Ba Impurities Research Articles

Optimization of separation and MC-ICP-MS methods for determining Eu isotopic ratios in Si- and Ba-rich fractionated igneous rocks and other natural materials

Eu isotope ratio can be precisely measured by MC-ICP-MS using a Sm isotope pair as spike for normalization. The standard chemical reagent NIST3117a exhibits almost no Eu isotope fractionation regardless of the kind of Sm isotope pairs used in normalization. However, Eu isotope fractionation can appear even in high purity Eu chemical reagents due to Gd and Ba impurities, interference with Sm isotope pair or use of different sample introduction methods. The Eu isotope fractionation in highly fractionated igneous rocks or feldspar minerals can arise from Gd and Ba impurities left by incomplete chemical separation. This study describes a modified, optimal method for accurately and precisely determining the degree of Eu isotope fractionation in highly fractionated Si-rich igneous rocks and Ba-rich feldspar. Ba oxide effects on Sm, Eu and Gd isotopes were monitored by MC-ICP-MS using different wet and dry plasma conditions for sample introduction. The Gd impurities exerts more influence than Ba impurities on Eu isotope ratios. The highly fractionated igneous rocks and feldspar materials showed consistent enrichment in the lighter Eu isotope (151Eu) which becomes a negative Eu isotopic value relative to NIST3117a. Results showed that highly purified Eu solutions from reagents containing no detectable Gd and Ba gave consistent Eu isotopic values regardless of Sm isotope pair (e.g., 147Sm149Sm, 147Sm152Sm, 147Sm154Sm, 149Sm154Sm, 150Sm154Sm) used in normalization. In order to obtain the best estimates of Eu isotope fractionation in different kinds of geological materials (including Si- and Ba-rich materials), Ba and Gd matrix must be completely removed and the Eu isotopic values calculated using four or more Sm spike isotope pairs.

MA-XRF investigation of a 17th century icon by the renowned painter Theodoros Poulakis

Eastern Orthodox religious panel paintings (“icons”) are continuously manufactured since the dawn of Christianity and are still being used in the framework of pertinent rituals and worship. In the current work, an important Greek icon is investigated through non-invasive macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) analysis to reveal the employed painting materials and techniques. The artifact in consideration was painted by the renowned icon painter Theodoros Poulakis who was active during the 17th century (ca. 1622–1692). Poulakis’ work is characterized by the extremely skillful painting and played a major role in the stylistic developments of Greek religious painting; additionally, more than one hundred icons that either bear Poulakis’ signature or are attributed to his hand on stylistic basis are spotted today. Through the MA-XRF investigation of the icon in consideration authors were able to identify the materials employed in its manufacturing and revealed interesting technical details, including some peculiar –and possibly idiomorphic– characteristics. In particular, the identified pigments include vermilion, lead white, minium, at least two distinct ochre pigments, a copper-based blue (presumably azurite) and two distinct (in terms of composition) copper-based green pigments, along with a deep-red organic lake. Poulakis used extensively high-purity gold leaves for gilding the background and the haloes of the figures, while MA-XRF allowed for the identification of inferior (in terms of purity) gold leaves that were used for rendering gilded highlights on various details. The analytical data allowed for an in-depth investigation of the materials and techniques employed by Poulakis in this particular painting and led to the spotting of some rather idiomorphic technical characteristics, such as the presence of a copper green pigment that contains Zn–As–Ba impurities and the combination of multiple colors for highlighting red vestments. The results are evaluated under the light of other relevant studies and aim primarily at setting a sound foundation for a forthcoming, extensive and thorough investigation of the materials and techniques employed in other Theodoros Poulakis paintings.

