Responses

Baby chicks and other animals including human infants master simple arithmetic. They discriminate 2 vs. 3 (1 + 1 vs. 1 + 1 + 1) but fail with 3 vs. 4 (1 + 1 + 1 vs. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1). Performance is restored when elements are grouped as 2 + 1 vs. 2 + 2. Here, we address whether grouping could lead to asymmetric response bias. We recoded behavioural data from a previous study, in which separate groups of four-day-old domestic chicks underwent an arithmetic task: when the objects were presented one-by-one (1 + 1 + 1 vs. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1), chicks failed in locating the larger group irrespective of its position and did not show any side bias; Experiment 1. When the objects were presented as grouped (2 + 1 vs. 2 + 2), chicks succeeded, performing better when the larger set was on their left; Experiment 2. A similar leftward bias was also observed with harder discriminations (4 vs. 5: 3 + 1 vs. 3 + 2), with baby chicks succeeding in the task only when the larger set was on the left (Experiments 3 and 4). A previous study showed a rightward bias, with tasks enhancing individual processing. Despite a similar effect in boosting proto-arithmetic calculations, individual processing (eliciting a right bias) and grouping (eliciting a left bias) seem to depend on distinct cognitive mechanisms.

All By Myself by Stephanie Shaw

Reviewed by: All By Myself by Stephanie Shaw Sarah Sahn Shaw, Stephanie All By Myself; illus. by Emilie Gill. Peachtree, 2023 [32p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781682634875 $18.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R 4-8 yrs At the mill, Hen lugs a sack as big as she is, full of flour from the wheat she grew herself. “I’m taking it home to bake bread,” she tells her friends Cow, Horse, and Pig, who all offer to help her out, but she’s stronger than she looks, and she has a particular way of doing things. Her friends back off, but all the while, Fox is laying [End Page 233] in wait for Hen, then showering her with compliments when he meets her on the path back to her house: “Look at you pushing that big load all by yourself!” Perhaps Fox can come with her and learn to bake by watching her? Fox’s sly grin and sharp teeth must mean he’s up to no good, and when Cow, Horse, and Pig find Fox’s tracks back to the henhouse, they burst in to save her—only to find Fox enjoying a delicious bowl of vegetables. “I did have my mouth set for something else,” Fox admits, “But Hen appeased me with the peas!” Hen’s assertion that “I’m not a baby chick anymore! . . . And I REALLY want to do this all by myself!” will undoubtedly ring true to young listeners who are beginning to assert their independence and to caregivers who may have a hard time letting them struggle with new skills. The shift in perspective to Cow, Horse, and Pig when they rush in to rescue Hen cleverly nuances the message on boundaries by offering another angle on some unwanted interventions—as well as a gentle admonition to check one’s assumptions before breaking someone’s door down. Gill’s digital watercolors render the farm in delicate lines and golden barnyard hues, but the overall effect is full of movement and humor, as proud Hen carts her flour sack around, sly Fox slinks after her, and Cow, Horse, and Pig sheepishly clean up the mess they made of Hen’s house. Bring this out for a farm-themed readaloud, and make it available for newly-independent readers to practice their skills with Shaw’s straightforward text. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Pola Kandang Tertutup Dua Lantai pada Broiler di Edi Sujarwo Farm Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

The use of closed-house cages is one of the technological innovation efforts to deal with the adverse effect of environmental conditions or changing weather. Setting environmental conditions will make broilers feel comfortable. The type of cage with a double deck system in a closed house will minimize the limited land area. In addition, the implementation of the closed-house double deck is expected to have a positive impact on increasing broiler production. This study aims to determine the pattern of Edi Sujarwo Farm’s closed-house double deck. The method used is descriptive. Data were collected using primary and secondary data. The result showed that Edi Sujarwo Farm’s Closed House Double Deck cage uses a cage construction that is safe for broilers and workers. The cage leads from east to west with a temperature of 260C - 320C with a humidity of 70%. The feeders are baby chick and hanging feeders. The watery system used is a nipple drinker. Other equipment used in the form of temptation, generator, curtain, and high-pressure sprayer. The ground floor and the first level consist of 6 blowers on floor units. Cooling pad used (150 cm x 60 cm) with a thickness of 15 cm. Biosecurity and sanitation programs are carried out before and after harvest.

