Β2 Values Research Articles

Prognostic relevance of oxidative stress measurement in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

To evaluate the prognostic significance of oxidative stress (OS) and antioxidant defence status measurement in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). d-ROMs test and BAP test were evaluated at diagnosis of 165 patients with CLL and correlated with clinical-biological features and prognosis. An increased oxidative damage (d-ROMs test) and a reduced antioxidant potential (BAP test) were found in CLL patients than normal controls (P<.0001). CLL patients with higher d-ROMs values had higher number of circulating white blood cells and lymphocytes, and higher values of β2 -microglobulin. Higher d-ROMs values were found in female (P=.0003), in patients with unmutated IgVH (P=.04), unfavourable cytogenetics (P=.002) and more advanced clinical stage (P=.002). Higher BAP test values were found in patients expressing CD49d (P=.01) and with more advanced clinical stage (P=.004). At a median follow-up of 48months, CLL patients with d-ROMs ≥418 CARR U were found to have a shorter time to first treatment (TFT) (P=.0002), and a reduced survival (P=.006) than others. CLL patients with BAP test values ≥2155μmol/L had a shorter TFT (P=.008) and a shorter survival (P=.003). OS can affect CLL patients by concomitantly increasing reactive oxygen metabolites production and decreasing antioxidant defences.

Calf Venous Compliance Differences in Male and Female Adults

Similar to changes in arterial compliance with fitness and aging, venous compliance in the lower extremities of adults improves with higher fitness and declines with increasing age. In young adults, males have a higher venous compliance than females, a difference that does not appear related to hormonal fluctuations. Most previous studies have used small groups to make these comparisons. PURPOSE: To determine the calf venous compliance differences in males and females in a larger group of adults. METHODS: 71 females and 102 males volunteered for this project. Participants underwent anthropometric assessment, a submaximal graded exercise test, and assessment of calf venous compliance. Utilizing venous occlusion plethysmography, calf pressure-volume relations were determined using the quadratic regression equation [(Δlimb volume) = β0 + β1*(cuff pressure) + β2*(cuff pressure)2]. Calf venous compliance was calculated as the first derivative of the pressure-volume relation during cuff pressure reduction. Sex differences in anthropometric variables, fitness, and compliance (β1, β2, and the slope of the pressure compliance relationship) were analyzed with a simple ANOVA. RESULTS: The males and females were of similar age [102 males (26 ± 12 yrs), 71 females (28 ± 17 yrs)] and fitness level (males 50.24 ± 19.55 ml*kg−1*min−1 vs. females 47.84 ± 16.03 ml*kg−1*min−1). The males were larger in size (BMI: 25.07 ± 3.81 kg/m2; calf volume: 585.79 ± 116.70 cm) than the females (BMI: 23.78 ± 4.3 kg/m2; calf volume: 497.52 ± 132.31 cm). Females had significantly larger β0 values than males, but males had significantly higher β2 values than females indicating higher calf venous compliance [males; ΔLimb Volume = 0.6665 ± 1.89051 + 0.0939 ± 0.1119 (Cuff Pressure) - 0.0212 ± 0.20587 (Cuff Pressure)2 vs. females; ΔLimb Volume = 1.8384 ± 5.28027 + 0.1083 ± 0.12568 (Cuff Pressure) - 0.0009 ± 0.00107). Compliance @ 20mmHg was significantly higher in males than females (0.28 ± 0.83mmHg vs. 0.06 ± 0.02 mmHg respectively). CONCLUSION: Consistent with previous research, this large data set found males to have higher calf venous compliance than females and females to have higher net capillary filtration than males.

