Azithromycin In Tablets Research Articles

Development and Validation of Simple UV Spectrophoto-metric Method for Estimation of Azithromycin in Dosage Form using Hydrotropic Solubilization Technique

Objective: A new UV method was developed for the estimation of azithromycin in tablets using the hydrotropic solubilization method and it was validated as per ICH guidelines. Methods: The solubility of azithromycin was studied in various hydrotropic agents and the one with the best solubility was considered as solvent for developing and validating the UV spectrophotometric method. Results: The best solubility of azithromycin was witnessed in a 2M sodium acetate solution in water. The absorption maximum of azithromycin in 2M sodium acetate was found to be 221 nm. The method was found to be linear in the range of 10-50µg/ml. The precision of the method was good and the recovery of drugs was well within the acceptance limits of 80-120%. Conclusion: The proposed UV method was found suitable for the estimation of azithromycin in formulations and is simple, selective, reproducible, and accurate with good precision, and can be successfully applied to routine analytical purposes.

Role of Chemoprophylaxis in Outbreak Control of Pneumonia in an Institutional Setting

Abstract Background: The outbreak of pneumonia among young healthy recruits in military training establishments during winter months is well documented. Rapid gathering of recruits from all parts of the country in crowded living conditions exposes them to a variety of pathogens. The objective of the present investigation was to identify causes, establish diagnosis, imply control measures, and develop future strategies after the occurrence of pneumonia outbreak during winter. Methods: The outbreak was investigated using standard epidemiological methods and medical case sheets, X-ray findings, laboratory findings, etc., to describe the epidemiology and guide the control efforts. Results: Over 3 months, 67 cases of pneumonia occurred among recruits with an attack rate of 11.1/1000 recruits/month. Radiological positivity in the form of consolidation in chest X-ray was found in 100% of cases with complications like pleural effusion in seven cases, of which intercostal chest tube drainage was required in two cases. The outbreak responded rapidly following mass chemoprophylaxis with tablet azithromycin 500 mg in five doses. Conclusion: The outbreak of pneumonia occurred among young healthy recruits (age – 17–23 years) residing in an overcrowded dwelling. Mass chemoprophylaxis was a suitable strategy along with conventional remedial measures such as health advisories, health education, hand hygiene/respiratory hygiene etiquettes, and segregations of affected squads to control the outbreak.

Novel approach for infrared spectroscopic quantitation of azithromycin in commercial tablets employing paracetamol as matrix modifier

The ATR-FTIR quantitation of azithromycin in three products of commercial tablets was carried out on product specific quantitative regression models using powdered paracetamol as matrix modifier to overcome the variation of spectral response and influence of sample matrix. For each product, a PLS quantitative regression model was established using training infrared spectra obtained from reference mixtures (reference powders with known mass content (%, w/w) of azithromycin mixed homogenously with paracetamol to have mass percentage of azithromycin over total mass of azithromycin and paracetamol (PA) from 30% to 70%). The spectral data were collected in wavenumber range depending on commercial product within the wavenumber zone from 1300 cm−1 to 1750 cm−1 to build quantitative regression models. To quantify azithromycin in any commercial batch of the same product, the homogenized sample powder was mixed with paracetamol to have mixtures with PA value about 50% to record infrared spectrum. The actual amount of azithromycin would then be calculated from spectral response of unknown sample and the pre-established quantitative regression model. Each quantitative regression model was validated according to the current requirements of ICH guideline Q2R1 and those of AOAC International in term of specificity, accuracy, precision, long-term robustness and reliability. The validation results proved that the quantitative regression models were accurate, precise, reliable and robust, able to provide quantitative results of azithromycin in tablets equivalent to those provided by official HPLC method of USP44.

