Β-carotene Bleaching Inhibition Research Articles

Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Effects of Salvia africana, Salvia officinalis 'Icterina' and Salvia mexicana Aqueous Extracts.

In the present study, aqueous extracts of Salvia africana, Salvia officinalis ‘Icterina’ and Savia mexicana origin were screened for their phenolic composition and for antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. The three aqueous extracts contained distinct phenolic compounds, with S. africana presenting the highest total levels (231.6 ± 7.5 μg/mg). Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in all extracts, yet that of S. africana origin was characterized by the present of yunnaneic acid isomers, which overall accounted for about 40% of total phenolics. In turn, S. officinalis ‘Icterina’ extract presented glycosidic forms of apigenin, luteolin and scuttelarein, and the one obtained from S. mexicana contained several simple caffeic acid derivatives. S. africana aqueous extract exhibited high antioxidant potential in four methods, namely the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging ability, iron-reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), for which EC50 values were equal or only 1.3–3.1 higher than those of the standard compounds. Moreover, this extract was able to lower the levels of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages (EC50 = 47.8 ± 2.1 μg/mL). In addition, the three sage aqueous extracts showed promising cytotoxic effect towards hepatocellular HepG2, cervical HeLa, and breast carcinoma cells MCF-7. Overall this study highlights the potential of three little-exploited Salvia species, with commercial value for applications in food or pharmaceutical industries.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Heritiera fomes (Buch.-Ham), a mangrove plant of the Sundarbans

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Heritiera fomes ethanolic extract was evaluated.Query Ethanolic extraction of dried and grinded plant leaves and bark was performed. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were also determined. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by in vitro human RBC membrane stabilizing assay and in vivo mice paw edema test. Ethanolic bark and leaf extracts of H. fomes (S1 and S2, respectively) showed significant scavenging effect on DPPH scavenging 68.51 µg/ml for S1 and 108.64 µg/ml for S2. Potent reduction potential (FRAP) was observed in S1 (83.75 mM of ferrous equivalent) while the FRAP of standard ascorbic acid was found 86.66 μM of ferrous equivalent. S1 also exhibited 87.43% β-carotene bleaching inhibition as comparable to standard butylated hydroxytoluene with 98.85% inhibition. Substantial phenolic and flavonoid content was also observed in S1 (136.83 μg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract and 76.67 μg quercetin equivalent/g of extract, respectively). S1 could provide 61.73% and 53.27% protection of RBC membrane in hypotonicity and heat induced lysis of RBC, respectively while the standard diclofenac sodium provided 91.66% and 86.66% protection, respectively. Furthermore, 44.16% reduction in mice paw edema at 40 μg/kg bw concentration was observed in S1 as compared to standard indomethacine (53.54% in 10 μg/kg bw concentration). The results revealed that the bark extract (S1) of H. fomes possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Antioxidant, iron chelating, lipase inhibition activities and metabolite’s prediction of hyrdoethanolic leaf extract of Conocarpus erectus

The current study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant, Fe-chelating and lipase inhibition activities of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Conocarpus erectus. The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) was used to identify the major types of primary and secondary metabolites in extract. The 60% ethanolic extract was found to be the most effective fraction regarding antioxidant, Fe chelating and lipase inhibitory properties. The 60% ethanolic leaf extract exhibited total antioxidant power of 223.0±3.27 mg ASE/g PE, β-carotene bleaching inhibition of 81.39±2.11%, Fe-chelating of 68.21±1.17% and pancreatic lipase inhibition of 50.60±1.47%, respectively. The 1H-NMR -based prediction of metabolites provided the information for presence of polyphenolic secondary metabolites and organic acids which might be responsible for the biological activities of extract. These findings of this work may be extended for metabolite characterization, in vivo trials and toxicity determination to get benefits for functional food development with antioxidative and antiobesity attributes.

