B20 Blend Research Articles

Investigation into the Ideal Concoction for Performance and Emissions Enhancement of Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel with CuO Nanoparticles Using Response Surface Methodology.

The present work covers the preparation of biodiesel from jatropha oil through the transesterification process followed by its characterization, and furthermore, performance and emission analyses were done in terms of blending biodiesel with fossil diesel and CuO nanoparticles. Jatropha biodiesel blends (B10, B20, and B30) were chosen for this preliminary investigation based on the observation that B20 outperformed other blends. Next stage B20 with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 50 ppm are used to examine the performance and emission characteristics of a constant speed single cylinder, 4-stroke, 3.5 kW compression ignition (CI) engine. Finally, The response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the optimal nanoparticle concentration for B20. The results revealed that the blend of B20 with 80 ppm nanoparticles had the highest desirability (0.9732), and the developed RSM model was able to predict engine responses with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.113%. A confirmation test with an error in prediction of less than 5% verified the model's adequacy. When comparing optimized B20CuO80 to diesel, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) increased by 8.49% and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was lowered by 3.34%. Hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and smoke emissions were reduced by 3.66% and 2.88%, 4.78%, 22.9%, and 20.54%, respectively, at 80% load. As a result, the B20 blend with nanoparticle concentrations of 80 ppm may be used in current diesel engines without engine modification.

Performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with Chlorella Protothecoides microalgal biodiesel

The main objective of the current study is to determine the engine performance, combustion, and emission analysis of compression ignition engines fuelled with Chlorella Protothecoides microalgal biodiesel (CPMB). The biodiesel was derived from Chlorella Protothecoides microalgal oil (CPMO) through transesterification. Under the specified conditions, which included a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7.41 (vol/vol), a reaction time of 105.6 min, a reaction temperature of 65 °C, and a catalyst concentration of 1.024 (% wt/vol) and achieved a biodiesel yield of 98.1%. The fuel properties were determined using standard methods, revealing that the density and kinematic viscosity of CPMB were significantly higher than those of diesel. However, CPMB still exhibits satisfactory fuel properties that meet most biodiesel specifications. CPMB boasts a low cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP) of 0 and -3 °C, respectively, indicating its effective usability in cold climates. The oxidation stability of CPMB, determined by the modified Rancimat method, was found to be 4.6 h, satisfying ASTM specifications. The fuel tested in this study was 20% biodiesel with diesel, 100% biodiesel, and neat diesel. These fuels had been tested on a CI engine in which the engine speed and compression ratio were fixed at 1500 rpm and 18:1, respectively. Based on the results, it is found that the indicated thermal efficiency decreases up to 3.68% and 8.22% with B20 and B100 as compared to diesel. However, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and indicated power were estimated to be higher at peak engine load conditions when correlated with neat diesel. Furthermore, the mean effective pressure for B20 and B100 was estimated to be decreasing while the mass fraction of fuel burnt and the rate of pressure rise increased compared to diesel at peak load conditions. For exhaust emission analysis, a significant reduction was recorded in CO and UHC emissions, while NOX emission increases at peak engine loads. From the above results, it is accomplished that the performance of B20 blends is nearly identical to diesel, and it can be recommended to be used in engines without any modification.

Performance analysis of Single-Cylinder CI Engine with Turmeric Leaf Oil Biodiesel at Different Operating Conditions

Biodiesel, made from vegetable oils, non-edible oils, and animal fats, is a promising diesel alternative. The performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine using turmeric leaf oil biodiesel is examined in this study. Three biodiesel blends—B10, B20, and B30—were tested against diesel fuel. The highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 24.84% and the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.28 kg/kWh were achieved using diesel fuel at 600 bar injection pressure, 18 compression ratio, and full engine load. With the same operating conditions, biodiesel blends B10 (23.84% and 0.29 kg/kWh), B20 (23.38% and 0.32 kg/kWh), and B30 (23.22% and 0.34 kg/kWh) had BTE and BSFC values.