Jewelry Morocco septaria. Gemological characteristics and mineral composition

Background. Septaria, comprising calcareous-clay nodules with calcite veins, are widely used as jewelry and ornamental materials. Septaria from Morocco represented on the world and Russian markets of jewelry and ornamental stones remain gemologically and mineralogically underexplored. In this article, the gemological characteristics and mineral composition of Morocco septaria, as well as the conditions of their formation, are described for the first time.Aim. To determine the gemological characteristics and mineral composition of Morocco septaria, as well as their formation conditions. To conduct their comparison with septaria from other regions of the world.Materials and methods. The author studied the assortment of Morocco septaria presented at international and Russian exhibitions. A collection (15 samples) representing the main decorative septarium varieties was compiled. The materials underwent determination of microhardness, density, luminescence (10 samples), optical-petrographic analysis (4 sections), quantitative determination of mineral and chemical composition (2 samples), electron probe studies (2 samples).Results. The septaria were found to consist of (wt %): quartz — 38, goethite — 16, chlorite (shamosite) — 28, kaolinite — 6, siderite — 5, dolomite — 4, calcite — 1, pyrite, zeolite, apatite, hydrosludes less than 1. Dispersed inclusions of leucoxene, barite, and microcline were discovered. The septarium veins consisted mainly of dolomite, quartz, chlorite with inclusions of siderite, calcite and pyrite. The Zn, Sr, and Ba impurities ranged within 0.01—0.05 wt %, while Cr, V, Ni, Cu, Rb, Zr, Y, and Pb ranged within 0.001—0.01 wt %. The mineral composition of the studied Morocco septaria was found to differ significantly from that of septaria in other regions of the world, where calcite plays a decisive role.Conclusion. Morocco septaria of small size (from 2 to 6 cm) are used as interior decorations and jewelry cabochons. The mineral and chemical (including micro-inclusions and impurities) composition of Morocco septaria was established for the first time, which allows their identification. The mineral composition of the septaria under study is associated with the regional low-temperature metamorphism, which altered the original, predominantly calcite composition.

Enriching the Deep-Red Emission in (Mg, Ba)3M2GeO8: Mn4+ (M = Al, Ga) Compositions for Light-Emitting Diodes

Red emission from Mn4+-containing oxides inspired the development of high color rendering and cost-effective white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). Aiming at this fact, a series of new crystallographic site modified (Mg, Ba)3M2GeO8: Mn4+ (M = Al, Ga) compositions were developed with strong deep-red emission in the reaction to UV and blue lights. The Mg3Al2GeO8 host is composed of three phases: orthorhombic-Mg3Ga2GeO8, orthorhombic-Mg2GeO4, and cubic-MgAl2O4. However, Mg3Ga2GeO8 secured an orthorhombic crystal structure. Interestingly, Mg3Al2GeO8: Mn4+ showed a 13-fold more intense emission than Mg3Ga2GeO8: Mn4+ since Mn4+ occupancy was preferable to [AlO6] sites compared to [GaO6]. The coexisting phases of MgAl2O4 and Mg2GeO4 in Mg3Al2GeO8: Mn4+ contributed to Mn4+ luminescence by providing additional [AlO6] and [MgO6] octahedrons for Mn4+ occupancy. Further, these sites reduced the natural reduction probability of Mn4+ to Mn2+ in [AlO4] tetrahedrons, which was confirmed using cathodoluminescence analysis for the first time. A cationic substitution strategy was employed on Mg3M2GeO8: Mn4+ to improve the luminescence, and Mg3-xBaxM2GeO8: Mn4+ (M = Al, Ga) phosphors were synthesized. Partial substitution of larger Ba2+ ions in Mg2+ sites caused structural distortions and generated a new Ba impurity phase, which improved the photoluminescence. Compositionally tuned Mg2.73Ba0.27Al1.993GeO8: 0.005Mn4+ exhibited a 35-fold higher emission than that of Mg3Ga1.993GeO8: 0.005Mn4+. Additionally, this could retain 70% of its ambient emission intensity at 453 K. A warm WLED with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3730 K and a CRI of 89 was fabricated by combining the optimized red component with Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ and 410 nm blue LED. By tuning the ratio of blue (BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+), green (Ce0.63Tb0.37MgAl11O19), and red (Mg2.73Ba0.27Al2GeO8: 0.005Mn4+) phosphors, another WLED was developed using a 280 nm UV-LED chip. This showed natural white emission with a CRI of 79 and a CCT of 5306 K. Meanwhile, three red LEDs were also fabricated using the Mg2.73Ba0.27Al1.993GeO8: 0.005Mn4+ phosphor with commercial sources. These could be potential pc-LEDs for plant growth applications.