Investigation of the energy spectrum and dose response of optical absorption bands in 4N single crystal LiF and LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100)

The optical absorption dose response of the 4.3 eV, 4.77 eV, 5.08 eV and 5.45 eV bands following gamma irradiation has been measured from 102-105 Gy in 4N single crystal LiF and compared to the dose response of the same bands in LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100). The relative intensity of the 4.3 eV band in the 4N material is an order of magnitude lower than in TLD-100. In addition, its dose response enters into saturation above 104 Gy as opposed to the behavior of the dose response in TLD-100 which increases by over an order of magnitude between 104 and 106 Gy. The dose filling constant of the 4.3 eV band in 4N material can be fitted with a linear/exponentially saturating function with a value of β4N = 2.9 × 10−4 Gy−1. In TLD-100, on the other hand, the dose response requires two linear/exponentially saturating functions. The first is dominant at low dose with β1 = 1 × 10−4 Gy−1 and the second is dominant at high dose with β2 = 1.1 × 10−5 Gy−1. The value of β2, approximately 26 times smaller than that of β4N, suggests that the high dose behavior in TLD-100 does not result from the same “4.3 eV entity” in 4N material.

β-Dicyanovinyl substituted porphyrinogen: synthesis, a reversible sensor for picric acid among explosives and a unique sensor for cyanide and fluoride ions by switching between various porphyrinoid states.

β-Dicyanovinyl substituted porphyrinogen (OxP-MN) was synthesized and utilized as a novel multifunctional sensor for the detection of biologically and environmentally important analytes. OxP-MN (1) acts as a selective and reversible probe for rapid colorimetric detection of picric acid (PA) among other nitroaromatics by switching between two porphyrinoid states. This system displayed a higher β2 value of 1.7 × 108 M-2 and was able to detect PA down to 1.12 ppm (4.99 μM). β-Dicyanovinyl substituted porphyrinogen (OxP-MN) reported here contains a porphyrinogen anion binding site and a dicyanovinyl group as a cyanide-dependent reactive subunit. OxP-MN displayed the first evidence that a β-electron acceptor through a vinyl linker in the case of porphyrinogen results in only an abated shift in the spectrum in contrast to its porphyrin analogues. Porphyrinogen OxP-MN (1) can be switched between a number of porphyrinoid states such as metalloporphodimethene, metalloporphyrin, porphyrinogen, etc. by using CN-, F- and other basic anions. In addition, OxP-MN unveils the unique property of detecting toxic cyanide ions and fluoride ions when "hidden" within a mixture of other anions. Also, OxP-MN behaves as a dual sensor for picric acid and basic anions such as F-, CN-, OAc-, and H2PO4-via the indicator displacement assay under the unrestricted queue.

Study of Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities of Se-Sn (Bi,Te) Quaternary Chalcogenide Thin Films Using Ti: Sapphire Laser in Femtosecond Regime

The objective of the present research work is to study the nonlinear optical properties of quaternary Se-Sn (Bi,Te) chalcogenide thin films. A Z-scan technique utilizing 800 nm femtosecond laser source has been used for the determination of the nonlinear refractive index (n 2), two-photon absorption coefficient (β 2) and third-order susceptibility (χ (3)). In the measurement of n 2, an aperture is placed in the far field before the detector (closed aperture), while for the measurement of β 2, entire transmitted light is collected by the detector without an aperture (open aperture). Self-focusing has been observed in closed aperture transmission spectra. The appearance of the peak after the valley in this spectrum reflects the positive nonlinear refractive index. The calculated value of n 2 of the studied thin films varies from 1.06 × 10−12 cm2/W to 0.88 × 10−12 cm2/W. The compound-dependent behavior of n 2 is explained in this paper. We have also compared the experimental values of n 2 with the theoretically determined values, other compounds of chalcogenide glass and pure silica. The n 2 of the investigated thin films is found to be 3200 times higher than pure silica. The results of the open aperture Z-scan revealed that the value of β 2 of the studied compound is in the order of 10−8 cm/W. The behavior of two-photon absorption is described by means of the optical band gap (E g) of the studied compound. The variation in the figure-of-merit from 0.32 to 1.4 with varying Sn content is also reported in this paper. The higher value of nonlinearity makes this material advantageous for optical fibers, waveguides and optical limiting devices.