Investigations and development of novel fuel blends using biodiesel and butylated hydroxytoluene: optimization using D-optimal design and desirability

ABSTRACT The transportation industry is most concerned about the rising cost of fossil fuels and the deterioration of the environment. Although many alternative fuels currently have enhanced performance characteristics, continuous research attempts to further enhance their quality even more. This research focuses on improving fuel quality by incorporating Waste vegetable oil biodiesel derived from Liza oil and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT). The combination of these factors results in a novel approach that uses experimental and parametric optimization to outperform current constraints in alternative fuels. The objective of this study is to compare the performance and emission characteristics of several blends of diesel, including B10 (20% biodiesel + 500 ppm BHT + diesel), B20 (20% biodiesel + 1000 ppm BHT + diesel), B30 (20% biodiesel + 1500 ppm BHT + diesel), B40 (20% biodiesel + 2000 ppm BHT + diesel), and B50 (20% biodiesel + 2500 ppm BHT + diesel). The tests were carried out at a variety of engine loads and speeds. The performance of Liza oil blends, as assessed by engine performance and emissions characteristics, was found to be comparable to that of diesel. Mechanical and brake thermal efficiency was determined to be highest for the B30 and B40 mixtures. The Liza oil Biodiesel operation exhibited fewer hydrocarbon emissions than the diesel fuel mode at B20. The D-optimal design was utilized for the experiment design. The data collected was used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the development of mathematical expression for each response variable. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the development of response surfaces to explore the effects of control factors on each response variable. The most favorable results were obtained using desirability-based optimization at 8.22 kg engine load and 500 ppm BTH concentration. It resulted in 20.04% brake thermal efficiency, 0.4 kg/kWh brake specific fuel consumption, 39% mechanical efficiency, 0.028 Vol.% carbon mono-oxide, 7.39% carbon-di-oxide, 39.16 ppm hydrocarbon, and 1230 ppm nitrogen oxide as response variables.

Experimental investigation of ternary biodiesel blends combustion in a diesel engine to reduce emissions

The study presents an experimental investigation of two new ternary biodiesel blends, namely, ManCr_Pa (a mixture of Mandarin, Crambe biodiesel and paraffin as an additive) and AvBn_Pa (mix of Avocado, Bush nut biodiesel and paraffin) by modifying the critical fuel properties closer to the diesel fuel. Those ternary blends' performance, emission and combustion characteristics were compared with diesel and typical B5 blends at the same engine conditions. The result reveals that at high engine rpm, the new ternary biodiesel blends exhibited nearly similar engine performance to that of diesel fuel with a significant reduction of carbon monoxide (33.3%), hydrocarbons (33.3 to 73.3%) and particulate matter (17.8 to 28.8%). For instance, brake power (BP), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) slightly decreased by 0.25 to 0.38, 0.27 to 0.42 and 0.04%, respectively, whereas brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) slightly increased by 0.52%. The ternary blends also demonstrated closer combustion behaviour, i.e. heat release rate (HRR) with diesel at full load conditions. Compared with the typical B5 blend, the modified ternary biodiesel blends showed better engine performance with a substantial reduction of emissions. Interestingly, the ternary blends exhibited lower NOx emissions than the B5 blend. The study concluded that the newly developed ternary biodiesel blends are superior to ordinary B5 blends and closely performing fuel to standard diesel. The results of this study have important implications for using these new blends as substitutes for diesel while realising similar benefits.

Artificial intelligence based modelling and hybrid optimization of linseed oil biodiesel with graphene nanoparticles to stringent biomedical safety and environmental standards

In this work, experiments were carried out in line with Design of Experiments (DOE) standards to assess the performance and emission features of 5% graphene nanoparticles added linseed biodiesel. The engine was operated with the blends of B10, B20, and B30 with 5% graphene nano additives (designated as B10G5, B20G5, and B30G5). To find the parameter's optimum values, the Desirability Function approach (DFA), Swarm Salp single objective, Multi Objective Bat algorithm (MOBA), Response surface methodology (RSM) and D-optimal design approach were employed. Advanced machine learning (ML) techniques were employed to anticipate these characteristics. It was found that B20G5 had a better brake thermal efficiency (BTE), when compared to the other samples (and around 11% higher than diesel fuel at full load). The emissions of Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) were lower for B20G5 blended fuel than for diesel (Around 23.52% lower than diesel). In comparison to Response surface methodology (RSM), the overall coefficient of determination (R2) value using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for was high. As a result, it was revealed that the ANN was typically better than the RSM in forecasting the various factors affecting the engine performance. The optimum outcomes were achieved by single objective (Salp Swarm algorithm) and multi-objective algorithms. According to multi-objective algorithm, a B20G5 nano additive biodiesel mix at its maximum Brake power (BP) produced the highest value of BTE with the lowest Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions. The comparison shows that B20G5 can be used easily without making any modifications to engines.

