B20 Blend Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Performance, Emission, and Combustion Characteristics of a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine Powered with Three Different Biodiesel Blends

Biodiesel is a renewable energy source which is gaining prominence as an alternative fuel over fossil diesel for different applications. Due to their higher viscosity and lower volatility, biodiesels are blended with diesel in various proportions. B20 blends are viable and sustainable solutions in diesel engines with acceptable engine performance as they can replace 20% fossil fuel usage. Biodiesel blends are slightly viscous as compared with diesel and can be used in common rail direct injection (CRDI) engines which provide high pressure injection using an electronic control unit (ECU) with fuel flexibility. In view of this, B20 blends of three biodiesels derived from cashew nutshell (CHNOB (B20)), jackfruit seed (JACKSOB (B20)), and Jamun seed (JAMNSOB (B20)) oils are used in a modified single-cylinder high-pressure-assisted CRDI diesel engine. At a BP of 5.2 kW, for JAMNSOB (B20) operation, BTE, NOx, and PP increased 4.04%, 0.56%, and 5.4%, respectively, and smoke, HC, CO, ID, and CD decreased 5.12%, 6.25%, 2.75%, 5.15%, and 6.25%, respectively, as compared with jackfruit B20 operation.

The influence of castor biodiesel blending ratio on engine performance including the determined diesel particulate matters composition

There are world attentions to increase the share of renewable bioenergy in transportation sector to resolve problems of limited fuel reserve and polluted atmosphere. It is reasonable to produce biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oils to overcome any effect on food prices. Current study investigates the effect of castor methyl ester (CME) biodiesel blending ratio (BR) on the determined composition of diesel particulate matters (DPM). The main novelty of this study is to empirically predict the composition of DPM based on measurements of gaseous emissions and other engine parameters operated with biodiesel blends without necessity to follow expensive and time-consumed procedures. The base biodiesel is CME which is mainly mono-unsaturated fatty acids (≈87%) with 6% di-unsaturated and 7% saturated compounds. The empirical mathematical set of equation is used to estimate portions of elemental carbon (EC) and Organic carbon (OC) in DPM in addition to the total mass of emitted DPM based on measurements of gaseous emissions and engine mechanical parameters. Steady state experiments on single-cylinder engine according to ECE 96 five-mode test cycle were carried out. Results of experiments regarding effect of BR on engine performance reveled that (i) blend B10 provided best engine mechanical performance with insignificant efficiency increase, (ii) engine combustion analysis for B10 close to those for neat diesel fuel, (iii) blend B10 emit the lowest level of CO and HC emissions, while blend B30 emit the lowest exhaust opacity with slight change in NOx emissions, (iv) all blends provided DPM emissions lower than those for neat diesel fuel, (v) blend B10 provided the lowest DPM value among all other blends, and (vi) blend B30 provided the lowest EC in the emitted DPM. It can be concluded that (i) use of mathematical models to investigate the structure of DPM emissions is a useful tool, and (ii) even B10 provided the best economic and the lowest emissions with values close to those for B20, it will be more economic to increase the share of renewable energy sources and so to substitute diesel fuel with B20.

Experimental investigation of performance, emissions and tribological characteristics of B20 blend from cottonseed and palm oil biodiesels

Reserves of fossil fuel are being depleted, and its use to generate energy also affects the environment. Sustainable and clean energy sources, therefore, need to be produced to meet the demands. In this research, combined blended fuels were produced from cottonseed and palm oil methyl esters with petroleum diesel fuel. To achieve the benefits of palm oil biodiesel (high calorific value) and cottonseed oil biodiesel (low kinematic viscosity and acid value), the combined biodiesel blend (C05P15, C10P10, and C15P05) has been tested to assess their effect on engine performance, emissions, and tribological properties. The physicochemical properties of all fuels were measured following ASTM D6751 standard. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, and the natural aspiration diesel engine were used for engine testing. The experimental results showed that all combined blended fuels have low brake thermal efficiency and emitted fewer hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity apart from nitrogen oxides compared with petroleum diesel fuel. Based on results, the combined blended fuel can be used as a substitute fuel in diesel engines without any engine modifications.

Influence of HHO Gas Addition on Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CI Engine Fuelled with Used Cooking Oil Bio Fuel Blends

The present study is to investigate the influence of used cooking oil (UCO) bio diesel blend and HHO gas on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio multi fuel engine. Bio fuel is extracted from UCO through transesterification process. Blends of diesel and UCO bio fuel is used as primary fuel and hydroxyl (HHO) gas which was generated from the electrolysis of water is used as supplementary fuel. Engine was tested for three different fuels such as diesel, B20 blend and B20 +HHO blends by varying four different loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) at the constant speed of 1500 rpm. HHO gas was injected in to the intake manifold with constant flow rate of 0.5 lpm for all engine loads. Engine fuelled with B20+HHO blends showed better brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption and emitted less CO and HC emissions over the B20 blends and diesel.

