Β-carotene Bleaching Method Research Articles

Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Rice Straw Extract

Agricultural wastes cause a serious environmental problem in Egypt. Utilization of these wastes by an environmentally friendly way is a very important issue. The objective of this study was to utilize rice straw into high-value products. Antioxidant activity, total soluble phenols, and flavonoids were evaluated in ethyl acetate extract prepared from rice straw after alkaline hydrolysis. Total phenols were found to be 221.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE), while total flavonoids were 4.9 mg rutin equivalents (RE). The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and its IC50 value was 0.4 mg/ml. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract possessed high antioxidant activity assayed by β-carotene bleaching method and its value of lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI) was 75.4%. It also exhibited high reducing power and its IC50 value was equal to 0.06 mg/ml. HPLC analysis indicated that this extract contained seven phenolic acids including; protocatechuic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, rosmarinic and cinnamic, in addition to two flavonoids; qurecetin and kaempferol. Results indicated that ferulic and p-coumaric acids were the major soluble phenolic acids in rice straw, and their concentrations were 3.9 and 2.9 mg/g DW. It can be summarized that the strong antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract, prepared from rice straw, was highly correlated with its high level of phenolic compounds.

Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Rice Straw Extract

Agricultural wastes cause a serious environmental problem in Egypt. Utilization of these wastes by an environmentally friendly way is a very important issue. The objective of this study was to utilize rice straw into high-value products. Antioxidant activity, total soluble phenols, and flavonoids were evaluated in ethyl acetate extract prepared from rice straw after alkaline hydrolysis. Total phenols were found to be 221.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE), while total flavonoids were 4.9 mg rutin equivalents (RE). The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and its IC50 value was 0.4 mg/ml. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract possessed high antioxidant activity assayed by β-carotene bleaching method and its value of lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI) was 75.4%. It also exhibited high reducing power and its IC50 value was equal to 0.06 mg/ml. HPLC analysis indicated that this extract contained seven phenolic acids including; protocatechuic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, rosmarinic and cinnamic, in addition to two flavonoids; qurecetin and kaempferol. Results indicated that ferulic and p-coumaric acids were the major soluble phenolic acids in rice straw, and their concentrations were 3.9 and 2.9 mg/g DW. It can be summarized that the strong antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract, prepared from rice straw, was highly correlated with its high level of phenolic compounds.

Phenolic Compositions and Antioxidant Properties in Bark, Flower, Inner Skin, Kernel and Leaf Extracts of Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc

In this study, different plant parts (barks, flowers, inner skins, kernels and leaves) of Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut) were analyzed for total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching methods. The highest total phenolic and tannin contents were found in the inner skins (1034 ± 7.21 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 253.89 ± 5.59 mg catechin equivalent/g extract, respectively). The maximum total flavonoid content was observed in the flowers (147.41 ± 1.61 mg rutin equivalent/g extract). The inner skins showed the strongest antioxidant activities in all evaluated assays. Thirteen phenolic acids and eight flavonoids were detected and quantified for the first time. Major phenolic acids were gallic, ellagic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids, while the principal flavonoids were myricetin and isoquercitrin. The inner skin extract was further fractionated by column chromatography to yield four fractions, of which fraction F3 exhibited the most remarkable DPPH scavenging capacity. These results suggest that C. crenata provides promising antioxidant capacities, and is a potential natural preservative agent in food and pharmaceutical industries.

In-vitro Antioxidant Activities of the Ethanolic Extracts of Some Contained-Allantoin Plants.

It has been investigated the in-vitro antioxidant properties of ethanol extracts of the contained-allantoin plants in this study. Contained-allantoined plant samples Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, Robinia pseudoacacia, Platanus orientalis and Aesculushippocastanum were tested at different concentrations. The antioxidant activities of plant samples were analysed by 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), reducing power assay and β-carotene bleaching method. Plantago major plant showed the highest antioxidant capacity compared to other plant extracts in results of the in-vitro assays including 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method with 90.25 %, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) with 1.789 %, reducing power assay (FRAP) with 1.321 % and β-carotene bleaching method with 78.01 % in 1 mg/mL. The lowest antioxidant activity was determined in Robinia pseudoacacia plant. In conclusion, allantoin shows antioxidant properties and it has the positive effect on total antioxidant capacity.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruit Essential Oil of Zizyphus lotus (L.) Desf. (Rhamnaceae)