Parameterization of deformed nuclei for Glauber modeling in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The density distributions of large nuclei are typically modeled with a Woods–Saxon distribution characterized by a radius R0 and skin depth a. Deformation parameters β are then introduced to describe non-spherical nuclei using an expansion in spherical harmonics R0(1+β2Y20+β4Y40). But when a nucleus is non-spherical, the R0 and a inferred from electron scattering experiments that integrate over all nuclear orientations cannot be used directly as the parameters in the Woods–Saxon distribution. In addition, the β2 values typically derived from the reduced electric quadrupole transition probability B(E2)↑ are not directly related to the β2 values used in the spherical harmonic expansion. B(E2)↑ is more accurately related to the intrinsic quadrupole moment Q0 than to β2. One can however calculate Q0 for a given β2 and then derive B(E2)↑ from Q0. In this paper we calculate and tabulate the R0, a, and β2 values that when used in a Woods–Saxon distribution, will give results consistent with electron scattering data. We then present calculations of the second and third harmonic participant eccentricity (ε2 and ε3) with the new and old parameters. We demonstrate that ε3 is particularly sensitive to a and argue that using the incorrect value of a has important implications for the extraction of viscosity to entropy ratio (η/s) from the QGP created in Heavy Ion collisions.

Boundary layer flow of third grade nanofluid with Newtonian heating and viscous dissipation

Two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an incompressible third grade nanofluid over a stretching surface is investigated. Influence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion is considered in the presence of Newtonian heating and viscous dissipation. Governing nonlinear problems of velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration are solved via homotopic procedure. Convergence is examined graphically and numerically. Results of temperature and nanoparticle concentration are plotted and discussed for various values of material parameters, Prandtl number, Lewis number, Newtonian heating parameter, Eckert number and thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters. Numerical computations are performed. The results show that the change in temperature and nanoparticle concentration distribution functions is similar when we use higher values of material parameters β1 and β2. It is seen that the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are increasing functions of Newtonian heating parameter γ. An increase in thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters tends to an enhancement in the temperature.

Study on fundamental and higher order soliton with and without third-order dispersion near zero dispersion point of single mode fiber

In this work, we study the effect of fundamental and higher order soliton with and without the presence of third-order dispersion (TOD, β3). The effect is studied near the zero dispersion wavelength of 1270 nm with second-order dispersion (β2) value of 0.22 ps2/km for various third-order dispersion parameter sweeps from 0.01 to 0.1 ps3/km. The theme of temporal pulse displacement due to TOD is studied for 10 and 20 soliton periods for fundamental soliton and 10 soliton period for higher order soliton (N = 2). The effective pulse width of 1 ps (FWHM) is displaced from its original position to adjacent position depending upon the TOD value. It is found in both fundamental and higher order soliton, that the displacement in higher for TOD value of 0.1 ps3/km than 0.01 ps3/km. The effect of displaced fundamental soliton pulse is pictured with respect to the transmitted distance (different soliton period) and TOD. The spectral characteristics of higher order soliton is also analyzed which is one of the characteristic mechanisms for supercontinuum generation.

Study of the Complexation of Pb(II) with meso‐2,3‐ Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) and 2,3‐Dimercapto‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) Using a Bismuth‐Bulk Rotating Disk Electrode

AbstractFor the first time, the suitability of bismuth bulk rotating disk electrode (BiB‐RDE) for the study of metal complexation has been tested. Cyclic (CV) and differential pulse (DPV) voltammetry have been used to study the complexation of Pb(II) with two of the most effective chelating agents for the treatment of Pb(II) poisoning (meso‐2,3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA, and 2,3‐dimercapto‐1‐propanesulfonic acid, DMPS). Multivariate curve resolution has been applied to voltammetric data to obtain the stoichiometries and stability constants of the complexes formed. In both systems, the ML2 complex was predominant, with log β2 values of 10.13 and 8.80 for DMSA‐Pb(II) and DMPS‐Pb(II), respectively.