Effect of injection timing on the performance of Ceiba Pentandra biodiesel powered dual fuel engine

In the present work, effect injection timing (IT) on the modified dual fuel (DF) engine performance with effective utilization of biodiesel and gaseous fuel combinations is reported. Biodiesel prepared Ceiba Pentandra oil called Ceiba Pentandra oil methyl ester (CPNTOME) and its B20 blend (CPNTOME B20) are used as pilot injected fuels while the biogas (raw and purified) is used as the inducted fuel in the modified DF engine. Hence, the present research focus on the study of DF engine performance fuelled with liquid and gaseous fuel combinations. Meanwhile, the effect of IT on modified DF engine performance is investigated. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions were found to be less besides higher emissions of NOx were observed. Combustion parameters such as ignition delay (ID), and peak pressure (PP) are analysed. The DF engine operated on renewable fuel combinations in DF mode can cover the way for partial substitution of fossil fuel along with reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Advancing the IT improves the DF engine performance and reduces the smoke, CO and NOx emissions.

Experimental evaluation of a compression ignition engine enacted with biofuel from beverage industry waste and higher grades of alcohol

ABSTRACT Disposal of biomass waste in winery industry is an additional burden to the breweries. This biomass when converted to useful source of fuel energy to compression ignition engines serves the dual effect of waste reduction as well as cheaper energy source. Grapeseed biodiesel has been rarely studied in the recent literatures. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of grapeseed (GS) biodiesel and higher order alcohol on the combustion and emission parameters of a diesel engine. Alcoholic blends such as butanol and octanol at 20% by volume were added to 80% of GS biodiesel and engine tests were conducted. NOx emissions were higher for GS_B20 blend. Later tests were conducted to understand and analyze the combined effect of varying EGR rates (10%, 20%, and 30%) and injection timing (21°bTDC, 23 °bTDC, and 25°bTDC) on engine parameters for GS_B20 blend at all load conditions. GS_B20 injected at 21° bTDC (retarded) and 30% EGR presents the least cylinder pressure and HRR of 63.8 J/°CA and 53.75 J/°CA. Biomass waste converted GS biodiesel with 20% butanol could be considered as a suitable fuel for diesel engine with few engine modifications.

Experimental investigation of the effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles as additives to B20 blended biodiesel fuel: Flame characteristics, thermal performance and pollutant emissions

Palm oil biodiesel has been identified as a renewable energy source with a huge potential to replace liquid fossil fuels in the future. The current experimental work investigates the effect of using Al2O3 nanofuel produced by adding Al2O3 nanoparticles to 20 % blend of palm oil biodiesel with diesel fuel on the flame characteristics, radiation, temperature and pollutant emissions in an oil burner. A homogeneous suspension was prepared from Al2O3 nanoparticles, of the concentration of 500 ppm, in B20 blended biodiesel fuel. The Infrared Radiation (IR) of the flame, the flame temperature, luminosity, radiative heat flux and CO and NOx pollutant emissions were measured and compared with those of B20 fuel. The results indicate that Al2O3 nanoparticles enhance the evaporation rate of nanofuel droplets and shift the maximum flame temperature to the upstream region. Al2O3 nanoparticles favor scattering of heat over heat absorption, which accelerates flame heat transfer and decreases its temperature. Nevertheless, Al2O3 nanoparticles improve soot particles nucleation and surface growth and increase the highly emissive intermediate soot particles in the flame reaction zone. These intermediate soot particles enhance the luminosity and IR and total radiation heat transfer of the flame. The enhancement rate for average flame radiation of B20 blend fuel was as much as 10 % and higher concentrations of nanoparticles led to a substantial increase in the radiation heat flux. However, they cause an increase in the CO emission from 48 to 62 ppm which is in the standard level. Finally, the use of the nanofuel instead of B20 fuel decreases the NOx emission by 11 %.