The essential oil of the fruit of Zizyphus lotus (L.) Desf. belonging to the Rhamnaceae family, was obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. 38 components were identified corresponding to 92% of the total oil. Fatty acids represented the major fraction (78.9%), followed by hydrocarbons (10.8%) while terpenic fraction constituted only 1.1% of the oil (- and β-eudesmol). The fatty acids fraction contained 23 saturated and unsaturated compounds (67.8 and 11%, respectively) from C8 to C18. The major constituents are in decreasing order: ethyl hexadecanoate (12%), decanoic acid (11%), ethyl dodecanoate (9.4%), ethyl hexadec-9-enoate (7.9%), dodecanoic acid (6.5%), ethyl tetradecanoate (6.1%) and tetradecanoic acid (5%). Several studies described the fatty acid composition of different parts of Zizyphus species in the fixed oil. Our study is the first report devoted to the chemical composition of the essential oil of the fruit of this species. The antioxidant property of this oil was evaluated using β-carotene bleaching method.

Improved antioxidative and cytotoxic activities of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) florets fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P.

Antioxidative and cytotoxic effects of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum were investigated to improve their biofunctional activities. Total polyphenol (TP) content was measured by the Folin-Denis method, and the antioxidant activities were assessed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and β-carotene bleaching method. AGS, HeLa, LoVo, MCF-7, and MRC-5 (normal) cells were used to examine the cytotoxic effects by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. The TP content of fermented chamomile reduced from 21.75 to 18.76 mg gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE)/g, but the DPPH radical capturing activity of fermented chamomile was found to be 11.1% higher than that of nonfermented chamomile after 72 h of fermentation. Following the β-carotene bleaching, the antioxidative effect decreased because of a reduction in pH during fermentation. Additionally, chamomile fermented for 72 h showed a cytotoxic effect of about 95% against cancer cells at 12.7 mg solid/ml of broth, but MRC-5 cells were significantly less sensitive against fermented chamomile samples. These results suggest that the fermentation of chamomile could be applied to develop natural antioxidative and anticancer products.

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Capsicum frutescens Extracted by Supercritical CO2, Ultrasound and Traditional Solvent Extraction Methods

In this study, Capsicum frutescens was extracted by supercritical CO2, ultrasound assisted and traditional solvent (ethanol, water and ethanol: water (50:50)) extraction methods. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed and comparison with TBHQ by DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods was done. Moreover, efficacy of C. frutescens extracts in stabilizing soybean oil during accelerated storage was studied. The results show that the extract form ethanol: water (50:50) ultrasonic treatment had the highest amount of phenols (810 mg gallic acid/ gr extract, tocopherols (233.01 μg α-tocopherol/mL extract) and antocyanin content (331.59 μg/mL extract) caused to evaluate its highest antioxidant activity (65.97% radical scavenging and 49.6% β-carotene-linoleic bleaching) and thermal stability (4.68 h) at 120°C in soybean oil. However, the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method as a safe extraction method also preserved the phenolic, tocopherol and antocyanin content of C. frutescens extract (705.9 mg gallic acid/ gr extract, 299.29 μg α-tocopherol/ mL extract and 300.66 μg/ mL extract, respectively). And can remarkably protect the oil from lipid oxidation (OSI, 4.50 h). Results of different extraction methods can strongly reveal the C. frutescens extracts has remarkable potential for stabilization of edible oils.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil, and Aqueous and Organic Extracts of Artemisia dracunculus

Background: The genus Artemisia has various medicinal effects. Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) is one of the species that belongs to the genus Artemisia, cultivated in Iran. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts and essential oil obtained from aerial parts of A. dracunculus. Methods: The total amounts of phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins as well as the antioxidant activity in the various extracts (methanol, dichlormethane, water, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts) of A. dracunculus were assessed by four different antioxidant activity tests (DPPH (2, 2’-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, reducing power, ferrous chelating activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay). Vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and quercetin were used as reference compounds. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify the compositions of the essential oil. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and β-carotene bleaching (BCB) methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil. Results: The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity among others in all methods. Estragole (57.1%) was the major component of the essential oil of the plant. The essential oil showed a weak activity in BCB test. Conclusions: The methanol extract showed the highest activity in all tests and was a rich source of antioxidants, with high level of polyphenolic content.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.) extract from four different cultivars

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were studied in safflower methanolic extracts of four different cultivars (IL111, Padide, Isfahan-28 and Mahali). The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the plant extracts ranged from 46.2 to 62.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract and 7.5 to 9.6 mg catechin equivalent/g dry extract, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts was assessed by reducing power assay, DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching methods. Results showed that cultivar ‘IL111’ had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as an antioxidant activity comparable to synthetic antioxidants. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the safflower extracts was evaluated in crude soybean oil by monitoring peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values, which showed a stabilisation effect on the soybean oil in the accelerated condition at 60 °C (oven test). Moreover, the analysis of phenolic compounds by HPLC showed that gallic ac...

Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Phalaenopsis Orchid Hybrids.

Phalaenopsis spp. is the most commercially and economically important orchid, but their plant parts are often left unused, which has caused environmental problems. To date, reports on phytochemical analyses were most available on endangered and medicinal orchids. The present study was conducted to determine the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts prepared from leaves and roots of six commercial hybrid Phalaenopsis spp. Leaf extracts of “Chian Xen Queen” contained the highest total phenolics with a value of 11.52 ± 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry weight and the highest total flavonoids (4.98 ± 0.27 mg rutin equivalent per g dry weight). The antioxidant activity of root extracts evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching method was higher than those of the leaf extracts. Eleven phenolic compounds were identified, namely, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, and ellagic acid. Ferulic, p-coumaric and sinapic acids were concentrated largely in the roots. The results suggested that the root extracts from hybrid Phalaenopsis spp. could be a potential source of natural antioxidants. This study also helps to reduce the amount of this orchid waste in industrial production, as its roots can be exploited for pharmaceutical purposes.

Essential oils as antioxidants: their evaluation by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and β-carotene bleaching methods

Essential oils prevent several chronic diseases owing to the presence of compounds, which have may an important role in the reduction of oxidative stress. Estimation of antioxidant properties of essential oils and evaluation of their antioxidant ability was the aim of this work. The antioxidant properties of essential oils were estimated by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and β-carotene bleaching methods and related to antioxidant properties of butylated hydroxyanisole and gallic acid. As our results indicate, these essential oils exhibit varying antioxidant activity, however, all of them are able to consume free radicals, to reduce cupric or ferric ions, and to protect or retard the oxidation process of lipids. Most of the essential oils can be applied not only as edible additives to improve the sensory and health promoting properties of foods but also as natural components enhancing the antioxidant stability of foodstuffs to increase their shelf-life.

Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Echinops ritro L. and E. tournefortii Jaup. Et. Spach Extract

Aim of the study was to evaluate antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Echinops ritro L. and E. tournefortii (Asteraceae). The dried leaves and seeds of E. ritro and E. tournefortii were extracted separately with ethanol, methanol, chloroform and dH 2 O. Total phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method . Antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by two test systems namely, radical scavenging on DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods. dH 2 O extracts has the highest phenolic content ( 92.24 GAE mg/100g ). The results were compared to those of BHT as synthetic antioxidant. dH 2 O extracts were found to be rich as a source of phenolics. According to the results of antioxidant activity, dH 2 O extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than all types of solvent. The strongest antioxidant properties were obtained by dH 2 O extract. Radical scavenging activities (%) were found to be in the following order: Chloroform<Ethanol<Methanol<dH 2 O<BHT. These results of the present study demonstrated that the extracts of E. ritro and E. tournefortii may be used as a source of natural antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Three Onobrychis Species from Iran

Background: Plant phenolic compounds are a main group of plant natural products and flavonoids are the largest and best studied natural phenols. These substances possess a series of biological properties and act on biological systems as antioxidants. In present research, the aim is to determine in vitro total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of three Onobrychis species belonging to the family Fabaceae, namely O. sosnovskyi Grossh., O. viciifolia Scop. and O. melanotricha Boiss. Furthermore, an attempt was made to identify any correlations between total phenolic content of the extracts with their antioxidant activities Methods: Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by three different test systems, namely 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH), metal-chelation activity and s-carotene/linoleic acid model. Results: Results indicated that O. viciifolia extract contains the highest total phenolic content (10.38 ± 0.33mg GAE/g of dry extract). However, the species are not remarkable different (P < 0.05) in total flavonoid amount. The Onobrychis species represent strong antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging (IC50; 0.121 ± 0.005 to 0.129 ± 0.001 mg/ml), metal chelating (IC50; 1.10 ± 0.006 to 1.80 ± 0.003 mg/ml) and also β-carotene bleaching methods. In addition, a high correlation was found between different antioxidant assays and total phenol content of the extracts (R2 > 0.55 to 0.98). Conclusion: Our results showed that the examined Onobrychis extracts represent strong antioxidant activity; hence, they can be suggested as antioxidant agents for special use in future.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and DNA protective effects of Hypericum capitatum var. capitatum extracts