Efficacy of Unani Combination Therapy in the Management of Acne Vulgaris: A Randomised Standard Controlled Study

Acne vulgaris is one of the common chronic inflammatory diseases of the pilosebaceous unit with multiple pathophysiologies affecting adolescents mainly. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of Shahtra (Fumaria indica) orally along with the topical use of Zimad Muhasain and the management of moderate to severe category of acne vulgaris on the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) scale. Material & Methods: This was a randomized standard control clinical study. The test group patients were given Shahtra ( 500 mg), 2 capsules twice daily with a local application of Zimad Muhasa paste once daily; the control group patients were given tablet Azithromycin 500 mg thrice weekly with a local application of Benzoyl peroxide 5% gel once daily for 8 weeks. Result: In the test group, there was a 77.3% reduction in the GAGS score at the final follow-up with p<0.0001; in the control group, there was a 69.8% reduction in GAGS score with p<0.0001, showing extremely significant improvement in both groups. The results indicate the superiority of the test group regimen over the control group by at least 7%. Furthermore, adverse effects like burning sensation, dryness, and itching due to Benzoyl peroxide and diarrhoea due to Azithromycin were only reported in the control group whereas the Unani formulations were found to be free of such adverse effects. Conclusion: The test formulations comprising a dried aqueous extract of Shahtra and Zimad Muhasa were found to be more effective and safe in the management of acne vulgaris in moderate to severe acne, compared to the control combination of Azithromycin and Benzoyl peroxide gel.

Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 on Drug Store Management in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Central India.

Introduction: One-third of the annual hospital budget is spent on the purchase of medicines, materials, and supplies. Drug store management is a complex but critical process within the healthcare delivery system. Health supply chains, the import of active pharmaceutical ingredients, transportation, procurement, finished products have been disrupted by COVID-19.Materials & methods: A retrospective, observational study was carried out at the Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur. Quantitative data about the pattern of consumption of 20 most commonly used drugs (10 antibiotics, three analgesics, three antipyretics, two anticoagulants, and two steroids), and 20 most frequently used consumables were sourced from existing records of the Central Pharmacy for 24 months between 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2020.Results: A significant rise in the consumption pattern was seen in 25 drugs and consumables out of 40 total selected drugs and consumables. The maximum increase was observed in antibiotics followed by antipyretics, and the least increase was observed in analgesics followed by anticoagulants. Tablet Azithromycin 500 mg was the most frequently used antibiotic during the COVID-19 Period as compared to the Pre-COVID-19 period followed by injection Piperacillin + Tazobactam. The only antibiotic having a decline in consumption and also with the lowest consumption was tablet Metronidazole 400 mg. The highest increase in consumables occurs by 10088% in N95 Masks, followed by 573% in shoe covers, and 153% in face masks (three-layers), respectively.Conclusion: This study will enhance education to the pharmaceutical industries, policymakers to the Government, and other hospitals on how to better manage drug stores in future pandemic-like situations. Proper drug store management played a crucial role in medication usage that improved patient outcomes and prevented the misuse of medications. The pattern of changes in the consumption of drugs and consumables in the present study can be utilized by other hospitals in the third wave of the pandemic.

Prevalence, Attitude and Knowledge of Self Medication during Covid-19 Disease Pandemic

Aim: To determine the prevalence, attitude, and knowledge of self-medication of general population for the prevention of coronavirus during the COVID 19 pandemic. Place and duration of the study: Major studies of Punjab during 2020. Methodology: A self-generated questionnaire was distributed online amongst the general population of Punjab excluding the people using medication for any other chronic medical disorder. The study included the general public including the age group from 16-60 years. Results: Among 290 participants, 33.7% were males and 66.3% were female. Based on the data obtained 53% used medication without a doctor’s prescription (self- medication) while 46.7% took the medication with a doctor’s prescription. Those with the habit of self-medication relied on both allopathic and herbal medications due to various reasons, the most frequent reason found was unavailability of doctors (27.8%). The most frequently used self-medicated drugs were pain killers, Hydroxychloroquinone, Azithromycin and Ivermectin to prevent from this deadly virus (p-value=0.000).Adverse effects reported after self-medications are statistically non-significant. Conclusion It is concluded that majority of the general population of Punjab are in the habit of self-medicating themselves because of difficulty in approaching physicians and the most commonly self-medicated drug with or without symptoms was found to be tablet Azithromycin as a preventive measure during this pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, self-medication, adverse effects