Hazai képződményekből szeparált kvarcok jellemzői az OSL kormeghatározás szempontjából

Az OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) kormeghatározás alkalmazása a Magyar Állami Földtani Intézetben 2004-ben kezdődött, majd a jogutód Magyar Földtani és Geofizikai Intézetben folytatódott, és a Magyar Bányászati és Földtani Szolgálatban jelenleg is folyik. A felső-pleisztocén és holocén üledékek OSL kormeghatározása során tett megfigyeléseink szerint a kvarcok lumineszcens tulajdonságai és OSL kormeghatározásra való alkalmassága helyi eltéréseket mutat. Ezeknek az eltéréseknek az okait kerestük. Vizsgáltuk a kvarc eltérő forráskőzeteinek hatását olyan kvarcgazdag magmás, metamorf és idősebb üledékes képződményekből nyert kvarcszeparátumokon, amelyek hazánkban jelenleg a felszínen is előfordulnak, és anyaguk a negyedidőszaki üledékbe is bekerülhetett. Az OSL mérések mellett a kvarcszemcsék kristályrács hibáit okozó szennyeződések kimutatására LA-ICP-MS, mikro-FTIR és IR spektrometriai méréseket alkalmaztunk. A kvarcszeparátumok pontosabb jellemzéséhez fénymikroszkópos vizsgálatot, valamint termoanalitikai és röntgen-pordiffrakciós elemzéseket végeztünk. A kvarcokat befoglaló képződmények radioaktív elemtartalmát gamma-spektrometriai mérések segítségével határoztuk meg.
 OSL mérési eredményeink alapján az üledékes képződmények és egyes vulkáni tufák kvarcszeparátumai fényesebb, nagyobb intenzitású lumineszcenciát adtak, mint a vizsgált metamorf és mélységi magmás kőzetek. Közvetlenül, az első mállási és szállítási ciklus után az üledékekbe kerülve csupán néhány üledékes képződmény kvarcszemcséi lennének alkalmasak a kormeghatározásra.
 A kvarcok OSL tulajdonságait meghatározó kristályrács hibáit az LA-ICP-MS vizsgálat szerint Li, Na, Al, P, K, Ti és Ba beépülése okozhatja, és a mikro-FTIR mérésekkel kimutatott, a Si4+ iont helyettesítő Al3+ + H+, azaz AlOH szerkezeti hidroxil, valamint molekuláris víz. A nagyobb intenzitású OSL-t adó kvarcszeparátumok befoglaló képződményei kisebb K- és Th-tartalommal rendelkeznek, mint a gyengébb OSL-t kibocsátóké.
 A negyedidőszaki üledékek kvarcainak lumineszcens tulajdonságaiban és OSL kormeghatározásra való alkalmasságában mutatkozó helyi eltérések oka az eltérő forráskőzeteik, valamint különböző hő- és üledékes történetük lehet. A mélységi magmás és metamorf kőzetek elsődleges lepusztulásából származó kvarcok kedvezőtlen OSL tulajdonságát az eredményezheti, hogy bár magas hőmérsékleten képződve sok kristályrács hiba alakult ki bennük, de azok nagy részét lassú kihűlésük során elvesztették. Az üledékes képződmények kvarcszemcséinek kedvezőbb OSL tulajdonságai elsősorban a szállításuk és áthalmozódásuk során az ismétlődő radioaktív besugárzási, azaz OSL felépülési, és napfényen az OSL lenullázódási ciklusoknak köszönhető, melyek növelik a kvarc lumineszcens érzékenységét.