Numerical Analysis of Aluminium Oxide Nano Particles with Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine Fitted with Hemispherical Groove in the Piston

For proper combustion, bowl in the piston geometry plays a crutial role when the engine valves are in closed position. In the present work, the combustion geometry is of hemi-spherical groove in the upper region of the piston.simulations weres conducted for different blends( b20+al40, b20+al80) to analyze the combustion features in a four stroke diesel engine using ansys r18.1 software considering above geometry of the piston. . Pertaining to greater amount of density, viscosity of biodiesel blends, variations for b20+al80 render more performance than the biodiesel. Turbulent kinetic energy of both the fuels follow similar trend due to proper mixing of air with the fuel from fuel injector.

Thermal Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Using High Content Biodiesels: A Comparative Study with Diesel Fuel

In this study, engine performance on thermal factors for different biodiesels has been studied and compared with diesel fuel. Biodiesels were produced from Pongamia pinnata (PP), Calophyllum inophyllum (CI), waste cooking oil (WCO), and acid oil. Depending on their free fatty acid content, they were subjected to the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. The main characterizations of density, calorific range, cloud, pour, flash and fire point followed by the viscosity of obtained biodiesels were conducted and compared with mineral diesel. The characterization results presented benefits near to standard diesel fuel. Then the proposed diesel engine was analyzed using four blends of higher concentrations of B50, B65, B80, and B100 to better substitute fuel for mineral diesel. For each blend, different biodiesels were compared, and the relative best performance of the biodiesel is concluded. This diesel engine was tested in terms of BSFC (brake-specific fuel consumption), BTE (brake thermal efficiency), and EGT (exhaust gas temperature) calculated with the obtained results. The B50 blend of acid oil provided the highest BTE compared to other biodiesels at all loads while B50 blend of WCO provided the lowest BSFC compared to other biodiesels, and B50 blends of all biodiesels provided a minimum % of the increase in EGT compared to diesel.

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel with added nanoparticles and diesel blends.

The present experimental work is carried out to analyse the performance, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics of variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine using blended biofuel (B20) with nanoadditives. Transesterified biodiesel was prepared from waste cooking oil (WCO). The cerium oxide nanoparticles (CERIA) were produced and categorized by precipitation technique, SEM and XRD analysis. These nanoadditives mixed with biofuel blend by magnetic stirrer and then by ultrasonication. The test procedure was carried out under the following fuel blends: 20% of biodiesel added to 80% diesel (B20), 15ppm, 30ppm, 45ppm, 60ppm and 75ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles added with B20 blend (diesel, B20, B20+CERIA15, B20+CERIA30, B20+CERIA45, B20+CERIA60, B20+CERIA75). The engine was operated at fixed compression ratio 20:1 and constant speed at various load conditions 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and results were compared to diesel at 100% load. The improvement in B20 fuel characteristics was observed by adding cerium oxide nanoparticles. The outcomes indicate better improvement in the blended sample of B20+CERIA45 ppm with brake thermal efficiency increased by 3.62% and specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.3% than the neat diesel. Presence of added particles gives better atomization which prompts total burning in the combustion chamber and builds up the amplified pressure data. The emission of CO and HC outflow dimnishes by the addition of CERIA nanoparticles in blended biofuel. Additionally, there is a reduction in NOx by expanding the CERIA dosage in the fuel mixer. This occurs due to CERIA particles presented in a fuel blend behaving as an oxygen buffer and engaging the O2 for decreasing the NOx formation.

Production optimization of Vateria Indica biodiesel and performance evaluation of its blends on compression ignition engine

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and the increasing levels of exhaust gas emissions have paved the way for researchers to focus their attention on alternative fuels. One such potential alternative source of fuel is biodiesel. In the light of the search for newer fuels, the present work focuses on Vateria Indica biodiesel that is found widely in Western Ghats of India and Srilanka. The work reports on the extraction of Vateria Indica oil, preparation of its biodiesel and performance testing of biodiesel blends on compression ignition engine (diesel engine). The oil and biodiesel yields have been optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and are found to be 23% and 85% respectively. The performance test results of Vateria Indica biodiesel blends on diesel engine have indicated that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was found to be lower and the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was found to be higher for B10 (90% diesel+10% biodiesel), B20 (80% diesel+20% biodiesel) and B30 (70% diesel+30% biodiesel) blends compared to neat diesel. The performance characteristics of B10 blend were very close to neat diesel. The combustion characteristics of biodiesel blends were found to be superior compared to neat diesel. The B30 blend has better combustion characteristics compared to B10 and B20 blends. The emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke were lower, and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) were higher for all the blends of biodiesel compared to neat diesel.