Synthesis, characterization, molecular modeling and antioxidant activity of Girard′s T thiosemicarbazide and its complexes with some transition metal ions

The chelation behavior of N-{[(allylamino) thiomethyl] hydrazinocarbonylmethyl} trimethylammonium chloride (H3ATHC) towards VO2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and UO22+ ions have been studied. The structures of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, spectral (IR, UV–visible, 1H NMR and ESR and mass) as well as magnetic and thermal measurements. The ligand acted as ON bidentate, ONS tridentate donor forming mononuclear complexes. A tetrahedral geometry for Co2+, square-planar for Ni2+ and Cu2+, an octahedral for Zn2+ and a square-pyramidal arrangement for VO2+ complexes were proposed, respectively. The EPR spectra of Cu2+ and VO2+ complexes confirmed the suggested geometries with values of α2 and β2 indicating that the in-plane σ-bonding and in-plane π-bonding are appreciably covalent, and were consistent with very strong in-plane σ bonding in the complexes. Also, the bond length, bond angle, HOMO, LUMO, dipole moment and charges on the atoms have been calculated. Also, the thermal behavior and kinetic parameters were determined using Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were screened for their superoxide-scavenging activity in the PMS/NADH-NBT system as well as their scavenging effect on ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radicals. Among these compounds, the ligand and Zn2+ complex, exhibited the potent ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, comparable to that of vitamin C.

Age-related changes in the concentrations of serum proteins in calves

The objective of this study was to describe the physiological differences in serum protein electrophoretic pattern in calves at different ages and nutrition. One hundred and one clinically healthy calves at the age from 2 weeks till 6 months were included into the study. On the basis of their age and age-related feeding management, the calves were divided into five groups (calves at the age of 2 weeks, 1 month, 2, 3–4, and 5–6 months). Blood samples were taken by direct puncture of v. jugularis. Blood serum was analyzed for total serum protein concentrations, the relative and absolute values of protein fractions (albumin, alpha1 [α1]-, alpha2 [α2]-, beta1 [β1]-, beta2 [β2]-, and gamma [γ]-globulins) with calculation of albumin:globulin ratios. The results showed a significant effect of age and changes in nutrition on the serum total protein (TP) concentrations and the most of protein fractions. Significantly higher relative concentrations of albumin, α-globulins (predominantly α2), as well as β1-globulins were found in younger calves compared with older animals (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, the relative values of β2-, γ-globulins, and TPs were significantly lower in younger calves than in older ones (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). Therefore, it is essential to determine the physiological serum protein electrophoretic pattern in different age groups of calves, because these reflect the physiological response of animals to changes in nutrition, growth or development. Our results suggest that the age of animals should be taken into consideration when interpreting the serum protein profile.

Changes in the Concentrations of Serum Protein Fractions in Calves with Age and Nutrition

The objective of this study was to investigate the serum protein electrophoretic pattern of growing calves with changing nutrition, in order to evaluate the concentrations of serum protein fractions for different age groups. One hundred and eleven clinically healthy calves of a Slovak spotted breed, low-land black spotted breed, or their crossbreeds were included into this study. They were divided into three groups according to their age and nutrition: Group I – calves at the age of 1-2 weeks (milk period, n=30); Group II – calves at the age of 1-2 months (transitional feeding period, n=32); Group III – calves at the age of 3-5 months (solid feeding period, n=49). Blood samples were taken by direct puncture of v. jugularis. Blood serum was analysed for total serum protein concentrations, and for the relative values of protein fractions – albumin, α1-, α2-, β1-, β2-and γ-globulins. The results showed a significant effect of age on the serum total protein concentrations and the most of protein fractions. In younger calves significantly higher relative concentrations of α1-, α2- and β1-globulins compared with older animals were recorded (P<0.05). On the other hand, the relative values of β2-, γ-globulins, and total proteins in younger calves were significantly lower than those measured in older ones (P<0.05). It is concluded that there are marked age-dependent differences in serum protein fractions in growing calves, and this should be taken into consideration when interpreting serum protein profile.