Photo-degradation of a mixture of dyes using Barium doped ZnO nanoparticles

The potential use of Barium (Ba) doped ZnO nanoparticles for the photo-degradation of a mixture of dyes that mimics natural effluents has been attempted. Undoped and Ba-doped ZnO nanoparticles were efficiently synthesized via co-precipitation method. The effect of Ba concentration on the structural, morphological, optical properties and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles was probed. X-ray diffraction analysis disclosed the formation of hexagonal polycrystalline nanoparticles with ZnO wurtzite crystal structure having an average crystallite sizes ranging from 20 nm for pure ZnO up to 28 nm in diameter after adding different ratios of barium. The FE-SEM images revealed rod-like nanoflakes morphology for all of the samples with a clear influence of the presence of Ba impurities on the width of the rods. Mapping analysis showed even Ba distribution in the ZnO lattice. FTIR spectra manifested the presence of the characteristic absorption peak at 400–600 cm−1 of Zn–O stretching modes confirming the target nanoparticles synthesis. While the BET and BJH data analysis indicated increased specific surface area and reduced pore volume as a result of Ba intercalation. The incorporation of Ba into the ZnO matrix has shifted the 371 nm absorption band to 475 nm as observed in photoluminescence spectra for all samples. This red shift in the absorption was reflected in lowering the band energy enabling it to decolorize a dyes mixture under visible light illumination. Based on the aforesaid results, the Ba doping is responsible for the visible light driven photocatalytic activity of the composites.

Nonclassical nonlinearity and crystal defects in lithium niobate

Nonclassical nonlinearity (NN) in ultrasound attenuation and acoustic memory in LiNbO3.may be connected to crystal defects. The optical spectra of photoluminescence (PL) and absorption taken from 350—900 nm reveal multiple point defects and impurities such as F-center, NbLi+, Fe, Ba, Ar, Xe and others. The spectra are taken at room temperature from the Czochralski grown bulk crystals and wafers. The samples are scanned by taking PL spectra from different locations along the z- and y-axes. The data from several samples reveal a nonuniform distribution of the defects along the crystallographic axes. The dependencies of PL peaks versus position have a sine-like component on top of some constant intensity. For instance, a scan for F-center has a period (P) from 0.27 to 0.75 mm and for Ba impurity from 0.25 to 0.75 mm in bulk crystals. In the wafers, P may be smaller, that is 0.1 mm and smaller. However, a ratio of maxima to minima in PL peaks is higher for bigger P. The overall spread of P is roughly from < 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. Some defects are electrically charged, and may influence the piezoelectric properties. Consequently, a real crystal has some constants which are nonuniform along its axes. The measured periods P correspond to ultrasonic wavelengths in the Megahertz frequency range. The comparison of the periods P in defects distributions with the frequencies of NN phenomena points to considering crystalline defects as those responsible for the NN observed in LiNbO3.

Effect of barium doping on structural and optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by microwave hydrothermal method

Undoped and Ba‐doped ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using microwave hydrothermal method. The influence of Barium concentration on physical and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated. X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are polycrystalline with hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and their average crystallite sizes are found to vary from 20 to 21.5 nm in diameter. The SEM images showed that surface morphology of the samples was influenced by the presence of Ba impurities. Ultraviolet and green emission bands around 415 and 603 nm, respectively were observed in photoluminescence spectra for all samples. The FTIR spectra indicated the presence of the distinct characteristic absorption peak at 489 cm−1 for Zn–O stretching modes. Raman spectra exhibited the presence of an intense peak around 437 cm−1 followed by a peak around 586 cm−1 in the higher wave number region.

Inclusion behavior of Cs, Sr, and Ba impurities in LiCl crystal formed by layer-melt crystallization: Combined first-principles calculation and experimental study

The pyroprocessing which uses a dry method to recycle spent oxide fuel generates a waste LiCl salt containing radioactive elements. To reuse LiCl salt, the radioactive impurities has to be separated by the purification process such as layer-melt crystallization. To enhance impurity separation efficiency, it is important to understand the inclusion mechanism of impurities within the LiCl crystal. Herein, we report the inclusion properties of impurities in LiCl crystals. First of all, the substitution enthalpies of Cs+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ impurities with 0–6at% in LiCl crystal were evaluated via first-principles calculations. Also, the molten LiCl containing 1mol of Cs+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ impurities was crystallized through the experimental layer-melt crystallization method. These substitution enthalpy and experiment clarify that a high substitution enthalpy should result in the high separation efficiency for an impurity. Furthermore, we find that the electron density map gives a clue to the mechanism for inclusion of impurities into LiCl crystal.

Ba有可能影响KDP晶体在特定波长下的光损伤阈值

Ba impurity in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) is studied with the first-principle simulation method. The relaxed configurations and density of the states of KDP crystal with Ba impurity are calculated. We find that Ba can generate a K vacancy and an interstitial O-H unit for charge compensation. The band gap of KDP crystal narrowed down to about 3.9 eV, which is consistent with the experimental data from previously reported studies and indicates that Ba may be a source of low-damage threshold.