Development and Characterization of Novel Bigel-Based 1,4-Naphthoquinones for Topical Application with Antioxidant Potential

Discovering new antioxidant agents and optimizing their processing is a necessity to treat skin diseases. The assessment of quality and antioxidant activity of topical formulations based on 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (M1) and 2,3-dichloro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (M2) was carried out for the first time for this purpose. Stability studies including evaluation of pH, viscosity, microscopic observation, and microbiological quality were determined. M1 and M2 were examined for their antioxidant capacities after their incorporation into bigels. Obtained data suggested that BG-M1 and BG-M2 have a good quality, a natural pH of the skin (4.5–6.0), and no sign of microbial development. Sensory analysis was also performed, and no negative assessment of unpleasant bigel properties was found. M1 and M2 have shown antioxidant activity toward DPPH radical (data are expressed as IC50), 19 × 10−3 mg/mL for M1 and 35 × 10−3 mg/mL for M2, respectively. After their formulations, they have maintained this ability, for BG-M1 = 3.0 and BG-M2 = 1.1 mg/mL. Also, they demonstrated interesting ABTS scavenging with 1.5 × 10−3 and 2.5 × 10−3 mg/mL for M1 and M2, respectively. They kept this potential after formulation, since, BG-M1 = 1.7 mg/mL and BG-M2 = 4.9 mg/mL. Likewise, pure molecules revealed notable β-carotene bleaching inhibition (0.3 and 0.1 mg/mL for M1 and M2, respectively), which was maintained after their formulation into bigels (2.9 and 10.3 mg/mL for BG-M1 and BG-M2, respectively). These developed bigels maintaining the antioxidant potential of M1 and M2 could be used as the provision of a barrier to protect skin.

Influence of Maillard reaction and temperature on functional, structure and bioactive properties of fish gelatin films

This study aims to assess the effect of heating temperatures on structure, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of fish gelatin films crosslinked by the temperature and/or with glucose by the Maillard reaction.Glucose was incorporated at a 0.5 glucose/lysine molar ratio into the fish gelatin film forming solutions. The products of the Maillard reaction were generated by heating the films during 24 h in a temperature range of 90–130 °C. An enhancement of some films properties was obtained after the induction of the Maillard reaction. Indeed, the water solubility and wettability were reduced. On the contrary, a rise of color intensity, UV-barrier property, radical scavenging activities and iron reducing effects was observed. These enhancements occurred also without glucose addition thanks to the heating treatment, but to a lesser extend. In addition, an increase of thermal stability due to structural changes was revealed by means of XRD, TGA and DSC analyses. As evidenced by the different experiments used for the determination of the antioxidant activity (DPPH• and ABTS free radicals scavenging activity, reducing power and β-carotene bleaching inhibition) the antioxidant activity of films containing glucose displayed an optimum after being treated at 90 °C. On the contrary, it decreased or kept constant at higher temperatures, probably due to the degradation or further stages of Maillard reactions. Moreover, the thermal treatment alone (T ≥ 100 °C) can be a useful tool for enhancing the antioxidant activity of gelatin films. Finally, the Maillard reaction has a good potential to induce and generate bioactive compounds in gelatin films for food protection.

Chemical variability of Hertia cheirifolia (L.) Kuntze essential oils and incidence on antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities

ABSTRACTThe essential oils of Hertia cheirifolia, collected from different bioclimatic zones of Tunisia, were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The major compounds were α-pinene (17.51–60.31%), germacrene D (6.14–19.18%), unknown drimenin isomer (9.39–32.39%) and drimenin (0.46–33.61%). The essential oil composition varied significantly between populations. The chemical differentiation among populations occurs regardless their eco-geographic appurtenances. The species essential oils exhibited antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities. However, the level of activity varied between populations. The highest scavenging activity characterized the essential oils of the species collected from Sousse and Zaghouan (22.26 and 21.35 mg TE/gEO). Essential oils from Sousse possessed the uppermost inhibition of β-carotene bleaching (37.82 mg BHT equivalent/gEO). Essential oils from Sousse and Makthar exhibited the highest reducing capacity (162.05 and 171.80 µmol Fe2+/gEO). Essential oils from Siliana possessed the highest chelating ability (17.55 mg EDTA equivalent/gEO). Those from Siliana and Sousse exhibited the highest antiacetylcholinesterase activity (3.03 and 2.91 mg donepezil/gEO).