In-vivo characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis (SE) recovered from fertile eggs and baby chicks

The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize Salmonella spp. from hatching eggs and baby chicks. Additionally, the pathogenicity of the isolated Salmonella strains was assessed in one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks in-vivo. Samples from sick baby chicks from 14 broiler chicken farms (including 1 duck farm) and 150 egg batches from three breeder chicken farms were collected from 4 different governorates. Phenotypically identified Salmonella isolates were confirmed using species-specific multiplex-PCR targeting the inv -A gene for Salmonella genus, E -1 gene for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) serovar, and Flic-C gene for Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) serovar. Confirmed SE isolates were further subjected to Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Phenotypic, multiplex-PCR, and RAPD fingerprinting confirmed six isolates (42.9%) from broiler chicken farms and two isolates from hatching egg batches (1.33%) as SE, of which eight were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with 0.214-0.786 MDR indices. In-vivo pathogenicity of selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) SE isolates was evaluated in one-day-old SPF chicks. Despite minor phenotypic diversity, most SE strains were highly invasive with variable mortality (50-100%). Interestingly, the lowest MDR indices were associated with high virulence in SE strains (mortality ≥85%) and vice versa. The study results showed the presence of SE in poultry in Egypt. The uncontrolled usage of antibiotics in poultry could be the reason for the increased prevalence of MDR Salmonella spp., which may limit Salmonella control measures and threaten public health.

ON-FARM EVALUATION OF HAY BOX BROODER EFFECTIVENESS ON SASSO AND INDIGENOUS CHICKS

This study was conducted in South Gondar Zone to evaluate the effectiveness of hay-box chick brooder under rural farming condition with the use of Sasso and Indigenous day old chicks. Based on their voluntariness to construct the hay box brooder, fifteen households were selected purposively. A total of 150 indigenous and 450 Sasso T-44 day old chicks were divided equally in to 15 groups each with 10 indigenous and 30 Sasso day-old chicks. The Sasso groups were active and vigorous after the first week of hay box brooding: whereas the indigenous groups were found to be difficult to adapt to the hay box brooding environment and characterized by dull appearance, noisy voice/sound, huddling together, wing dropping, poor feed and water consumption and stunted growth throughout the brooding period. About 85 and 50% of Sasso and indigenous chicks survived at 8 weeks of age of hay box brooding respectively. Hay box brooding technology is effective in rising exotic baby chicks under rural Ethiopian conditions as compared to the performance of natural brooding. On the contrary, the survival rate of indigenous chicks assigned to the hay box brooder was comparable to that of natural brooding. Therefore, it seems that the hay box chick brooding technology is not adequately effective in raising indigenous chicks as measured by chick growth performance and rate of survival 8 weeks of age.

Implementation of automatic lighting and heating system for poultry farm using Arduino

In the field of poultry science, automation technologies can be highly helpful. Using an automatic heating and lighting system for newborn chickens helps to sustain a temperature that is ideal for their development both during the day and during the cold winter nights. A self-regulating temperature device that uses a fixed point or value to regulate the temperature of a lab or room is known as an automatic heat control system. The research study aimed to manage and control heat and lighting system automatically using Arduino. The user will set the desired temperature, which is then compared to the temperature of the poultry house as determined by a temperature sensor, and the device responds by automatically turning on the heater/lamp based on the temperature differential. Time and temperature will be registered on the SD card. The heater will turn on if the temperature falls below the fixed limit. Dip Trace, a circuit modelling program used to create electronic systems and PCBs, was used to create the device. The ATmega328p microcontroller and Arduino software were used to code. To provide a controlled voltage to most of the active devices in the system design circuit, a 5v DC power supply was added. For data recording, an SD card and an RTC are attached to the circuit. This method maintains a warm environment for baby chicks while also providing light. This technology regulates the temperature of the surroundings without the need for human intervention. The android mobile app may be used to monitor and check the temperature status of poultry homes at any time via a Bluetooth connection.

