Azerbaijan State Research Articles

ASSESMENT OF BIOMORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN DURUM WHEAT OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN

In the article, a total of 55 (8) local and (47) introduced durum wheat genotypes were used to evaluate the genetic parameters of some morphological and physiological traits. The research was conducted in the Field Laboratory of Grains and Legumes of Azerbaijan State Agrarian University in 2021-2022. In this study several phenological development phases of wheat genotypes structural elements of yield as plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikes in the main spike (number), number of grains in the main spike (number), weight of 1000 grains (g) is comparatively discussed in detail. Introduced genotypes have been shown to have more local effects on genotypes.

Transport system of Azerbaijan: what's happening now and what's next?

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the transformations that have occurred in Azerbaijan's transport sector over the past decade, offering insights into the current state of the transport system. It is widely acknowledged that the transport sector plays a pivotal role in enhancing a country's international recognition and strengthening its global position. It follows that the advancement of this sector of the economy represents a fundamental strategic objective for any state. The article reviews and analyses the current state of Azerbaijan's transport system and the measures taken to improve it, as well as the investments made in this field. Furthermore, in consideration of Azerbaijan's current status as a transit nation, the article examined the transportation routes of international corridors traversing the country and their operational efficiency. Also, the article presents a comparative analysis of the cargo and passenger transportation potential of Azerbaijan's transport system over the past decade across various modes of transportation. In order to ascertain the efficacy of the transportation system, the final revenues and expenditures were subjected to analysis, resulting in the calculation of the profit (or loss) for the various modes of transport.

THE EFFECT OF USING HEYDAR ALIYEV'S HERITAGE IN THE TRAINING PROCESS ON THE COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS

A wide network of pre-school, general, vocational, secondary and higher education institutions operating in our state today, and a powerful scientific and pedagogical staff potential have their core from the purposeful policy on education carried out under the leadership of Heydar Aliyev in the 70s of the last century, and the comprehensive educational creativity that will be carried out in the future has created a strong foundation of progress. At that time, full-time educational institutions in Azerbaijan rose to the level of modern development compared to previous years, and the consistent national policy implemented in this direction played a special role in raising the educational, general cultural and intellectual level. The life and political active activity of Heydar Aliyev is the founder of the modern history of the Azerbaijani nation, the creator of the free Azerbaijan state and statehood in every citizen of Azerbaijan. It evokes a sense of pride. The life of the national leader, full of struggles, is a living chronicle of a special period, an epoch, which he dedicated to his native nation. For the first time in the history of the Azerbaijani nation, Heydar Aliyev put forward the idea of creating the concept of national ideology, gave recommendations on the work to be done in this field, the areas of application of these works, means and opportunities. The leader attaches special importance to the promotion of the subjects of the Azerbaijani language and Azerbaijani history, religious viewpoints, traditions, and our statehood meetings, and highly valued the work and role of teachers, whom he especially respected, in creating, organizing, and implementing this ideology.

ABOUT SOME HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF KHANLAR PEDAGOGICAL SCHOOL

The article deals with the historical, social, pedagogical and moral tendencies of the decisive role that the deportation of western Azerbaijanis from Armenia played in the fate of teachers and pupils. Particularly the historical importance of Azerbaijan State Pedagogical Technological School in Irevan that sufferad from the deportation, as well as the training – pedagogical activity of the Khanlar Pedagogical School staffed by the immigrants of the deportation period during 1948-1971 is illucidated.