The Si–Sr and Si–Ba phase diagrams over the Si-rich composition range

For the first time, Si–Sr and Si–Ba phase diagrams have been investigated over the Si-rich composition range. The solid solubilities of Sr and Ba impurity getters in silicon were measured in the temperature range from 1173 to 1573 K by analytical methods, including microhardness and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The liquidus curves for the primary crystallization of silicon were determined by differential thermal and activation analyses. The alloys were prepared from pure components using induction heating with subsequent quenching. The samples were subjected to isochronous homogenization annealing at different temperatures for 100 h. The elements Sr and Ba exhibit retrograde solubility in silicon. The maximum equilibrium solubility of Sr in Si is 1.15 at.% at 1573 K, while the Ba solubility limit is 0.98 at the same temperature. The thermodynamic description of the experimental liquidus curves for the primary crystallization of Si indicates that the Si–Sr and Si–Ba liquid alloys do not inherently have a regular nature. We expect that the clathrate structure can exist in the Si-rich melts of the Si–Sr and Si–Ba systems.

Tuning Photoluminescence Properties of Alkaline-earth Oxide Nanoparticles by Site-selective Functionalization and Doping

We investigate theoretically the effects of isovalent substitutional doping on the optical properties of cubic MgO nanoparticles. The Ca, Sr, and Ba impurities preferentially occupy the three-coordinated cation sites and counterbalance the lattice strain induced by the finite size of the host particles. The lowest optical absorption band shifts to the lower energies as the radius of the substitutional species increases. Two types of nearly iso-energetic triplet excitons are found: the symmetric and asymmetric configurations correspond to the hole component being delocalized over three four-coordinated anion and localized on a single anion, respectively. The photoluminescence energies strongly depend on the exciton configuration and can be controlled by the judicious choice of the dopans.

Subpeak structure of the lowest-frequency E-symmetry transverse optical phonon in Ba-doped PbTiO3 single crystals

Polarized Raman scattering study of Ba-doped PbTiO3 single crystals indicated that, for a limited temperature range between 650 and 750 K, the line shape of the E(1TO) “soft” mode could not be described by a single damped harmonic oscillator but was adequately fitted by two independent oscillators. The line-shape fitting of the E(1TO) spectrum further indicated a gradual intensity inversion between the two subpeaks with increasing temperature. For temperatures below the crossover point, the subpeak with a higher mode frequency dominated the line shape. Contrary to this, the line shape was predominantly described by the subpeak with a lower frequency for temperatures above the crossover point. The subpeak structure becomes progressively evident with increased content of barium (Ba) dopant. We examined possible origins of the observed subpeak structure with the crossover in the integrated intensity and attributed this anomalous behavior to localized defects caused by the Ba impurity.

Spectral dependence of photoinduced optical absorption in doped yttrium iron garnet single crystals

The photoinduced optical absorption α of doped yttrium iron garnets (YIG) is investigated. It is found that the optical absorption α at a wavelength of 1.1 µm depends on the wavelength of irradiating light in the range 0.6–1.9 µm. It is demonstrated that, in the Y3Fe5O12 crystal with an acceptor Ba impurity, the photoinduced increase in α is due to the formation of Fe4+ ions in octahedral sites. The charge transfer occurs through photoexcitation of the 6A1g(6S) → 4T1g(4G) and 6A1g(6S) → 4T2g(4G) transitions of octahedral Fe3+ ions. In the crystal with a donor Si impurity, the increase in α is caused by the formation of Fe2+ ions upon photoionization of silicon.

Electronic structure and optical properties of CaF2 films under low energy Ba+ ion-implantation combined with annealing

Monocrystalline CaF2 films are very perspective materials for the creation of 3D integral schemes with semiconductor-dielectric-semiconductor (SDS) and metal-dielectric-semiconductor (MDS) structures, optoelectronic devices, optical resonators or storage devices. However, the use of such films needs the controlled change of the electronic structure, the crystalline lattice parameter and other properties of the surface layers. Our investigations have shown that low energy Ba+ ion-implantation combined with annealing can be used for this purpose. The concentration profiles of Ba impurity atoms in ion-implanted CaF2 films were determined. Information about the density distribution of electronic states and about the parameters of the energy bands of the ion-implanted CaF2 films were obtained by the technique of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The results can be used for the production of optical resonators in the UV region with variable frequency (7.8eV⩽hν⩽9.2eV).