A hybrid RSM-GA-PSO approach on optimization of process intensification of linseed biodiesel synthesis using an ultrasonic reactor: Enhancing biodiesel properties and engine characteristics with ternary fuel blends

The depletion of fossil fuels necessitates the development of sustainable and energy-efficient techniques for biodiesel production. In recent years, cavitation reactors have emerged as a viable alternative to conventional biodiesel synthesis methods due to their superior conversion rates and shorter processing times. These reactors possess a high surface-to-volume ratio and facilitate efficient heat and mass transfer. This study aims to optimize the production of biodiesel from linseed oil using a novel ultrasonic cavitation reactor through a hybrid approach. In order to achieve this, an L50 orthogonal array with five factors and three levels was developed using a Box-Behnken design based on response surface methodology (RSM). These factors included the molar ratio (4:1, 6:1, and 8:1), ultrasonic power (100, 125, and 150 W), temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C), time (3, 6, and 9 min), and ultrasonic frequency (25, 30, and 35 kHz). The parameters were optimized using RSM-based desirability, genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) approaches. The results indicated that the RSM-based optimization approach outperformed the other methods. The optimal combination of parameters obtained through RSM consisted of molar ratio of 6.58:1, ultrasonic power of 133.65 W, temperature of 37.44 °C, time of 7.71 min, and pulse frequency of 26.29 kHz. This combination resulted in a biodiesel yield of 95.25%. Furthermore, this study explored the impact of different linseed oil methyl ester, octanol, and diesel blends (B10, B20, B30, B10 (O-10), and B20 (O-10)) on engine performance and emission characteristics. The B20 (O-10) blend exhibited significant potential for simultaneously reducing emissions and enhancing engine performance. When used as engine fuel, the B20 (O-10) blend increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 0.848%, decreased brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 0.607%, and decreased CO, HC, and NOx emissions by 18.75%, 6.55%, and 0.72%, respectively, compared to pure diesel at rated power.

Investigation of the effect of adding carbon nanotubes, lower and higher level alcohol additives, in Yellow oleander methyl ester-diesel blend on diesel engine performance

ABSTRACT The current study is to determine the overall performance of a compression ignition engine (CI) employing a B30 (30% Yellow Oleander Methyl Ester (YOME) and 70% diesel) sample including nano and alcohol additives. Initially, the surface-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (at a dosage of 60 mg/L) are sonicated in the B30 blend for 30 mins at 40 kHz and termed B30CNTs60. It was found to be quite stable as evidenced by characterization. The B30CNTs60 blend is then blended with a fixed volume (10%) of n-Butanol, iso-Butanol, and Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC), and referred to as B30CNTs60+n-Butanol10%, B30CNTs60+iso-Butanol10%, and B30CNTs60+DMC 10%. The physicochemical properties of all fuel samples met ASTM criteria and samples were experimented on a 1-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine under varying loads. The results revealed that the B30CNTs60+DMC 10% blend enhanced heat release rate (HRR), cylinder pressure (CP), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 11.2%, 8.64%, and 11.92%, respectively. Furthermore, with B30CNTs60+DMC 10% blend, the combustion duration, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and smoke opacity were reduced by 10.9%, 15.62%, 18.24%, 18.78%, 8.12%, 6.75%, and 10.92% respectively. Finally, the B30CNTs60+DMC 10% blend was suggested to use in CI engines.

Assessment and usability of Jatropha biodiesel blend with phenolic antioxidant to control NOx emissions of an unmodified diesel engine.