Superabsorbent food packaging bioactive cellulose-based aerogels from Arundo donax waste biomass

A.donax waste biomass has been valorized for the extraction of cellulosic fractions with different purification degrees, as well as aqueous bioactive extracts, which were then combined to develop superabsorbent bioactive aerogels. All the developed aerogels presented excellent water and oil sorption capacities; however, the presence of hemicelluloses yielded more porous and hydrophilic aerogels, capable of absorbing more water. With regards to the aqueous extracts, the hot water treatment (HW) of A. donax stems promoted the extraction of polysaccharides and polyphenols, producing the extract (S-HW) with the highest antioxidant capacity. This extract was then incorporated into the aerogels produced from the less purified stem fractions (F2A and F3A), which were chosen due to their good water sorption capacity, higher antioxidant potential and lower production costs and environmental impact. The hybrid aerogels showed a great potential to be used as bioactive pads for food packaging. In particular, the F2A + S-HW aerogel would be the most optimum choice since it provides a complete release of the extract in hydrophilic media, as demonstrated by in-vitro release and β-carotene bleaching inhibition studies, and it is able to reduce the colour loss and lipid oxidation in red meat upon refrigerated storage to a greater extent.

Antioxidant and phenolic contents in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and micropropagated potatoes

This work investigated the extraction efficacy of phenolic acids on the potato and its byproducts. Also, the compositions of bioactive compounds and antioxidants were evaluated in various parts of the potato, such as the tuber, microtuber, peel, and flesh. The chemical constituents were quantified by HPLC analysis, and the highest levels of phenolics (88.99 mg/L) were obtained in acetone extracts from a micropropagated potato. The micropropagated potato demonstrated that notable phenolic compounds were mainly a bound form of phenolic acids including caffeic acid and vanillic acid. The micropropagated extracts using acetone showed the higher radical scavenging activity, 94.3% and 95.5% at 5 mg/mL in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS·+), respectively. In addition, the same extracts showed the highest (85.61%) β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity. A positive relationship existed between DPPH and either ABTS·+ (r = 0.58, p < 0.05), β-carotene bleaching (r = 0.65, p < 0.05), or total phenolics (r = 0.63, p < 0.05). However, ABTS·+ did not show a significant correlation between both total phenolics and β-carotene bleaching. The effective phenolic compounds contributing to antioxidant activity were caffeic acid and vanillic acid, which could be extracted in high amounts by acetone from potato peels and micropropagated potatoes.

Composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Pimpinella saxifraga essential oil and application to cheese preservation as coating additive

The effect of Pimpinella saxifraga essential oil (PSEO) addition (1–3%) in sodium alginate coating on the bacterial and oxidative stability of cheese was studied during refrigerated storage. The GC–HRMS analysis of PSEO showed that anethole, pseudoisoeugenol and p-anisaldehyde were the main components. The PSEO exhibited strong in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 6.81 µg/mL), β-carotene bleaching inhibition (IC50 = 206 µg/mL), ferric reducing power (EC50 = 35.20 µg/mL), total antioxidant activity (213.96 ± 11.12 µmol/mL α-tocopherol equivalent) and notable DNA protection potential. Additionally, PSEO displayed potent antibacterial activity against 3 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 0.78–3.12 mg/mL). The acute toxicity of PSEO was determined using mice model (LD50 = 976.2 mg/kg). The enrichment of sodium alginate coating with PSEO, particularly at 3%, improved cheese preservation by reducing the weight loss, preserving the pH and color and enhancing oxidative and bacterial stability without unpleased flavor for consumers.

Antioxidant activity of Dianthus chinensis flowers processed by ionizing radiation

The edible flowers are increasingly used in culinary preparations, which require new approaches to improve their conservation and safety. Irradiation treatment is safe and an effective alternative for food conservation. Indeed, it can also guarantee food quality, increasing shelf-life and disinfestation of it. This technology gives us a versatile way to get good quality food, reducing post-harvest losses. Dianthus chinensis flowers, popularly known as Chinese pink, are widely used in culinary preparations, being also acknowledged for their bioactive components and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of D. chinensis flowers submitted to electron beam and gamma irradiation at 0, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 kGy. The antioxidant properties were evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power and β-carotene bleaching inhibition assays. Total phenolics were also determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The antioxidant activity was higher for irradiated samples, especially those treated with 0.8 and 1 kGy, independently of the radiation source, which showed the highest capacity to inhibit β-carotene bleaching. Accordingly, the applied irradiation treatments seemed to represent feasible technology to preserve the quality of edible flower petals, being able to improve the antioxidant activity

In vitro Determination of Antioxidant Activities of the Fractions Obtained from Adansonia Digitata L. (baobab) Stem Bark Ethanolic Extract using Different Parameters