XVIII CENTURY AZERBAIJAN HISTORICAL REALITY AND LITERATURE

Throughout the entire history of mankind, literature has been a fact of the time of its creation. When we look at the issue both in a universal context and in a local one, we see approximately the same picture. Just as Homer is a fact of ancient Greece, the work of the genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century is considered to be the fact of the mighty Seljuk Empire, the state of the Atabays of Azerbaijan. Khagani Shirvani's literary heritage, dominated by rebellious and grievous motives, was a literary phenomenon caused by the state of the Shirvanshahs, the Akhsitan dynasty. The invasion of the Mongols, the invasion of Emir Timur, the period-specific manifestations of discontent against oppression and slavery, the spread of philanthropy and the phenomenon of Imadaddin Nasimi.. The work of Alishir Navai, the Uzbek-Chagatai poet and statesman of the 15th century, the author of the first “Khamsa” in Turkic, and the great Turkic culture, which was called the Timurid renaissance, were echoes of Huseyn Baygara's rule which lasted 37 years, in culture, science and literature. The establishment of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan in the XVI century and the fact that Azerbaijan remained the “metropolis and central province of the state” (Efendiyev, 2007: 11) throughout the century, the domestic and foreign policy has had a direct impact on the change of the direction of literature. The biggest event was the stabilization of the tradition of writing in the Azerbaijani language, the preference for the folk language, and the rapid development of ashug poetry. If in the literature of three centuries ago there was a palace splendor, then in the poetry of this period there is already a roar of battlefields, heroic motives surpass love poems, ashug poetry, which is closer to the people, and therefore has a lot of influence and propaganda power. The 18th century Azerbaijani literature is also a “mirror that shows the straight and the crooked” of its time. The article examines the most important events in the history of Azerbaijan of the XVIII century, their influence on the development of literature and features of their reflection in artistic works.

Teacher Training, and Associated Problems and Solutions in the 21st Century's Azerbaijan

Significant reforms were implemented in the education sector of Azerbaijan after the country gained independence, initiating integration with global educational standards. A key focus was ensuring secondary schools were staffed with subject teachers competent in meeting contemporary requirements, highlighting the importance of a policy for young educators. Consequently, the study examined the professional skills of graduates from the Azerbaijan State Pedagogy University, who would teach geography in this new era. The study delved into the educational engagement of secondary school students, particularly those with well-educated parents, access to modern technology, and the ability to source information globally. It specifically considered the capabilities of geography teacher graduates to engage students' attention and the professional skills necessary for this task. Identified deficiencies were scrutinized, and strategies for their resolution were investigated. Higher education reforms, the shift from Soviet educational practices to the Bologna system was analyzed and contrasted. The study entailed a theoretical evaluation of the professional skills of Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University's geography teacher graduates, scrutinizing the curricula and subject content designed to foster these skills. An assessment of the educational process pinpointed organizational and instructional shortcomings in lectures and seminars. The research culminated in pinpointing gaps in the professional competencies of geography teacher graduates, proposing methods to rectify these gaps and align graduates' skills with contemporary standards.

IMMEDIATE RESULTS OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY FOR COMPLICATED PEPTIC ULCERS OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM

Objective: To enhance the immediate treatment outcomes of complicated peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum through the development and application of video-assisted organ-preserving surgeries. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed the treatment outcomes of 261 patients with complicated gastric and duodenal ulcers. The patients received the treatment in the surgical departments of Azerbaijan State Advanced Training Institute for Doctors named after A. Aliyev, Scientific Surgical Center named after M.A. Topchubashev, and Sabunchi Medical Center from 2015 to 2023. All patients with perforated and bleeding ulcers of the stomach and duodenum underwent clinical and instrumental examinations. The initial general condition of the patient was thoroughly assessed. Among the patients, there were 220 men (84.3%) and 41 women (15.7%), with ages ranging from 18 to 84 years. There were 75 (28.7%) patients complicated with bleeding of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and 186 (71.3%) patients with perforation. In the control group, traditional, "open" surgical interventions were performed in 164 (62.8%) patients, and minimally invasive endoscopic video-assisted operations were performed in 97 (37.2%) cases. Out of 186 patients, 124 (66.7%) underwent traditional suturing of a perforated gastroduodenal ulcer during laparotomy, while 62 (33.3%) underwent minimally invasive endosurgical interventions. In the control group, 12 (8.4%) patients underwent gastric resection, and 10 (5.4%) underwent vagotomy with pyloroplasty. The immediate results of radical operations for a perforated ulcer were characterized by a high percentage of early complications, with 5 (41.6%) cases. Results. Of the 186 patients operated on for perforated gastroduodenal ulcer, 12 individuals (6.5±2.9%) developed complications in the postoperative period: 9 (7.3%) in the comparison group, and 3 (4.8%) patients in the main group. We obtained a statistically significant shorter duration of a surgical intervention by 24.8 minutes and shorter hospital staying time due to a decrease in the duration of the postoperative period by 5.3 days, a lower number of postoperative complications by 2.5%, and a lower postoperative mortality by 2.4%. The duration of laparoscopic suturing of a perforated ulcer averaged 38.6 minutes. The duration of hospital staying averaged 6.9±1.2 days. The use of minimally invasive interventions for ulcerative duodenal bleeding was accompanied by a significant reduction in the rehabilitation period compared with that after traditional, "open" operations that amounted to 18.3+3.6 and 35.5±5.9 days, respectively. Postoperative mortality was 1.3% (1 patient in the control group died). Conclusion. The outcome of treatment depends on the age of patients, the timing of the onset of the disease, the severity of concomitant pathology, the severity and extent of peritonitis and the duration of ulcerative anamnesis.