Parametric evaluation of B20 blend of mahua biodiesel with nanomaterial additives

Biodiesel from mahua is a promising source of energy in different forms like oil, gas, and char at present and for the future as well. Nations like India, which have adequate environmental conditions favouring the mahua crops, can produce oil from mahua, and this energy can be used in many efficient ways.This is an experimental approach made to test the engine performance of mahua biodiesel with nano metal oxide additives for its combustion and emission characteristics. The tests were conducted on a BSII commercial, single-cylinder, four strokes, water-cooled diesel engine. The test and operating conditions were set stringent, to generate the real-time environment. Tests were conducted at varying engine loads for determining the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and emissions parameters like unburned hydrocarbons, CO2, CO and NOx. The results obtained from the tests showed mahua biodiesel has a higher fuel consumption rate which can be normalized to diesel by adding aluminium oxide. Moreover, improved brake thermal efficiency and reduction in ignition delay was achieved by adding nano metal oxides additives in varying proportions.

The effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of C.I. Engine fuelled with corn oil biodiesel blended with diesel fuel.

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of changing the compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder, 4-stroke compression ignition (CI) engine running with biodiesel and pure diesel fuel. Corn oil biodiesel blends were prepared viz. B5(5 %), B10 (10 %), B1 (15 %) and B20 (20 %) (by volume). The tests were performed at full load, constant speed 1500 rpm and different compression ratios 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 %. The engine performance like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NOX and smoke opacity for all biodiesel blends were measured. The results showed that on increasing the compression ratios, the BTE increases and BSFC decrease for all types of fuel used, but it was found that for biodiesel blends B5, B10, B15 and B20, the BTE slightly decreased by 2, 4.2, 6.5 and 8.3 % and the BSFC increased by 3.3, 6.3, 9.4 and 13 % respectively, compared to the pure diesel fuel due to the high viscosity and density of biodiesel. With increasing the compression ratio and proportion of biodiesel blend, the emissions of CO, HC and smoke opacity were decreased, at the same time, the CO2 and NOX emissions were increased. The highest reduction in the emissions of CO, HC and smoke was found in the B20 biodiesel blend, which was 30, 26 and 23.8 %, respectively, while the same blend showed the highest increase in emissions of CO2 and NOX, which were 21 and 25.7 % respectively, compared to pure diesel fuel. Therefore, the biodiesel blend can be used at proportion up to 20 % and blend with diesel fuel in CI engines without any modifications.

An investigation on the performance and emission studies on diesel engine by addition of nanoparticles and antioxidants as additives in biodiesel blends

AbstractThe study aims to examine the effects of palm biodiesel blended with additives in the compression ignition (CI) engine. Biodiesel as fuel was limited by challenges such as lower calorific value (CV) and higher viscosity while increasing brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Nanoparticles and antioxidant additives added to biodiesel play an essential role in avoiding the hindrances of biodiesel. The antioxidants combined with biodiesel reduced NOx emissions by eliminating decomposing peroxides, free radicals, and preventing free radicals' chain reaction. The Significant characteristics of nanoparticles are high CV, high thermal conductivity, and higher surface to volume ratio. These characteristics are used to improve the CI engine's performance and emissions by using nanoparticles blended with biodiesel. Five different test blends of Diesel, B20, B20TO, B20AO, and B20AOTO were prepared. The result showed high brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and decreased BSFC, exhaust gas temperature (EGT), hydrocarbons (HC), NOx, and HC emissions by using the B20AOTO fuel blend contrasted with other biodiesel blends.

Experimental investigation of B20 blend in the DI diesel engine with a modification of smaller orifice injection nozzle and after treatment systems (EGR+DPF)

The B20 blend fuel is tested in a single-cylinder diesel test engine with the nozzle orifice diameter reduced to 0.20 mm, EGR and DPF. The performance, combustion, and emissions were compared with the parameters for the baseline diesel fuel. It was observed that the smaller orifice diameter is more effective with the B20 blend in reducing the ID, fuel consumption, soot, HC and CO emissions. The partly cooled EGR 10% rate is very much supportive with smaller hole orifice diameter fuelled with B20. As the EGR rate is increased, the NOx is drastically decreased at all the applied load conditions, but an increase in soot was observed. The 10% rate of EGR with a combination of soot trapping system DPF is very effective. However, as the EGR is increased with a combination of DPF, the engine performance dropped due to the adverse pressure caused by soot particles.