The excessive utilization of fossil fuels has worsened global warming and exacerbated the levels of air pollution in the environment, forcing us to consider alternative fuels for compression ignition engines. The current research aims to explore the possibilities of renewable fuels outperforming diesel fuel in terms of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly and renewable alternative fuel. The major drawback of biodiesel is the significant rise in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The main novelty and objective of this research is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio diesel engine using DPA antioxidant additive. For this investigation, diesel, Jatropha biodiesel (B30) and 100 ppm of phenolic antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) blended with B30 have been used as fuel named B30+DPA100. From experimental outcomes, the inclusion of diphenylamine to B30 blend resulted in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) being reduced by 8.86% and 4.12%, respectively, compared to B30. Simultaneously, there was a 1.11% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTHE). The B30+DPA100 fuel blend demonstrates effective control over NOx and other emissions. The emissions of NOx, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke from the B30+DPA100 blend have shown a reduction of 6.8%, 5.34%, 7.86%, and 15.67%, respectively, when compared to diesel. However, there has been an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) by 7.8%. One notable advantage of the B30+DPA100 blend is the significant decrease in NOx emissions. Additionally, the cylinder pressure for B30+DPA100 has been lowered by 4.93% compared to B30. On the other hand, the net heat release rate (NHR) has experienced a 1.72% increase. The particle size of different elements present in the crankcase oil has been calculated by Zetasizer Nano. The analysis revealed varying particle sizes for different elements in the crankcase oil: aluminum (2.724 μm), chromium (2.78 μm), iron (2.423 μm), and lead (2.587 μm).

Influence of Nano Additives on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine using Tamarind Oil Methyl Ester-Diesel Fuel Blends

Hazardous emissions majorly NOx and the poor performance of alternative fuels (biodiesel/its blends) are global concerns, as fossil fuel depletion and rising energy prices encourage researchers to rely on alternative energy sources with the addition of nano additives in the recent decade. The current experimental study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of biodiesel-diesel mixtures dispersed with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a fuel additive on a 1-cylinder diesel engine. TiO2 was dispersed in a Tamarind Oil Methyl Ester (TOME)-diesel blend (B20) in three concentrations of 40, 80, and 120 ppm via ultrasonication in the presence of QPAN80 surfactant to enhance the stability of the prepared fuel sample. A ratio of 1:4 TiO2:QPAN80 was found to produce the highest stability and homogeneity which is evidenced by the characterization of TiO2. The engine tests revealed that the greatest decrement in BSFC, CO, HC, and NOx was observed as 15.2%, 15.2%, 11.10%, and 9.06%, and the maximum BTE, HRR,and CP were improved by 9.76%, 50.32 J/degree, and 50.32 bar for the B20T80 blend correlated with B20 blend. Thus, the inclusion of TiO2 nano additives improved overall engine performance and decreased emissions of CI engines significantly.

Assessment of CI Engine Performance Utilizing Palm Oil Biodiesel Blend

Experiment was explores vegetable oils as potential future fuels for internal combustion engines, particularly compression ignition engines designed for diesel. However, these oils have distinct properties from diesel, requiring modifications for direct use. Integration approaches include adjusting oil properties or adapting engines. Commonly, transesterification aligns oil properties, but using biodiesel often affects engine performance. In this study palm oil biodiesel as a diesel substitute, evaluating engine performance and emissions. In a short-term test, engine performance and emission traits by employing biodiesel blends of 0, 20, and 50 % with diesel at full load. Findings indicated that B20 and B50 exhibited 2.40% and 3.88% lower brake power than pure diesel. Volumetric efficiency percentages were 82.44 for B20, 81.64 for B50, and 82.93 for diesel. Notably, B20 and B50 showed 9.35% and 10.70 % decreased brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel. Interestingly, B20 and B50 displayed 1.09 and 2.44 % higher mechanical efficiency than diesel. Exhaust gas temperature was notably elevated in B20 and B50 blends. Nitric oxide concentrations were 98.74 ppm for diesel, 105.48 ppm for B20, and 111.78 ppm for B50. Carbon dioxide levels decreased by 4.14% for B20 and 7.86% for B50 relative to diesel. Carbon monoxide concentrations were 0.082% for B20 and 0.080% for B50, in contrast to diesel's 0.10%.