Analysis of the Stability of the Banking Sector of Azerbaijan in Conditions of Economic Crisis Based on the Econometric Model

This article is devoted to the influence of a number of macroeconomic indexes on the amount of reserves for possible losses in the Azerbaijan banking sector.The purpose of research. The purpose of the research to analyze the stability of the banking sector to the impact of macroeconomic shocks in the economy, study what the concept of financial stability of the banking sector includes, and what methods are used in the process of its analysis and assessment, investigate the dependence of a number of variables characterizing the state of the banking sector on various macroeconomic shocks inherent in the economy, analyze how the Central Bank is involved in regulating and monitoring the financial stability of the banking sector, as well as through what measures it supports banks in times of crisis.Materials and мethodology. The practical stage of the work is to create a multiple regression model that will reveal the degree of impact of macroeconomic shocks on the position of the Azerbaijan banking sector. To carry out the analysis and construct regression equations, quarterly data for the period 2012-2023 were used. Information was taken from a number of sources: 1) Official website of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan; 2) Official website of Ministry of Finance; 3) Official website of Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee; 4) Reports on the development of the banking sector and banking supervision. To analyze and estimating the values of the dependent variables of provisions for possible losses and return on assets, values for the banking sector as a whole are taken from annual reports on the development of the banking sector and banking supervision.Since the source data in the work is quarterly, our model will be a time series estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. Lagged variables may be included in the time series. The lags in the explanatory variables take into account the degree of possible lag with which macroeconomic shocks affect banks. In other words, changes in the values of macroeconomic factors do not have an immediate impact on the position of banks, but appear after some time and are delayed [7]. Such lags need to be identified and taken into account in order to form a more accurate and complete picture of the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on the banking sector.During preliminary diagnostics of the data, the presence of heteroscedasticity and first-order autocorrelation was revealed. To eliminate it, Newey-West corrections are applied, adjusting the variation-covariance matrix to obtain more consistent estimates of regression coefficients.Results. When selecting indexes to study the degree of impact of macroeconomic factors on the stability of the banking sector, we took into account the peculiarities of the economy of our country. The fact is that Azerbaijan is a raw materials country, the export of which consists of almost 70% of fuel and energy products [30]. This means that the size of export revenues, the financial position of companies and the stability of the economy are highly dependent on the price situation in the global energy market, namely the price of oil.In addition, Azerbaijan belongs to a number of countries with an emerging market, which is characterized by increased volatility of exchange rates and instability of financial markets and high interest rates and spreads. Therefore, our country is characterized by the risk of a sharp outflow of capital in the event of a crisis in the world, as investors seek to withdraw their funds from countries that are most vulnerable to the influence of macroeconomic shocks.GDP dynamics are one of the important indicators of the economic activity of the state. Its fall during the crisis negatively affects various spheres of economic and social life [8].The Baku stock exchange index reflects the state of the stock market of large companies, which are the most important for the country’s economy [9]. The collapse of the index means a deterioration in the position of companies, a decrease in the market value of their assets and shares, and increases problems with paying external debt and obtaining new loans to ensure the functioning of their activities. In addition, the collapse of quotes on the stock market leads to large losses as a result of their negative revaluation.Conclusion. When conducting a research of the sustainability of the banking sector in Azerbaijan based on an econometric model, it is necessary to take into account certain limitations. First, the availability and reliability of data is an important aspect that can affect the accuracy of the study results. Secondly, to fully understand the issues under study, it is necessary to take into account the context and specifics of the banking system of Azerbaijan. Finally, this study does not examine social and political factors that may also influence the sustainability of the banking system. Limitations of the study should be considered when interpreting the results and making recommendations.