This is the first study on phytochemical analysis and biological evaluation of Hypericum capitatum Choisy var. capitatum (HCC) endemic to Turkey with exception of essential oil analysis. Hyperoside and isoquercetin (25.7±0.02 and 17.8±0.02μg/mg extract, respectively) were determined as the main compounds of the methanol extract. The major compounds of essential oil of HCC were found to be spathulenol and iso-longifolene (12.9% and 11.2%, respectively), and linoleic and palmitic acids (26.8% and 18.3%, respectively) were the main fatty acids. The methanol extract whose antioxidant activities studied for the first time was found to have moderate activity in β-carotene bleaching method (IC50:41.69±1.29μg/mL) and was found to be the most active extract in scavenging of DPPH free radical (IC50:16.82±0.58μg/mL) and ABTS cation radical (IC50:9.24±0.28μg/mL) and CUPRAC assays. Among the prepared four extracts of HCC, the methanol extract showed highest activity against Escherichia coli with an MIC value of 10μg/mL, and the methanol extract was also found to have high DNA damage protective activity. The methanol extract exhibited high butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (70.74%). Thus, H. capitatum var. capitatum can be regarded as a potential natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase source and DNA damage inhibitor.

Evaluation of antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Artemisia ciniformis extracts on PC12 cells.

In the current study antioxidant capacities of five different extracts of Artemisia ciniformis aerial parts were evaluated by cell-free methods. Then seven fractions of the potent extract were selected and their antioxidant capacity was assayed by cell free and cell based methods. Antioxidant ability was measured using the: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test, β-carotene bleaching (BCB) method and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay. Total phenolic contents (TPC) of all the samples also were determined. The cytoprotective effect of fractions was evaluated by measuring the viability of cells after exposure to doxorubicin (DOX). The mechanism of action was studied by investigating caspase-3, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the level of super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydroethanolic extract exhibited a notably higher antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Among the fractions (A to G) of hydroethanolic extract, the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the Fraction E. Moreover, 24 hr pretreatment of PC12 cells with fractions B, C and D decreased DOX-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, pre-treatment of cells with fraction B resulted in significant decrease in generation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase in the activity of SOD. We were able to demonstrate remarkable reduction in the activity of caspase-3 and increase in MMP in PC12 cells following pretreatment with fraction B. Our observations indicated that the fraction B of A. ciniformis hydroetanolic extract possessed protective effect on oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by DOX in PC12 cells.

Antioxidant activity and peroxidase inhibition of Amazonian plants extracts traditionally used as anti-inflammatory.

BackgroundThe Amazon is the largest rainforest in the world and is home to a rich biodiversity of medicinal plants. Several of these plants are used by the local population for the treatment of diseases, many of those with probable anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-peroxidases potential of the ethanol extracts of five plants from the Brazilian Amazon (Byrsonima japurensis, Calycophyllum spruceanum, Maytenus guyanensis, Passiflora nitida and Ptychopetalum olacoides).MethodsDPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radical, singlet oxygen and the β-carotene bleaching methods were employed for characterization of free radical scavenging activity. Also, total polyphenols were determined. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using murine fibroblast NIH3T3 cell. Inhibition of HRP and MPO were evaluated using amplex red® as susbtract.ResultsThe stem bark extracts of C. spruceanum and M. guyanensis provided the highest free radical scavenging activities. C. spruceanum exhibited IC50 = 7.5 ± 0.9, 5.0 ± 0.1, 18.2 ± 3.0 and 92.4 ± 24.8 μg/mL for DPPH•, ABTS+•, O2-• and 1O2 assays, respectively. P. olacoides and C. spruceanum extracts also inhibited free radicals formation in the cell-based assay. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the extracts of C. spruceanum, B. japurensis inhibited horseradish peroxidase by 62 and 50 %, respectively. C. spruceanum, M. guyanensis, B. japurensis also inhibited myeloperoxidase in 72, 67 and 56 %, respectively.ConclusionsThis work supports the folk use these species that inhibited peroxidases and exhibited significant free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities what can be related to treatment of inflammation.

Phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Anabasis setifera and Salsola tomentosa extracted with different extraction methods and solvents

In this study, the tests of phytochemical screening included phenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Total phenolic was estimated by the Foline–Ciocalteu method, total flavonoid content was determined by a colorimetric method. Extracts were also monitored on their antioxidant ability by DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods. The phytochemical screening of A. setifera and S. tomentosa dry aerial parts revealed the presence of phenolic components (tannins, flavonoids and total phenols), and saponins. Total phenolic and flavonoid were high with methanol extraction whereas acetone showed poor flavonoid and polyphenol continent in both soxhlet apparatus and maceration methods. Furthermore all the extracts have good antioxidant activities. This work will be helpful to explore the biochemical profile and active compound identification in the field of pharmaceutical research.

Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita essential oils obtained by different extraction methods

As traditional extraction methods like Hydrodistillation (HD) and steamdistillation (SD) have long extraction times, some novel extraction methods like microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) are recently introduced. In this study, essential oils of Mentha piperita were extracted by OAHD and MAHD and the results were compared with those of the SD and HD to clarify if these novel procedures have significant effect on antioxidant activities of extracted essential oils. The results showed that OAHD and MAHD are able to reduce extraction time (up to 72%) and also required electrical energy. Furthermore, all extracted essential oils were shown to have approximately same physical properties (relative density and visual color) and antioxidant activity using DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods. The findings of this study revealed the applicability of using mint essential oil obtained by MAHD and OAHD as a natural antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical products.

Volatiles and seasonal variation of the essential oil composition from the leaves of Clinopodium macrostemum var. laevigatum and its biological activities

Clinopodium macrostemum var. laevigatum is a Mexican medicinal plant appreciated because of the pleasant smell of its leaves. This work describes the seasonal volatile content of the leaves by SPME technique as well as the GC–MS analyses of four seasonal essential oils. Menthone (∼34%) and piperitone oxide (∼30%) were the most abundant compounds in all the seasons studied. Antioxidant activity was determined in the seasonal essential oils by DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods revealing an IC50 range of 0.92–1.46 and 1.30–1.94gL−1, respectively. The enzymatic assays with α-glucosidase and porcine pancreatic lipase showed a non-competitive inhibition caused by the essential oil of this plant. Seasonal IC50 range was 0.14–0.29gL−1 for α-glucosidase and 0.12–0.34gL−1 for porcine pancreatic lipase. The enzymatic assays with acetylcholinesterase demonstrated that the essential oil produced a competitive inhibition with a seasonal IC50 range of 0.17–0.43gL−1. The MIC’s in gL−1 of the essential oil demonstrated a remarkable antimicrobial activity on Erwinia carotovora (0.145), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (0.149), Clavibacter michiganensis (0.184), Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolitica (0.381), Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (0.437), Escherichia coli strain DH5α (0.515), Fusarium oxysporum (2.3), Aspergillus niger (2.9) and Rhizopus stolonifer (3.6). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was maintained in the seasons studied. The described properties of the essential oil of this traditional crop could probably be used to design new products with industrial application.

Contents of constituents and antioxidant activity of seed and pulp extracts of Annona coriacea and Annona sylvatica.

The antioxidant potential of fruit pulp and seeds of extracts of the Annona coriacea, and A. sylvatica (Annonaceae) were investigated, as well contents total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins and ascorbic acid. Was used to determine the antioxidant activity the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching and ABTS radical cation method. The total phenol, total flavonoid, condensed tannin, and ascorbic acid contents were measured spectrophotometrically. In this study, the pulp and seeds of the fruits were extracted using methanol/water (8:2) for maceration. The seed extracts of A. coriacea demonstrated a moderate antioxidant effect with free radical scavenging activity of 31.53%, by the DPPH test, 51.59% by the β-carotene bleaching test and 159.50 µM trolx/g of extract in the ABTS assay. We found that the hydromethanolic seed extract of A. coriacea had high total phenol (147.08 ± 4.20 mg of GAE/g of extract) and flavonoid (131.18 ± 2.31 mg of QE/g of extract) content. This indicated that the antioxidant activity of the extracts was related to the contents of these constituents.