Pitch-Luminance Crossmodal Correspondence in the Baby Chick: An Investigation on Predisposed and Learned Processes.

Our senses are constantly reached by a multitude of stimuli from all different sensory modalities. To create a coherent representation of the environment, we must integrate the various unimodal inputs that refer to the same object into a single multimodal representation. In some cases, however, we tend to bind certain properties of the stimuli without any apparent reason, which is a phenomenon named crossmodal correspondence. For instance, we match a spiky or a rounded shape with the sound “Kiki” or “Bouba”, respectively. Similarly, we associate the left hemispace with low luminance and the right one with high luminance. Instances of crossmodal correspondences were described also in other mammals, and recently, a case of space-luminance crossmodal correspondence was reported in birds (i.e., domestic chicks). Here, we investigate the presence of pitch–luminance crossmodal correspondence in three-day-old chicks, employing experimental methods that exploit either predisposed or learned processes. While failing to report evidence for this phenomenon, we discuss the difference between statistical and structural crossmodal correspondences and the possible role of environmental factors in determining their emergence. Moreover, we discuss the importance of the different experimental methodologies to investigate distinct aspects of this perceptual phenomenon to reach a deeper understanding and unveil the role of innate vs. learned mechanisms.

Development of flock immunity against Newcastle disease in native chicken in a locality

Preventive measures to combat with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can be achieved by vaccination programs that are practiced in many countries of the world. Even after vaccination outbreaks of NDV occurred in the flock indicate that vaccination against NDV cannot provide effective immunity that may cause disease in partially vaccinated flock. Hence, the objectives of this study was to development of flock immunity in chicken against Newcastle disease in a local community. In this study a vaccination programme for the native flock in a locality (Dhamrai, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh) was conducted and effectiveness of the Ranikhet disease vaccine (RDV) was identified with detection of antibody titers that may protect the native flocks against the disease but mortality or the infection was present. The study showed that after routine vaccination with BCRDV (Baby Chicks Ranikhet Disease Vaccine) and RDV (Ranikhet Disease Vaccine) vaccine the native chicken showed high antibody titre in native chicken. Overall herd immunity of native chickens can be achieved if the maximum (>80%) chicken obtains high antibody titers (log2 haemagglutination inhibition titer ≥3) after vaccinations. So, it can be concluded that successful vaccinations programme is the key point to control NDV with higher herd health immunity. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2022, 8 (1), 37-41