Comparison of Two Methods for the Estimation of Stability of Copper(II) Bis-Complexes with Aromatic Ligands Relevant to Alzheimer’s Disease

In order to compare the density functional theory (DFT) and the method with the molecular valence connectivity index of the 3rd order (3χv) in the estimation of stability constants log β2, we used copper(II) complexes with thioflavin-based intercalation compounds designed for application in Alzheimer's disease. Correlation of ten log β2 values calculated by DFT with 3χv yielded r=0.988 and S.E.=0.85. The correlations of indices I(NG), HOMA and 3χv with log β2, and the intercorrelations between the indices revealed the crucial influence of 3χv on the prediction of the stability of these complexes.

Chiral Discrimination of Ammonium Neurotransmitters by C3‐Symmetric Enantiopure Hemicryptophane Hosts

Enantiopure hemicryptophanes efficiently discriminate chiral ammonium neurotransmitters. The ephedrine and norephedrine molecules associate with hemicryptophane hosts to form 1:1 and 1:2 host-guest complexes. Binding constants are determined by fitting the ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration curves to give β₁ and β₂ values, which are used to characterize the diastereomeric and enantiomeric discriminating potentials of the hosts.

N=16Spherical Shell Closure inO24

The unbound excited states of the neutron drip-line isotope 24O have been investigated via the 24O(p,p')23O + n reaction in inverse kinematics at a beam energy of 62 MeV/nucleon. The decay energy spectrum of 24O* was reconstructed from the momenta of 23O and the neutron. The spin parity of the first excited state, observed at E(x) = 4.65±0.14 MeV, was determined to be J(π) = 2+ from the angular distribution of the cross section. Higher-lying states were also observed. The quadrupole transition parameter β2 of the 2(1)+ state was deduced, for the first time, to be 0.15±0.04. The relatively high excitation energy and small β2 value are indicative of the N = 16 shell closure in 24O.

The geometry of radio pulsar magnetospheres

Data on the profiles and polarization of the 10- and 20-cm emission of radio pulsars are used to calculate the angle β between the rotational axis of the neutron star and its magnetic moment. It is shown that, for these calculations, it is sufficient to use catalog values of the pulse width at the 10% level W10, since the broadening of the observed pulses due to the transition to the full width W0 and narrowing of the pulses associated with the emission of radiation along tangents to the field lines approximately cancel each other out. The angles β1 are calculated for 283 pulsars at 20 cm and 132 pulsars at 10 cm, assuming that the line of sight passes through the center of the emission cone. The mean values of these angles are small and similar for the two wavelengths (〈β1〉 = 18° at λ = 10 cm and 〈β1〉 = 14° at λ = 20 cm). The angle β2 is estimated for several dozen pulsars for the case when the orientation of the angle to the line of sight is arbitrary. The mean value of β2 at 10 cm is found to be 〈β2〉 = 33.9° if the maximum derivative of the polarization position angle C is positive and 〈β2〉 = 52.1° ifC 0 and 〈β2〉 = 54.1° ifC 0 and 〈β2〉 = 49.1° if C < 0). The mean 〈β2〉 for the entire set of data can be taken to be 43.5°. The period dependence of the pulse width W(P) √ P−0.25 differs from the relation that is usually used in the polar-cap model, W(P) √ P−0.5. This difference could be associated with the rate of development of plasma instabilities near the surface of the neutron star (in the region where high-frequency radiation is generated). The role of the quadrupole component of the magnetic field is not important here. There is no dependence of the angle β on the pulsar age (z distance, luminosity L, or characteristic age τ = P/(2dP/dt)) for the studied sample.

Investigation of dispersion characteristic in tapered fiber

A dispersion characteristic of a tapered fiber is investigated using temporal interferometer by employing a broadband amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source to generate an interference pattern. The dispersion characteristic of the tapered fiber is acquired from a Fourier transform of the interference pattern. The second and third order dispersions of β2 and β3 are obtained at 1544.1 nm for −600 ps2/km and −2 ps3/km, respectively. The β2 value obtained is observed to be more than 300 times higher than that of a non-tapered single mode fiber. The high dispersion characteristic is due to tapering process that changes the birefringence characteristic due to the reduction in the fiber’s size and structure.