Influence of deviations from stoichiometry on the ir spectra of yttrium-iron garnet crystals

We have measured the absorption coefficients in the IR range as well as the cathodoluminescence spectra and also evaluated the content of the basic (Y, Fe, O) and impurity (Ba, Mn, Pt, Bi, Sm, V, Pb) elements of yttrium-iron garnet Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) cut along different crystallographic planes. We show that Ba ions, as the main uncontrolled impurity, replace Y ions in varying degrees, thus exerting an inadequate influence on the absorption coefficients α (λ=1.3 µm) for samples of sections (110) and (111). It is established that Ba impurity in the concentration range 0.8 to 1.5 wt.% reduces α to a minimum, which is apparently due to suppression of the process of generation of dislocations. The quality of the YIG crystals is most fully characterized by the ratio of the sum of the masses of cations to the sum of anions.

Rb ion-exchange profile in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP)

The Rb depth profiles in KTP as a function of ion-exchange duration in rubidium nitrate (RbNO 3) melts with small concentrations of Ba(NO 3 ) 2 in the melt have been studied by using Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The data indicate that small Ba concentrations have a major effect on the incorporation of Rb and its distribution in the KTP. The results also show the effect of the Ba impurity in Rb ion-exchange is a function of the duration of exchange and varies substantially as the impurity concentration increases. The ion-exchange of pure Rb shows a possible formation of a diffusion barrier which leads to a lesser near-surface concentration as the exchange duration increases. A small concentration of Ba removes this diffusion barrier.

Ion exchange in potassium titanyl phosphate

Ion-exchange processes in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO4 or KTP) single crystal immersed in Rb, Rb–Ba, Rb–Sr nitrate molten solutions have been investigated by using Rutherford backscattering depth-profile analysis. The depth to which Rb-ion exchange occurred in KTP was found to be sensitive to the presence of as little as 0.1% of a Ba impurity in a molten solution of rubidium nitrate. The addition of impurities such as Ba significantly increased the ion-exchange depth of Rb in KTP, and the Rb distribution after ion exchange. Using pure RbNO3, however, the depth of the Rb ion exchange was relatively shallow, and the Rb surface concentration was measurably greater at the minus than at the plus polar-axis faces of the crystal. These findings are relevant to the application of ion-exchange techniques to the fabrication of optical waveguides on KTP substrates.

ITC and theoretical studies of divalently doped RbCl

Experimental (ITC) and theoretical studies on RbCl doped with Ca, Sr, Pb and Ba impurities have been made. For all the impurities, single ITC peaks have been found and their activation parameters obtained. The binding and activation energies for reorientation have been calculated by using an extended Mott-Littleton approach. It has been found that reorientation proceeds via cation jumps in next-nearest-neighbour positions, the calculated activation energies agreeing with the experimental values. The calculated values for impurity-vacancy exchange can also explain the observed experimental trends for dipole aggregation.

Effect of different barium concentrations in KCl crystals on X‐ray diffuse scattering

AbstractUsing the X‐ray diffuse scattering technique, KCl crystals with various Ba impurity concentrations (0.0027–0.353 at. %) have been studied. Isointensity curves for all the crystals studied were constructed, which permitted discovering a strong concentration dependence of the diffuse scattering intensity. Starting with 0.0027 at. % Ba the Guinier‐Preston zones appear in the {100} planes. At higher Ba concentrations their number (up to 7 planes in the zone) and sizes increase.The limiting Ba solubility in the KCl lattice is shown to be less than 0.0025 at. %. The diffuse spot elongation in the 〈130〉 directions at Ba concentration of 0.012 at. % results from diffraction effects of summation of spaces stress vectors acting in the 〈100〉 direction. The analysis of non‐uniform Ba distribution in KCl gave the form and character of segregates which are described by a two‐phase model. Shown is the effect of various impurity concentrations on the coherent coupling of the substance and matrix.