Azithromycin detection in cells and tablets by N,S co-doped carbon quantum dots

Azithromycin (AZM)11AZM: azithromycin. is one of the most widely used antibiotics. AZM abuse is easy to cause great harm to human body, so developing a rapid and sensitive method to detect AZM is of great importance. Herein, 3-aminothiophenol as only reaction precursor, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,S-CQDs)22N,S-CQDs: nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots. were fabricated by one-step hydrothermal carbonization method. All characteristics demonstrate that N,S-CQDs possess good water solubility, high fluorescence stability and low cytotoxicity. Without being disturbed by amino acids and drugs, the most interesting finding is that AZM can efficiently quench the fluorescence of N,S-CQDs by a synergistic effect of electrostatic interaction and static quenching. A fluorescent probe for the detection of AZM was constructed with high selectivity and good sensitivity, achieving two linear ranges of 2.5–32.3 μM and 37.2–110 μM and a limit of detection of 0.76 µM. The proposed fluorescent method was used for the detection of AZM in cells with fulfilling results. More importantly, the fluorescent probe was successfully used to the detection of AZM in tablets and human urine with recovery rate and relative standard deviations of 98.2–104.8% and 0.04–3.46%, respectively, which was confirmed by the standard method of HPLC-UV. This finding illustrates the usefulness and feasibility of N,S-CQDs as an effective fluorescent probe for the detection of AZM in tablets and human urine, which is helpful for supervising and guiding pharmacy.

Assessment of Quality of Azithromycin, a Macrolide Antibiotic by NMR Spectroscopy

A total of forty-five pharmaceutical tablets containing 500 mg azithromycin from 9 (nine) different companies were collected from local pharmacies and evaluated the quality of the antibiotics with standard azithromycin by physical, chromatographic (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and 1H & 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies. Weight variation of all tested tablets were within 0.1-1.8% which is in the allowed variation of 5%. Two prominent absorption bands were observed at 1723 and 1187 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectrum of all samples and standard for the presence of >C=O and -C-O groups, respectively due to the macrocyclic lactone ring. HPLC coupled with PDA detector (at 210 and 215 nm) gave reproducible results at retention time of 10.5 min for standard and samples. The 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of the standard azithromycin and test samples were found to be identical which led to the conclusion that 1H- and 13C-NMR experiments are feasible tools for qualitative determination of azithromycin in tablets. All the described methods determined the quality of analyzed tablets well. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(1): 37-44, 2021

Frequency of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients taking low dose azithromycin prophylaxis.

Objectives: To assess the frequency of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients taking low dose azithromycin prophylaxis. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Medicine, Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 01-07-2017 to 30-06-2018. Material & Methods: 100 patients having diagnosis of COPD according to the operational definition were selected from medical opd of hospital after consent of patients. All patients were given tablet azithromycin 250mg thrice weekly for 12 months, then these patients were followed up for episodes of exacerbations in one year. All patients were properly instructed to report in any change in their symptoms. Any episode of acute exacerbation was noted. There was no conflict of interest. Results: Frequency of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was seen in 70 out of 100(70%) patients taking low dose azithromycin prophylaxis. In female patients frequency of acute exacerbation was high as compared to male patients. i.e. 62.9% vs. 37.1%. Frequency of acute exacerbation was higher in patients whose duration of disease was longer. i.e. 7-10 years followed by patients whose duration of disease was 4-6 years (28.6%) and 1-3 years (25.7%). Presence of acute exacerbation was significantly associated with decline in lung functions. Highest frequency of acute exacerbation was seen in patients who had 3-4 episodes. Conclusion: Results of this study showed a high frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD even with the prophylaxis of low dose azithromycin. However literature reported effectiveness of low dose azithromycin for acute exacerbation in patients of COPD. So further study in the form of randomized trail is needed to prove the efficacy of azithromycin.

Cost Analysis of Various Brands of Antibiotics and Corticosteroids in Dermatology Department

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> </head> <body> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Skin diseases are referred to the disorders that occur mainly on the superficial layers of the skin. Antibiotics and corticosteroids are commonly used drug classes in the management of skin disorders. Since, the variation in price of antibiotics and corticosteroids used in dermatological departments vary widely, this study was performed to give an insight on the difference of the cost of various brands of antibiotics and corticosteroids available in India. <strong>Methods:</strong> The 6-month prospective study conducted from September 2018 to March 2019 assessed the cost variability between different brands of antibiotics and corticosteroids commonly prescribed. The cost of various brands of drugs was collected from the Current Index of Medical Specialties (CIMS) and medguideindia.com. <strong>Results:</strong> It was seen that tablet prednisolone showed the maximum percentage price variation (4408.67%) followed by tablet azithromycin that varied by 1607.23%. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>As the drugs prescribed by brand names are higher than the drugs prescribed in their generic names, the cost effectiveness will not be achieved. This suggests that prescribing drugs in generic name will also have an option for the dispensing pharmacist to provide the suitable drug to the patient. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Key words: </strong>Antibiotics, Corticosteroids, Price variation, Dermatology, Cost analysis, Skin diseases. </body> </html>