Biodiesel Fuel from Waste Cooking Oil: A Cheaper and Cleaner Renewable Energy Source

Low cost, high fatty acid content waste cooking oil was transformed into biodiesel using an acid catalyzed chemical esterification reaction with 0.5 vol.% of H2SO4 at 60�C for 1 hour followed by the main transesterification reaction. For the purpose of comparison, biodiesel fuel was also prepared using straight vegetable oils (SVO�s). The gas chromatography test showed higher than 95% FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) content for different types of utilized feedstocks. Biodiesel fuel and its blends were characterized based on ASTM test methods to investigate its density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, heating value, and its cetane index and similar physical properties were obtained for all the prepared biodiesel fuels. B20 blend, which contains 20 vol.% of biodiesel and 80 vol.% of diesel, showed a better performance than B0 (100 vol.% of diesel) when tested in a laboratory compression ignition diesel engine. After simulation of the production process via Aspen Hysys, a feasibility study was conducted and the results revealed that utilizing waste cooking oils (WCO�s) as feedstock is more economical than starting with SVO�s as raw material.

WITHDRAWN: Study of performance and emissions on VCR diesel engine fuelled with camphor oil and N-octanol as a nano additive

Biodiesel offers the hopeful solution as an ancillary fuel because its bio-degradability, in this investigation enzymatic trans esterification was done using lipase enzyme to produce high quality biodiesel and helps in controlling many problems. Five of samples are prepared with different Camphor oil proportions . At rated brake power conditions, the B25 & B30, followed by B10 blends emit lower level of NO X related to the diesel. At rated load, NOx emissions from B25 and B30 blends are 25% lower than diesel fuel. By analyzing the different outcomes and determining that blend provides the best solution, a conclusion was reached.

Monitoring Exhaust Emissions of A Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled With Linseed Oil Biodiesel Hydrogen Dual Fuel

This study presents an experimental and analytical investigation on the effects of using methyl ester of linseed oil (MELO)-diesel blend of B10, B20, and B30 with hydrogen injection of 5%, 10%, and 15% in a VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) diesel engine, operated with the compression ratios (CRs) of 15, 16, 17, and 18 on DFM (duel fuel mode). This study also gives emphasis on the optimized emissions of CO, CO2, NO, and smoke, when the engine was operated with MELO-diesel blends, and hydrogen injections with the variation in engine load, crank angle (CA), using response surface methodology (RSM) with the help of MINITAB programming. During the analysis it was observed that the emissions of CO, CO2, O2, NO, and smoke were found to be a function of biodiesel blends, compression ratios, load, and percentage of hydrogen injection. The research results report that, the dual fuel mode of diesel MELO 20% blend with hydrogen injection of about 10% gave optimized results in terms of performance and exhaust emissions, while the optimized CR was 17. The engine was smoothly operated with B20-H10-CR17 over lower emissions compared to diesel, throughout the load spectrum.

Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) for the Prediction of CRDI Engine Responses Fuelled with Pongamia Biodiesel

The application of General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) for the prediction of performance and emission responses of Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine using B5, B10 and B20 blend of pongamia biodiesel is presented in this paper. Data required for the prediction is obtained through experimentation on CRDI engine by varying parameters like injection pressure, injection timing and fuel preheating temperature. The experiments were conducted based on L9 Taguchi Orthogonal Array (OA). The experimental values for performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like CO, Nox and HC were recorded and used for GRNN. GRNN model is trained with 70% of samples and is validated with testing dataset of 30% by selecting optimum spread parameter (σ). The proposed model was found to be reliable and provides a cost effective way for determining performance parameters of engine. The results presented in this study substantially promote the use of GRNN model for the prediction of parameters in CRDI engine.

Effect of injection timing on alcohol-biodiesel-diesel ternary blends in a CI engine

The major concerns of using Jojoba oil in CI engines is its high viscosity, low volatility, and high NOx formation. In this work, an analysis of the emission parameters and efficiency of a jojoba biodiesel-fuelled engine is carried out. This research study investigates the impacts of the addition of higher order alcohols with diesel fuel on the performance and emission parameters of CI engine working with diesel-jojoba oil methyl ester blend. 5% and 10% by volume of n-butanol is combined with B20 blend of jojoba oil methyl ester. The experiment is divided in two steps, firstly, the optimum combination of alcohol with biodiesel is evaluated based on the BTE and emission parameters. Secondly, the effect of varying the injection timing from 21°, 23° and 25° BTDC for the alcohol blends of diesel-biodiesel blends are studied. BTE increases by 4.5% for B20+10% butanol and NO emission decreases by 23%. Other emissions are facing a significant drop except HC emissions. Delayed injection timing of 21° BTDC reduces NO emission further by 18.4%. The findings prove that adding n-butanol, oxygenated fuel could enhance the viscosity issue of jojoba oil methyl ester and the mixtures as well resulting in an enhancement in their performance parameters.