Deformation and orientation effects in the ternary fragmentation potential of the 4He- and 10Be-accompanied fission of the 252Cf nucleus

Ternary fragmentation by calculating the potential energy surfaces (PES) with the inclusion of deformation and orientation degrees of freedom for the 4He- and 10Be-accompanied fission of the 252Cf nucleus is studied. The most favored ternary fragmentation channels in the light charged particles (4He and/or 10Be)-accompanied fission of the 252Cf nucleus are predicted using the PES calculations. The sensitivity of PES due to the ground state quadrupole deformation (β2) and the orientation effects (90°–90° and 0°–0°) of the fragments are analyzed. The fragmentation channel 150Ce+98Sr+4He is predicted to be the most favorable ternary splitting for both the above orientations in the 4He-accompanied ternary fission of the 252Cf nucleus due to the large ground state quadrupole deformation of the main fission fragments 150Ce and 98Sr having β2 values 0.358 and 0.252, respectively. The fragmentation channel 140Xe+102Zr+10Be corresponding to the 90°–90° orientation and the fragmentation channel 134Te+108Mo+10Be corresponding to the 0°–0° orientation are predicted to be the most favorable ternary splitting in the 10Be-accompanied ternary fission of the 252Cf nucleus and again due to the large ground state quadrupole deformation of the main fission fragments 140Xe, 102Zr and 108Mo having ground state deformation β2 = 0.116, 0.369 and 0.365, respectively. Further, our calculations of the PES predict that the fragment combinations 186Hf+62Cr+4He and 180Yb+62Cr+10Be seem to be the probable configurations due to their higher deformations, inviting the attention of experimentalists. The present study reveals that the ground state deformation of the fragments and the orientation effects play a major role in identifying the most probable fragments in ternary splitting rather than the closed shell effects of the main fission fragments.

Evaluation of kinetic parameters of uranyl acetate complexes in ethanolic solution by cyclic voltammetry

The complexation of uranyl ion with acetate ions was investigated in 20% ethanolic solution by using cyclic voltammetry. The uranium formed 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with acetate ions. The values of log β1 and log β2 for uranyl acetate complexes were 2.05 ± 0.08 and 5.25 ± 0.06 respectively. The diffusion coefficient and heterogeneous rate constants for the reduction of uranyl ion at hanging mercury drop electrode in 20% ethanolic solution of acetate ions were 0.43 × 10−5 cm2 s−1 and 2.26 × 10−3 cm s−1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated by finding the effect of temperature on the heterogeneous rate constants. The values of ΔH *, ΔS * and $$ \Updelta G_{298}^{*} $$ were 2.52 kJ mol−1, −43.8 J mol−1 K−1 and 15.57 kJ mol−1. The positive values of ΔH * and $$ \Updelta G_{298}^{*} $$ indicated that electrochemical reduction of uranyl ions in ethanolic solution of acetate ions is an endothermic and non-spontaneous process.

Shape-driving effect of the proton 1/2[541] band in 171Ta

High-spin states in 171Ta were populated through the heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reaction 157Gd (19F, 5n)171Ta at 105MeV beam energy. Lifetimes of the levels of the πh 9/21/2[541] band have been measured by using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The transition quadrupole moments ( Q t) and the quadrupole deformation (β2) have been extracted. Both β2 and Q t values decrease slightly with increasing rotational frequency. The average β2 value of 0.26 is 18% larger than that of the πh 11/2 9/2[514] band. Total Routhian Surface calculations have been performed with the non-axial deformed Woods-Saxon potential and the predicted values of the quadrupole deformation β2 are in good agreement with that deduced from our lifetime measurement. The shape-driving effect is discussed.