Efficacy and cost-effective analysis of benzyl benzoate, permethrin, and ivermectin in the treatment of scabies and azithromycin versus doxycycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris

Background: Acne and scabies are significant skin diseases and treatment of which carries major economic burden in Indian scenario. We planned study to compare safety, efficacy, and economy of treatment modalities of scabies for permethrin, benzyl benzoate, and ivermectin and acne for doxycycline and azithromycin. Hence, we can provide better treatment option for acne and scabies based on cost-effectiveness, efficacy, and safety. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to study therapeutic efficacy and cost-effective analysis of treatment in acne vulgaris and scabies. Materials and Methods: A multicentric, prospective observational study was carried out with patients attending the outpatient department of 32 health-care centers of Wardha district. One hundred and forty-eight patients of acne and 124 patients were screened, of which 108 patients of acne and 120 patients of scabies were analyzed for therapeutic efficacy. Of 120 scabies patients, 52 patients took benzyl benzoate lotion, 48 patients received permethrin cream, and 20 patients received tablet ivermectin. In acne, 60 patients received tablet azithromycin and 48 patients received tablet doxycycline. Cost-effective analysis was done. Results: In scabies, efficacy was near 93% for all therapeutic agents, but benzyl benzoate (INR 15.01 per case) and ivermectin (INR 16.07 per case) are more cost effective than permethrin (INR 21.55 per case). In acne, azithromycin (62.2%) and doxycycline (60%) showed similar efficacy, but doxycycline (INR 112 per case) is more cost effective than azithromycin (INR 216 per case). Conclusion: Therapeutic efficacy was similar for all therapeutic agents in both acne and scabies. Benzyl benzoate and ivermectin are more cost effective than permethrin in scabies. In acne, doxycycline is more cost effective than azithromycin.

A Study on Clinical Assessment of Antibiotic Used in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

A 6-week longitudinal prospective study was conducted to assess the effectiveness and the safety antibiotic used in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in internal medicine ward. We compared white blood count and glomerular fi ltration rate before and after antibiotic used. The CKD patients who admitted in the internal medicine ward and age ≥18 years old were included this study. Patients with incomplete laboratory data and renal replacement therapy were excluded in this study. The 25 patients who enrolled in this study were recruited. The majority gender of CKD was male (64%), the mean of age was 61.52±14.17 years old with length of stay (LOS) was 6.92±4.05 days. The highest number of patients was in CKD stage 3 (n=10, 40%) and was followed by CKD stage 2 (n=6, 24%). Most of them were diagnosed community acquired pneumonia. Tablet azithromycin (n=16, 64%) then Cefotaxime intra venous injection (IV) (n= 6, 24%), and Ceftazidime IV (n=5, 20%), Cloxacillin IV (n=4, 16%) were the most antibiotics prescribed. Generally patients had been prescribed appropriate dose of antibiotic and 88% of them showed improved white blood count. In contrast, the glomerular fi ltration rate of 44% CKD patients was getting worse. In conclusion, this study clearly indicate the CKD patients require close monitoring to maintenance of renal function even the antibiotic had been prescribed appropriately.