Glossitis, and: Heroic

Glossitis, and: Heroic Denise Duhamel and Maureen Seaton (bio) Radiculitis? That’s ridiculous, I said to the orthopedistabout the electricity in my neck running down to my pinkie. He didn’t laugh, so I pulled the word ovaritis out of myuvulitis and slapped it down on his endocarditis. Conjunctivitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis—I’d had it all,or so I thought. Doc, I’m no encyclopedist but I bet two can play this game with sinusitisor without. So if you’re trying to say it’s fasciitis I’m fascinated. Still, my shoulder feels like a stress balllodged in a chain-link fence. Is there a word for that? I didn’t think so. So don’t get your folliculitis in a twist.Don’t shivitis your coxitis. If you say it’s radiculitis OK, it’s radiculitis. I’ll store your medical jargon in my noggin.I’ll mitis my parotitis until there’s no pain left to believe in. Heroic As a surgery girl, you save money,you plan for years. Then all of a sudden [End Page 15] corona pops up, and you’ve got to dealwith these saggy boobs. Poor Wendy Williams—alcoholism, despicable ex-husband. Rich Wendy driving a Rolls-Royce.In fact, corona popping up like thathas put dampers on totally safe andnecessary things, one spokespersonfor The Time Before the Rumored Virusspit into his megaphone, right beforehanding it to Gramps, the designatedhitter, who asked Who wants bacon? The crowdchanted Open Tyson! Open Tyson! Meanwhile, the Tyson plant remains quite closedas the workers wait and the hogs wait andAmericans who need bacon wait waitwait. Today I couldn’t wait so I sliceda tomato, washed some lettuce, slatheredmayo on toast and pretended it wasa blt from the Lower East SideCoffee Shop. O, New York, with your jam-packedtenements and F train, we did have ussome good times, didn’t we? Kissing strangers,tagging walls with neon spray paint—Slumlord!Now swings in Tompkins Square Park are emptyand I’ve been missing you for thirty years.Get well soon, Broadway and Christopher Street. In the 80s, Broadway, Christopher Street,and Brooklyn came alive in Keith Haring’sSoho Pop Shop. He made “A Pile of Crowns,”an elegy for his friend Basquiatand iconic buttons “Stop aids Worldwide.”Who will draw this Pandemic? Make sense ofwhy the only ones psychotic enoughto write about the beauty of the wordcorona are the poets? Corona, [End Page 16] coronal, coronation, coroner.I can’t believe the color of the skyright now. Blue. As if the day is normal.Sea turtles still bury eggs. In two monthsa group of hatchlings will dig themselves out. Baby loggerheads still dig themselves upand out of those chilly Atlantic sandsand head toward the toasty Gulf Stream waters.I wonder who will emerge from our ownlive burial and who will hightail itto the Boardwalk’s lights or back to the sea?Me! Me! I think, wanting nothing more thanto dance at Margaritaville’s bandshellwith my sister, drunk tourists, toddlers, teens,the homeless, all swaying equal underthe moon. But will I be too scared? Will Ihesitate before the sand, the sea foam?Will everything I’ve known myself to bepush me forward into uncharted life? Remember Dolittle’s pushmi-pullyu,with one head that ate, another that talked?The creature’s great-grandfather was the lastunicorn, or so the Doctor believed.Scientists rush for a vaccine so we don’tgo the way of the Quagga or Dodo.Speaking of endangered birds (the Quagga?),my daughter (our go-to-stores heroine)came home with six baby chicks yesterday.Maybe not endangered yet, but awfully cute,and a way to self-sustain if the bugkeeps rampaging o’er the plains and Rockies.Quarantine soufflés! Stay-at-home quiches!In Florida, the go-to is Grubhub. [End Page 17] In Colorado, our governor’s gay,a Democrat, a Jew, which has nothingto do with how we order our takeout,but...

Imported One-Day-Old Chicks as Trojan Horses for Multidrug-Resistant Priority Pathogens Harboring mcr-9, rmtG, and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes.

Antimicrobial resistance is a critical issue that is no longer restricted to hospital settings but also represents a growing problem involving intensive animal production systems. In this study, we performed a microbiological and molecular investigation of priority pathogens carrying transferable resistance genes to critical antimicrobials in 1-day-old chickens imported from Brazil to Uruguay. Bacterial identification was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Sensititre. Antimicrobial resistance genes were sought by PCR, and clonality was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Four multidrug-resistant (MDR) representative strains were sequenced by an Illumina and/or Oxford Nanopore Technologies device. Twenty-eight MDR isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (n = 14), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 11), or Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3). While resistance to oxyiminocephalosporins was due to blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-8, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCMY-2, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was associated with the qnrB19, qnrE1, and qnrB2 genes. Finally, resistance to aminoglycosides and fosfomycin was due to the presence of 16S rRNA methyltransferase rmtG and fosA-type genes, respectively. Short- and long-read genome sequencing of E. cloacae strain ODC_Eclo3 revealed the presence of IncQ/rmtG (pUR-EC3.1; 7,400 bp), IncHI2A/mcr-9.1/blaCTX-M-2 (pUR-EC3.2, ST16 [pMLST; 408,436 bp), and IncN2/qnrB19/aacC3/aph(3″)-Ib (pUR-EC3.3) resistance plasmids. Strikingly, the blaCTX-M-2 gene was carried by a novel Tn1696-like composite transposon designated Tn7337. In summary, we report that imported 1-day-old chicks can act as Trojan horses for the hidden spread of WHO critical-priority MDR pathogens harboring mcr-9, rmtG, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in poultry farms, which is a critical issue from a One Health perspective. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is considered a significant problem for global health, including within the concept of One Health; therefore, the food chain connects human health and animal health directly. In this work, we searched for microorganisms resistant to antibiotics considered critical for human health in intestinal microbiota of 1-day-old baby chicks imported to Uruguay from Brazil. We describe genes for resistance to antibiotics whose use the WHO has indicated to "watch" or "reserve" (AWaRe classification), such as rmtG and mcr9.1, which confer resistance to all the aminoglycosides and colistin, respectively, among other genes, and their presence in new mobile genetic elements that favor its dissemination. The sustained entry of these microorganisms evades the sanitary measures implemented by the countries and production establishments to reduce the selection of resistant microorganisms. These silently imported resistant microorganisms could explain a considerable part of the antimicrobial resistance problems found in the production stages of the system.