Medicinal plants have been utilized to treat acute and chronic disorders for many years. The basis for such utilization however is based on the potential use of phytochemicals to manage a plethora of chronic diseases including cancer, inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular abnormalities. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay and metal chelating activity of the fractions obtained from ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Adansonia digitata were determined using Spectrophotometric methods. Extraction was carried out using absolute ethanol and fractionation was carried out using organic solvents of different polarities, beginning from n-Hexane, ethyl-acetate, ethanol, methanol and finally distilled water. Eighteen fractions were obtained from the ethanolic extract using the solvents. Folin Ciocalteau is a mixture of phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate which was used for the Spectrophotometric in vitro assay of the Total Phenolic Content (TPC). Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC) was determined by the aluminium colorimetric method, with quercetin as reference standard. β-Carotene bleaching inhibition assay, the metal chelating activity of the extract fractions with ferrous ions were also carried out. The results obtained from the study revealed that fractions 6 and 7 (2900.00 mg/ml TE and 2410.46 mg/ml TE) possessed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity while fraction 8 and 9 (355.56 mg/ml TE and 420.26 mg/ml TE) possessed the lowest activities. Furthermore, Fractions 10 and 13 (1415.23 mg/ml GAE and 664.76 mg/ml GAE) showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) while fraction 16 and 9 (2.86 mg/ml GAE and 4.29 mg/ml GAE) had the lowest values respectively. Fractions 5 and 9 showed the highest Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) followed by fraction 12, and the lowest was observed in fractions 2 and18. The highest concentration for β-Carotene Bleaching Inhibition Assay was observed in fractions 12 and 9, and the lowest β-Carotene concentration was observed in fractions 7 and 8. Metal Chelating Inhibition Activity revealed that fractions 12 and 5 have the highest concentration, 7 and 8 with the lowest concentration. In conclusion, the free radicals scavenging potentials of this plant extract probably contribute to the effectiveness of the plant as a medicinal plant. The secondary metabolites in the plant have been found to be of medicinal importance both in preventive and curative medicine, especially as revealed by fractions 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 and 12, the peak of which were found in fractions 5 and 12.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Tamarix africana, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and Suaeda fruticosa, three halophyte species from Algeria

Extracts and fractions using six solvents of increasing polarities from Northwest Algeria (Tamarix africana, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and Suaeda fruticosa) were studied for phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant properties. Methanol and water fractions were found to be the more suitable solvents used for extraction of polyphenolic compounds. Aqueous leaf fraction of T. africana showed the highest content of phenolics (61.06 ± 0.40 mg GAE/g DW) and condensed tannins (118.43 ± 11.79 mg CE/g DW). Dichloromethane stem fraction of T. africana had the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil radical scavenging ability (0.34 ± 0.00 mg/ml). Methanol leaf fraction of the same plant exhibited the highest antioxidant power against the inhibition of β-carotene bleaching, while the maximum total antioxidant capacity was recorded in the leaf extract of S. fruticosa. Phenolic content was not influenced by the species but very affected by the extraction solvent, while antioxidant activities were not influenced by these two parameters. High-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector analysis of methanol and aqueous leaf fractions of T. africana revealed the presence of six phenolic acids; chlorogenic and gallic acids were predominant and 10 flavonoid compounds among which rutin and quercetin-3-O-arabonoside were the major constituents. These findings suggest that these species may be considered as an interesting source of antioxidants.

Potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Citrus aurantium essential oil against carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatotoxicity: A biochemical, molecular and histopathological changes in adult rats.

The present study aimed (1) to investigate the chemical composition as well as the anti-inflammatory properties and in vitro antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantium peel essential oil (pEOCa) and (2) to evaluate its potential effect in vivo. The main results showed that the major components of pEOCa are Limonene and Linalool. Additionally, DPPH scavenging ability and β-carotene bleaching inhibition tests confirmed the antioxidant capacity of pEOCa. Our oil reduced the production of NO by LPS-stimulated RAW264,7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent. This inhibition occurred at a transcriptional level. pEOCa in CCl4 treated rats alleviated hepatotoxicity as monitored by the improvement of hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers levels plasma biochemical parameters, and DNA molecule aspect. Furthermore, the mRNA gene expression of Cu-Zn SOD, CAT, and GPx increased under CCl4 + pEOCa exposure to reach the same value to the control. Similarly, antioxidant activities of these three enzymes changed in accordance with the mRNA levels. These results were confirmed by the histological results. It seems obvious that the treatment with pEOCa prevented liver damage induced by CCl4 , thus preventing the harmful effects of free radicals.