Influence of nano additive blended watermelon seed biodiesel on the performance and exhaust emissions of a VCR compression ignition engine

An innovative idea have been proposed in this work, to increase fuel efficiency and minimize emission from Diesel engine. This research mainly focuses on the systhesis of two nano materials namely MgO, TiO2. The synthesized nano additives was blended in equal proportion with Biodiesel prepared from Watermelon seed oil through the process of trans-esterification. Then 20% Biodiesel was mixed with 80% diesel and now the fuel is called as B20. Equal proportion of MgO and TiO2 mixture was prepared which is called as Nano Additive Mix(NAM) and added with B20 blend. A 5HP mono Barrel Diesel engine was powered with B20 and with various proportion of NAM in the range of 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm and 200ppm. The results obtained revealed that B20 blended with NAM150 minimized CO, HC and Smoke emission considerably when equated to other mixtures. The BTE at peak load for Diesel was 28.4% and for the same load it was 28.2% for B20 @ NAM150 blend. The B20 with 150NAM blend become the best alternative fuel combination to operate the engine with less emission and best fuel consumption and power output.

Influence of Mustard Oil Biodiesel Blends in Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine on Its Performance and Emission Characteristics

Almost majority of petroleum produce is utilized for transportation, generation of heat and electricity, and balance used as a raw material in chemical industry. With increasing energy demand, limited fossil fuel sources, study is directed towards alternate renewable fuels. Biodiesel extracted from Vegetable Oil, is becoming a popular alternative propulsion fuel. Experiments were conducted using different blends from Mustard Oil biodiesel mixed with diesel in concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, to determine the properties of these biodiesel blends and evaluate the performance as well as emission characteristics of a CRDI Engine. The trials were conducted for various load conditions viz. 0 kg, 3 kg, 6 kg, 9 kg and 12 kg, for two different compression ratios 16 and 18. The performance assessments indicators like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, air-fuel ratio were examined. The highest magnitude of mechanical efficiency observed is 59.14% for Mustard Oil Biodiesel 10% Blend (MuB10) for 12 kg, engine load and compression ratio 16. The emission indicating parameters oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and smoke were scrutinized throughout trials. The result of this investigation exposed that blend B10 has given favorable outcomes as compared to pure diesel for CRDI engine performance indicating parameters and has fewer emissions as compared to that of pure diesel.

Multi-Objective Optimization of the Structural Design of a Combustion Chamber of a Small Agricultural Diesel Engine Fueled with B20 Blend Fuel at a High Altitude Area

This study focuses on a small agricultural diesel engine fueled with B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel by volume) blend fuel in a plateau area. The combustion chamber’s structural parameters and fuel injection angle were taken as variables at peak torque conditions. First, a full factorial design was used for experimental design. Second, the back-propagation (BP) neural network was employed to predict the indicated thermal efficiency and the indicated specific NOx emission. Third, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was utilized to optimize the indicated thermal efficiency and the indicated specific NOx emission. Finally, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method was applied to obtain optimal solutions, and a three-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted to verify the optimization results. The optimization results indicate that the shape characteristics of the combustion chamber have a certain influence on the engine’s performance. The optimized design significantly reduces NOx emissions, by 22.83%, compared to the original engine, whilst maintaining the engine’s performance.

Optimisation and environmental analysis of waste cashew nut shell oil biodiesel/cerium oxide nanoparticles blends and acetylene fumigation in agricultural diesel engine