CRUDE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING CHICKENS UNDER NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT

A FEEDING trial was carried out with Warren cockerels to determine the minimum crude protein requirements of growing chickens (6 - 14 Weeks) under the Nigerian (tropical) environment. Three series of diets with protein levels ranging from 13 to 22 percent were used for this study. The first series consisted of unsupplemented all-plant protein diets, the second and third series were the all-plant protein diets supplemented with methionine or methionine plus fishmeal respectively. Satisfactory growth and feed conversion efficiency were observed with increasing concentration of protein, changes in body weight being similar to the pattern observed with the baby chicks fed the same protein levels (Njike 1978a). Maximum weight gain was achieved by chicks on unsupplemented rations containing 20 and 22 percent protein and on 18 % protein diets supplemented with methionine or methionine plus fish meal. The result clearly showed that there is no advantage in supplementing grower rations with fishmeal; the most economic ration is unsupplemented 18% protein diet The performance of chicks on unsupplemented 18% protein diet or 16% protein diet supplemented with methionine or methionine plus fishmeal are comparable and are protein levels of choice for growing chickens under tropical conditions like Nigeria.

Crude Protein Requirements Of Egg-type Baby Chicks Under Nigerian (Tropical) Environment

TWO feeding trials were conducted with day old mixed sexes of Apollo (White Leghorn) strain. The first experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of all — vegetable protein diets to meet the requirements of baby chicks. While the second one was designed to find out whether synthetic methionine and/or fishmeal supplementation are desirable in low quality protein of groundnut cake. Results showed that a diet based on plant proteins only, namely, those of groundnut cake and maize, is capable of stimulating rapid growth in chicks. Diets containing 24% all-vegetable protein, 22% plant protein plus 0.35% feed grade methionine or 20% plant protein containing 3% of fishmeal plus 0.37% feed grade methionine, satisfied the requirements for rapid growth and efficient feed utilization in young chicks. However, based on the prevailing prices of the ingredients used in formulating the rations, the results indicate that ration based on 24%of all — plant protein diet was least expensive.

Frame-of-Reference Effects in Psychophysics: New Experimental Findings with Baby Chicks

ABSTRACT IS AVAILABLE IN THE PDF

The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold

Coronaviruses first appeared as chicken virus that cause respiratory disease. Historical reconsideration tells that coronavirus infection originated in the early 20th century. The first definitive account of the infection was given by Arthur Schalk and Merle Fawn in 1931 as a “new respiratory disease of baby chicks.” Leland Bushnell and Carl Brandly established virus as the causative agent in 1933 and was called infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which eventually became the coronavirus type species. An apparently unrelated viral infection was discovered from laboratory mice in 1949 as JHM that caused encephalomyelitis and another in 1951 as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Study in the 1960s of viruses causing common colds in humans revealed unusual human viruses (designated B814 and 229E as the sample codes). Development of transmission electron microscopy enabled structural visualisation for the first around time ­and with startling revelation – IBV, MHV, B814 and 229E were fundamentally the same virus having characteristic halo around the spherical viral core, a reminisce of solar corona for which they get a new name, coronaviruses, in 1968. The available historical records are incomplete and sometimes inaccurately represented, and this article attempt to mend the flaws whilst giving a more detailed account.