Seasonal Variation in Essential Oils Composition and the Biological and Pharmaceutical Protective Effects of Mentha longifolia Leaves Grown in Tunisia.

This research assessed the seasonal variation of the chemical composition and antibacterial and anticholinesterase activities of essential oils extracted from M. longifolia leaves. The leaves organic fractions were also investigated for their biological activities and pharmacological functions. The essential oil highest yield was recorded in the spring season. Pulegone (26.92%), 1.8 cineole (21.3 %), and L-menthone (10.66 %) were determined as its major compounds in the winter season. In the spring oil, the main components were pulegone (38.2 %) and oleic and palmitic acids (23.79 % and 15. 26 %, respectively). Oxygenated monoterpenes were predominant in the two analyzed samples. The tested oils and organic extracts exhibited promising antibacterial effects against all of the tested bacterial strains. Thanks to its richness in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, the ethyl acetate fraction (Ml EtOAcF) displayed the most active DPPH scavenging ability (IC50 =12.64 μg/ml) and an interesting β-carotene bleaching inhibition (IC50 =34.75 μg/ml) making it a potential candidate for anti-inflammatory evaluation on rats. This evaluation evidenced that M. longifolia pretreated rats showed a marked decrease in paw oedema and inflammatory cells. Additionally, a remarkable acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the Ml EtOAcF (IC50 = 12.3μg/ml) and essential oils were also observed suggesting their neuroprotective property against Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, it was found that its activity level was season dependent. Our investigation, therefore, clearly revealed the medicinal characteristics of M. longifolia leave indicating their potential uses for natural remedies.

Biofunctional gelatin-based films incorporated with food grade phycocyanin extracted from the Saharian cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp.

Biofunctional films based on bovine gelatin (G) incorporated with a food grade phycocyanin (PC) extract at various concentrations (1.25%, 2.5%, 6.25% and 12.5%; w/w) were developed. PC incorporation maintained the original solubility of gelatin (control) film, while, when added at 6.25% and 12.5% (w/w), PC decreased the L* and increased b*, ΔE and the opacity values of the films, which enhances their light-barrier feature. Further, the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) were reduced with the increase of PC content in G-based films, and were inversely correlated to films thickness with respective R2 values of 0.94 and 0.97. Regarding microstructure, PC eliminated cracks present in the control film matrix resulting in a more smooth structure. Moreover, PC addition contributed to the thermal stabilization of the gelatin chain, delaying the glass transition temperature by 20 °C and conferring a thermal stability up to 250 °C. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the incorporation of 12.5% of PC significantly increased by 4.09, 3.2, 13.6 and 1.47-folds the chelating, reducing, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and DPPH radical scavenging capacities, respectively. Likewise, G-PC films displayed antibacterial activity against several Gram (−) and Gram (+) bacteria. The present study suggested that G-PC films incorporated with 6.25% and 12.5% of PC extracted from Arthrospira sp. could be used as a promising colored external or inner (secondary) functional packaging for dehydrated food products as well as for hard or soft-shelled capsules containing powdered or oily active ingredients, although further analysis should be carried out.

Biological Activities and Chemical Compositions of Volatile Oil and Essential Oil from the Leaves of Blumea balsamifera

A modified hydrodistillation was designed to isolate essential oil (EO) from the leaves of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. cultivated in Luodian County, China. Meanwhile, hydrodistillation-solvent extraction (HDSE) and simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) were used to collect volatile oils of Luodian B. balsamifera. Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of volatile oil and EO of Luodian B. balsamifera were investigated. GC-MS and GC-FID analysis showed that caryophyllene, xanthoxylin, γ-eudesmol, α-cubenene were the main compounds of EO. In the tests of antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities, the antioxidant activity of EO was better than the other two volatile oils, and EO had high antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging test (IC50: 28.22 g/L), β-carotene bleaching inhibition test (IC50: 3.27 g/L), and thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay. EO exhibited favourable antifungal activity (MIC: 62.5–250 μg/mL), and showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 2000 μg/ mL). Essential oil of B. balsamifera leaves has potential as antiseptic and antioxidant.