This research aims to comprehensively analyse the performance, combustion, and emissions of cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) biodiesel blends with cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles and acetylene injection in agricultural diesel engines. The test fuels are diesel, CNSO biodiesel, B50 (50% CNSO biodiesel + 50% diesel), and CeO2 blends (diesel + CeO2 25 ppm, CNSO biodiesel + CeO2 25 ppm, B50 + CeO2 25 ppm). Acetylene was injected into the intake manifold at 3 lpm and 6 lpm. The experimental result revealed that the engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE) showed a 1.38% decrease when CNSO biodiesel was used instead of diesel fuel. However, the addition of CeO2 nanoparticles and acetylene to diesel fuel had a significant improvement in BTE. Furthermore, the injection of acetylene improved combustion, resulting in a 10.42% increase in peak pressure (Pmax) and a 3.18% increase in BTE. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission was lower for diesel with 6 lpm acetylene injection than other test fuels. Additionally, adding CeO2 nanoparticles to CNSO biodiesel reduced hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 5.92% and 3.3%, respectively, compared to pure diesel. The investigation utilised Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to analyse the effects of various input parameters on engine performance and emissions. The optimised result indicated that the combination of CeO2 blended with CNSO fuel yielded the most favourable engine performance. Furthermore, the validation experiments confirmed the reliability of the optimised result, as the predicted values closely matched the experimental values. This work concluded that using CNSO biodiesel with CeO2 nanoparticles and acetylene injection suits agricultural diesel engines.

Combustion and Emission of Castor Biofuel Blends in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine

Fossil fuels confront the problem of strategic resource depletion since they have been continuously utilized for more than 200 years and cause serious damages to the ecological environment of the planet. In this work, the transesterification of castor plant oil was utilized to make biodiesel, and castor biodiesel’s physicochemical qualities were assessed. On a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled agricultural diesel engine, an experimental study was conducted to compare and analyze the engine performance and emission characteristics of diesel and biodiesel blends in various amounts. The B20, B40, B60, and B80 biodiesel blends were evaluated at different engine speeds (1200, 1400, 1600, and 1800 rpm) with a constant engine load (50%). According to the experimental findings, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) declines as the engine speed rises, and the biodiesel fuel blend has a lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) than diesel fuel because of its higher density and viscosity and lower calorific value. The amount of gasoline required to create power increases as the speed does, and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) trend is upward. Due to their low calorific value and high viscosity properties, biodiesel blends have a greater brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) than diesel. The fuel’s exhaust gas temperature (EGT) has an upward trend with an increased rotational speed. The biodiesel blend’s high cetane number shortens the ignition delay and lowers the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) compared to diesel. A fuel with oxygen added, biodiesel enhances combustion, increases the combustion temperature, speeds up the oxidation process, and lowers carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon emissions. B80 produces the lowest carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions at 1800 rpm, at 0.33%, and 30 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions result from a high oxygen concentration. In addition, compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel’s greater combustion temperature causes the creation of increased nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. According to the research findings, a castor biodiesel fuel blend is an excellent alternative fuel for engines since it can be utilized directly without modifying the current engine construction and has good engine and exhaust emission performance.

Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions

Biodiesel-diesel blend is a promising approach for petroleum diesel substitution but concurrently requires modifications to improve its properties. In this study, ethyl levulinate (EL) was synthesized via levulinic acid (LA) esterification over a sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst and employed as an additive to improve biodiesel-diesel blends. The catalyst was prepared from lignin as a carbon precursor, modified via hydrothermal sulfonation at 180 °C for 6 h, and finally characterized. The effects of reaction parameters for LA esterification, such as ethanol-to-LA molar ratio (3–15), catalyst loading (3–20 wt%), and reaction time (2–6 h) were studied. Ethyl levulinate with 80 mol% and 100 mol% concentrations were examined as a fuel additive for palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends of B10, B15, and B20. The effect of the additive on the density and viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends, as well as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from engine combustion, was investigated. The results show that the catalyst has good acidity (1.30 mmol/g) and suggested thermal stability up to 200 °C, as well as unique surface morphology with a large surface area of 193 m2/g contributed by mesopores and micropores. A high initial yield of EL of 84.3 mol% was obtained over LHS-400-1 at optimum conditions of 6 ethanol-to-LA molar ratio, 15 wt% of catalyst, and 5 h at 80 °C. The reusability study up to five cycles showed a gradual reduction in the LA conversion which indicated catalyst instability. As for the biodiesel-diesel blends, the presence of EL at 3 to 7 vol% reduced the viscosity and slightly increased the density. Furthermore, CO and NOx emissions trends decreased with the addition of EL. The presence of LA in 80 mol% EL for biodiesel-diesel blends resulted in slightly high CO and NOx emissions as compared to the blends with 100 mol% EL.