Comparison of Azithromycin and Doxycycline in Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Introduction: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the female upper genital tract. It is common among young sexually active individuals and is a major health problem both in the developed and developing countries. It is usually a polymicrobial infection, however, Chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K) is the commonest causative agent transmitted sexually. PID is diagnosed basically by history and clinical examination and the treatment is initially empiric. Doxycycline is a good old drug in use for PID and Azithromycin is a new macrolide with promising effects for same. This comparative study aimed to measure efficiency and compliance of once daily for five days Azithromycin with twice a day for 14 days Doxycycline in the treatment of mild, uncomplicated acute PID. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected 100 consecutive outpatients with mild uncomplicated acute PID. Comparative outcome of Azithromycin and Doxycycline in correlation with reduction of amount, consistency and malodor of vaginal discharge along with reduction in fornical tenderness, compliance and frequency of adverse drug reactions was done. Comparison of categorical variables was done by chi-square test with p-value &lt;0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Among 100 cases 50 (50%) were treated with tablet Azithromycin and 50 (50%) with tablet Doxycycline. Comparative analysis on reduction of amount, consistency, malodor of vaginal discharge and reduction of fornical tenderness were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05), showing Azithromycin more effective than Doxycycline. Besides, compliance was better and there were less adverse drug reactions with Azithromycin. Conclusion: Azithromycin has better efficiency and compliance over Doxycycline in the treatment of mild, uncomplicated, acute PID.

Unusual Presentation of a Common Disease

Introduction: High fever and toxemia, complicated by encephalopathy, during third week of fever is typical manifestations of typhoid fever. Here we report a case of young male, who presented with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in first week of Enteric fever. Case report: A thirty two year old male presented with complaints of moderate grade fever without chills and rigors and generalized body weakness for seven days. On fourth day of his illness, he developed abnormal body movements in the form of coarse tremors of bilateral upper limbs. He had chronic hepatitis C infection, for which he was on DAAs since one month. His examination revealed coarse tremors in bilateral upper limbs with bradykinesia and cogwheel rigidity. There were no cerebellar signs or signs of meningeal irritation. On evaluation, he had mild anaemia and his renal function tests, thyroid function test, serum electrolytes were normal. Liver function test revealed normal bilirubin with elevated AST (184 U/L) and ALT (143 U/L). ALP was normal. Blood culture was sterile. MRI brain was normal. H.C.V R.N.A was not detectable. Widal test was positive with TO titre of 1:320. He was treated with injection ceftriaxone 2g given I/V every 12 hourly and tablet azithromycin 500 mg twice daily. He was continued with antivirals (sofosbuvir and daclatasvir). His EPS started improving by Day 10 of treatment and disappeared at 2 months of follow up. Discussion: Neuropsychiatric manifestations are common in enteric fever. Headache is the most frequently reported symptom. Other neurological manifestations including disordered sleep patterns, acute psychosis, myelitis, and rigidity have been observed. Neurological findings in the absence of encephalopathy may occur, indicating a focal, as well as a generalized, neuronal dysfunction. EPS have been reported in the varied neurological presentations of Enteric fever, mostly in the third week of illness. But to the best of knowledge of the authors, this is first case of Enteric fever reported in literature presenting as EPS in the first week illness. It remains a challenge to the physicians to diagnose such patients at an early stage.

To Test the Effectiveness of ELISA Method for DetectingChlamydia trachomatisInfection in Screening of Antenatal Cases in Indian Settings

Chlamydia trachomatis is known to cause several complications in pregnant women and in their newborn. This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of ELISA method for detecting C. trachomatis infection in screening of antenatal cases in Indian Settings. Antibodies to C. trachomatis were tested by ELISA method in sera of 200 unbooked pregnant women (Group A) who reported for the first time during labour and 200 booked antenatal cases (Group B). Seropositive cases along with their sexual partners were treated with one gram of tablet azithromycin and followed up till delivery. The outcome of pregnancy was recorded in both the groups in terms of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), preterm labor (PTL), still birth (SB) and low birth weight (LBW). 11(30.56%) of 36 seropositive women in Group A had one or more of above complications of pregnancy as compared to only 20(12.2%) of 164 seronegative cases, a statistically significant difference (Χ2 7.598, P 0.006). In Group B only 5 (10.4%) of the 48 treated seropositive women had one or more complications of pregnancy as compared to 17 (11.2%) in seronegative cases, statistically insignificant difference (Χ2 0.022, P 0.882). Also 11(30.56%) of 36 seropositive untreated postnatal women as compared to only 5(10.4%) of 48 treated antenatal cases had complication of pregnancy, a significant decrease (Χ2 5.411, P < 0.020). The study highlights that ELISA method for screening antenatal cases for C. trachomatis infection is an effective tool.