Antioxidant and immunostimulatory effect of potential probiotic Lactobacillus paraplantarum SC61 isolated from Korean traditional fermented food, jangajji

This study aimed to isolate and demonstrate their antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities of potential probiotics. The isolated strains, S. Pum19, SC28, and SC61 showed potential probiotic properties including stability in artificial gastric and bile conditions, non-production of β-glucuronidase, suitable antibiotic susceptibility, and attachment to intestinal cells. S. Pum19, SC28, and SC61 strains were identified as Leuconostoc citreum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Lactobacillus paraplantarum, respectively. Of the 3 potential probiotic LAB strains, intact cells of L. paraplantarum SC61 showed higher antioxidant activity, including DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging, and ABTS radical scavenging activity. In addition, L. paraplantarum SC61 produced the most nitric oxide production and its mRNA expression level for iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were superior to those of L. rhamnosus GG. Therefore, L. paraplantarum SC61 was demonstrated to exhibit antioxidant and immunostimulatory activity and to have potential use as a probiotic product.

Stability, bio-functionality and bio-activity of crude phycocyanin from a two-phase cultured Saharian Arthrospira sp. strain

Crude phycocyanin extract (PC-E) from a two-phase cultured Saharian Arthrospira sp. strain with a purity grade of 1.24 (reagent grade) was characterized regarding its stability, bio-functionality and bio-activity. PC-E showed higher solubility values above pH 6.0, while the maximum stability was achieved at pH 6.0. PC-E was stable only up to 50 °C, while the addition of stabilizing agents (PEG-4000 and sorbitol) significantly enhanced thermostability. FTIR and DSC analysis revealed that thermostabilization by PEG-4000 and sorbitol addition was achieved through hydrogen bound and amorphous glass formation. Emulsifying and foaming properties of PC-E were concentration-dependent. PC-E displayed antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner, including β-carotene bleaching inhibition, ferrous chelating effect, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 63%, 78% and 100% at 5 mg mL−1, respectively. Moreover, PC-E exhibited great antibacterial activity at 5 mg mL−1 against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp.

Structural characteristics and biological activities of sulfated glycosaminoglycans extracted from shrimp by‐products

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (SGSS) were extracted with enzymatic procedure from shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) byproducts and its biological properties were evaluated. The net yield of SGSS was found to be 7%. SGSS showed higher contents of sugar (97.66%) and uronic acid (46.48%) followed by sulfate (12%) and protein (1.37%). The monosaccharide composition revealed the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine, glucuronic, and galacturonic acids. The physicochemical characteristics were determined using XRD, DSC, and FTIR analysis. The antioxidant potency of SGSS was evaluated by several different in vitro systems, including DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50 = 1.05 mg/mL), β-Carotene bleaching inhibition (IC50 = 2.43 mg/mL), and iron-chelating capacity (IC50 = 0.17 mg/mL). ACE-inhibitory activity of SGSS was also investigated (IC50 = 1.74 mg/mL). Practical applications The sulfated glycosaminoglycans from shrimp shell (SGSS) possess significant antioxidant and antihypertensive properties and could be utilized as natural preservative ingredient in functional foods and in pharmaceutical industry.

Low-cost culture medium for the production of proteases by Bacillus mojavensis SA and their potential use for the preparation of antioxidant protein hydrolysate from meat sausage by-products

The present study aims to maximize proteases production by Bacillus mojavensis SA strain and their use to produce bioactive protein hydrolysates from a meat by-product. The production of SA bacteria proteases was maximized using a culture medium based on wheat bran, which offer an advantage in minimizing the production cost and enhancing the enzyme activity by using agro-industrial wastes. The composition of media and cultural conditions for optimal proteases production by B. mojavensis SA strain were investigated. A successful and significant improvement of the alkaline proteases production (four folds) by the SA strain was achieved using the medium composed of (g/l): wheat bran, 50.0; KH2PO4, 0.5; K2HPO4, 0.5; CaCl2, 2.0; pH 6.0, where the growth conditions were monitored at 37 °C with an agitation speed of 200 rpm. Interestingly, the enzyme preparation of B. mojavensis was applied for the preparation of protein hydrolysates from a meat by-product. Hydrolysis was carried out for 180 min at pH 12.0. The resulting hydrolysate displayed an important antioxidant activity as evaluated by the radical scavenging capacity, the reducing power, and the β-carotene bleaching inhibition. The present study showed the high proteases’ producing level by B. mojavensis SA strain in a low-cost fermentation medium (wheat bran) and their potential use in the production of bioactive protein hydrolysate from meat by-products.