Optimization of multi‐response biodiesel fueled diesel engine parameters using Taguchi grey relational analysis and analytical hierarchy process

AbstractCompression ignition engines are currently optimized to run on petrodiesel fuel, but due to its increasing demand and depletion of fossil fuel reserves, alternative fuels must be utilized. In this article, an attempt was made to optimize the operating parameters of an unmodified compression ignition engine fueled with linseed methyl ester biodiesel. The input parameters were compression ratio, load, and fuel blend, while output responses included brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), peak cylinder pressure (PCP), the rate of pressure rise (RPR), and net heat release rate (NHR), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and Smoke. The aim was to determine the optimal combination of input parameters for minimal emissions and better performance and combustion parameters, with a minimum number of experiments. The study used Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array with a grey relational analysis approach (GRA) to obtain the optimum combination of input parameters. The study found that fuel blend B10, CR 18, and load 100% were the optimal input parameter combinations using the TGRA method. The S/N ratio analysis of grey relational grade (GRG) showed the optimal input factor levels to be fuel B10, CR 16, and load 100%, which was confirmed by the AHP method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the load was the most influential factor, followed by CR and fuel. The confirmatory results showed an improvement of 56.1%, indicating that biodiesel can be efficiently used in an unmodified compression ignition engine by varying these influencing factors.

Environmental emission analysis of the engine using Botryococcus braunii marine algae with CeO2 nanoparticle additives

As fossil fuel is depleted day by day, there is a vast gap in the market and supply of fuel to the different industries that consume oil. In order to improve fuel properties, performance, combustion, and emissions from diesel engines, microalgae oil biodiesels are used as fuel with 20% of diesel on a mass basis by volume and 50 and 100 ppm of CeO2 nanoparticles as additives in combinations of biodiesel/diesel blends. The engine configuration consists of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, 3.5 kW, 1500 rpm diesel engine. Experiments were performed at constant speed on experimental test fuels for various load conditions. The addition of cerium oxide (CeO2) in the added biodiesel diesel blends improved the brake thermal performance (45%) compared to engine output. With CeO2 in the B20 blends, better combustion properties were observed, such as increased length of combustion (36 CA°), ignition delay (16 CA°), and heat release rate (55 J/deg) in the cylinder. The enhanced and improved fuel characteristics and combustion characteristics of CeO2 in the added biodiesel diesel blends minimise HC (0.54 g/kWh) and CO (4.6 g/kWh) emissions and smoke (0.61%) while increasing NOx (10.2 g/kWh) emissions from the engine cylinder.

Synthesis and characterization of calcium oxide nano particles obtained from biowaste and its combustion characteristics in a biodiesel operated compression ignition engine

The goal of this research is to use calcination to make calcium oxide (CaO) nano additives that can be used as fuel additives. Spectrum investigations using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) established the synthesis of nano particles. The fuel is a waste cooking oil bio diesel of B20 blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) mixed with nano Calcium oxide additives in five concentrations: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm. The qualities of the fuel are examined in line with the criteria of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The combustion investigation of these fuel samples in a four-stroke compression ignition engine coupled to an eddy current dynamo-meter found a 3% improvement in average brake power. All of the fuel samples examined have a combustion efficiency of 90–98%. The CaO nano additions improved the heat release rate (HRR) of the engine. The average cylinder pressures (CP) of the additive blended samples are also higher. Peak pressures of the biodiesel samples investigated in the experiment ranged from 1° to 15° crank angle after top dead centre (aTDC) under all conditions. The mean pressure rise rate (MPRR) for WCOB20 + CaO25ppm is 4.7 bar/degree CA. According to this study, the synthesised micro CaO particles appear to be a viable candidate for usage as additives to improve the combustion characteristics of engines powered by bio-diesel blends. However a complete study on performance, emission along with combustion characteristics is required to evaluate the prominence of this fuel with prepared nano additives. In future, calcium oxide nano catalysts for the production biodiesel may also be an viable alternate.