Spectrophotometric and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ofloxacin and Azithromycin in Pharmaceutical Tablets

Absorbance ratio spectrophotometric method and high performance liquid chromatographic method were developed for the determination of the Ofloxacin and Azithromycin in tablet dosage form. In UV-Spectrophotometric method, estimation of Ofloxacin and Azithromycin was carried out at 230.60 nm (isoabsorptive point) and 288.60 nm (λ max of Ofloxacin) for absorbance ratio method. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 4–20 μg/ml for Ofloxacin and 5-25 μg/ml Azithromycin for absorbance ratio method. Correlation coefficient found to be close to 0.9995 for both the drugs. Accuracy for both the drugs was in the range of 98-101%. A simple liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the determination of Ofloxacin and Azithromycin. A C 18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) column was used with a mobile phase consisting of Phosphate buffer: Methanol ( pH adjusted to 5.0 with ortho phosphoric acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min -1 . Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 215 nm based on the peak height ratios. Beer’s law was obeyed in a concentration range of 12-28 μg ml -1 for Ofloxacin and 15-35 μg ml -1 for Azithromycin and the regression line equation was derived with a correlation coefficient of 0.9970 and 0.9980 for Ofloxacin and Azithromycin respectively. The validity of the methods was further confirmed using the standard addition method. The proposed procedures were successfully applied to the determination of Ofloxacin and Azithromycin in bulk and tablet form, with high percentage of recovery, good accuracy and precision. Key words: Absorbance ratio method, Azithromycin, HPLC, Ofloxacin, Tablets.

Outbreak control of community acquired pneumonia in a large military training institution

BackgroundBetween 09 Jan 2011 to 25 Mar 2011 an outbreak of respiratory illness was reported from a Military Training institution. 52 cases of respiratory tract infection were admitted from this institution. All the cases were trainees between 18 and 21 years of age. Aggressive control measures were instituted along with the investigation of the outbreak to determine the nature of the disease and the causative organism. MethodsThe investigation of the outbreak was initiated on 08 Mar 2011 when a sudden rise in number of hospital admissions due to respiratory illness was noticed. Epidemiological information was collected from the cases. Routine blood investigations, sputum examination and chest radiograph of suspected cases were done. ResultsTotal of 52 cases of respiratory illness were reported during the period of outbreak giving an attack rate of 25.8 per 1000. Out of these 52 cases 23 (44.2%) were radiologically confirmed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was grown in 8 (25.85) out of 31 sputum samples. The outbreak was controlled by administration of 'supervised mass chemoprophylaxis' of all susceptible individuals in the institution with Tablet Azithromycin orally. Last suspected case was admitted to the military hospital on 25 Mar 2011. ConclusionThe study highlights the importance of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a causative organism for outbreaks of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in large residential training institutions and reiterates the need for formulating a policy for continuous surveillance. It also highlights the importance of the novel method of using chemoprophylaxis for control of an ongoing outbreak of CAP.

Spectrophotometric estimation of azithromycin in tablets

The present manuscript describes a simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and economical visible spectrophotometric method for the estimation of azithromycin from tablet formulation. The method is based on the reduction of potassium permanganate in alkaline medium with azithromycin. The measurement of decrease in absorbance of potassium permanganate at 547 nm was done, as it decolourises upon reduction by azithromycin. The method was used to determine between 2 and 20 μg/ml of azithromycin in the final measured solution. There is no interference from the ingredients commonly found in azithromycin tablets with this method. The results for the determination of azithromycin in tablets were in good agreement with the labelled quantities and related analytical parameters are calculated.

Development and Validation of a Micellar Liquid Chromatographic Method with UV Detection for Determination of Azithromycin in Tablets and Capsules

A rapid and simple micellar liquid chromatographic method that does not require use of specific chromatographic columns has been developed and validated for azithromycin determination. The method uses a Hypersil C18 column at 60 °C, 1-butanol–pH 6.86 phosphate buffer solution–water, 15:25:60 (v/v), containing 0.10 M sodium dodecyl sulfate, as mobile phase, and UV-detection at 215 nm. Different characteristics of the method were validated satisfactorily. The specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision (repeatability), and robustness of the method were demonstrated. The method proved suitable for determination of the azithromycin content of capsules and uncoated tablets.