Mikayil Mushfig s Translations From World Literature

The main purpose of the article is to examine the translations of Azerbaijani poet Mikayil Mushfig from world literature. The article provides information about the works of Mikayil Mushfig (1908-1938), one of the outstanding representatives of Azerbaijani poetry, published in periodicals, as well as separately published books. It is noted here that Mikayil Mushfiq was a member of the Union of Writers, a poet, translator, and educator, and worked effectively as an editor of the Azerbaijan State Publishing House. Talented poet, pedagogue and translator Mikayil Mushfig is one of the brightest figures of contemporary Azerbaijani literature. He is an artist with exceptional services in the development of our national poetry. M. Mushfiq gave special importance to the poem form in his creativity, which created unique and original examples of Azerbaijani literature. "Between the Curls", "Epic of Freedom" (1932), "Shepherd", "Afshan", "Mountains" (1933), "Shole", "My Friend", "Desertil" (1934), "Morning", "Broken Saz (Saz is a national instrument)" (1935) etc. are such kinds of the works. The comparative analysis method was used in the writing of the article. Importance of the application: It can be used in courses and seminars in higher education institutions.

Blood-biochemical Indicators of White Texas, Pharaoh Quails During Temperature Stress

In the development of poultry farming in Azerbaijan, there are big changes in the microclimate indicators in the building due to the rise in temperature in the summer months. The variability in the microclimate, in turn, affects the productivity of the birds and the blood-biochemical indicators. The research work was carried out on White Texas, Pharaoh meat-oriented quails in laboratory no. 23 of the Anatomy, Pathoanatomy and Pathophysiology department of the Azerbaijan State Agrarian Univer­sity’s training and practice center for quail breeding. The experiment was carried out mainly in hot summer days depending on the air temperature, and during the experiment, the indicators formed in the homeostasis of the quails along with their productivity were clarified. In order to investigate the reasons preventing high yield from White Texas, Pharaoh quails during temperature stress, we aimed to study the factors affecting their homeostasis along with studying other factors. In the article, a change in the feed ration of quails was made in order to avoid the negative factors created in homeostasis caused by temperature stress which occurs frequently among quails in the summer months. It is better to keep full-grown quails in cages under the shed during the warm months. We reduced the amount of corn, wheat and barley used in the ration and replaced it with other non-traditional feeds determining the period in advance when temperature stress will increase. To prevent changes in homeostasis, acorn flour from non-traditional forages was used in the feed ration. This feed supplement-acorn flour was applied to each quail per a day in order to increase temperature tolerance during temperature stress.

Արցախի Հանրապետության շրջափակումը, հայաթափումը և միջազգային իրավունքը / The Blockade, Depopulation of the Republic of Artsakh and International Law

The purpose of this article is to present the planned actions aimed at depopulating Artsakh, the crimes committed, and the continuous violations of the rights of Artsakh Armenians, carried out within the framework of the ongoing Armenophobic policy of the Azerbaijani authorities. To present the events in Artsakh accurately, the authors have set out not only to study Azerbaijan's state policy, events, and international legal acts but also to conduct fact-finding activities during the periods of blockade and forced displacement of Artsakh Armenians, and subsequent to those events.

Study of physical workability in student-athletes using the PWC170 test

In the present work, the functional state and process of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system to physical activity were studied in student-athletes using the PWC170 bicycle ergometer test. The conducted studies showed that the majority of athletes in both martial arts (cyclic) and team sports (acyclic) had an average level of physical performance. It should be noted that a fairly high percentage of student-athletes at the Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Education and Sports (ASAPES) had an average level of performance. However, a very small number of students had below-average and high PWC170 scores. The results of the study made it possible to assess the anaerobic performance and adaptive capabilities of athletes as average. The ability of the circulatory system to recover was below average.

Evolution of parliamentarism in Azerbaijan: from the 20th century to the present

The study aims to examine information about the first Azerbaijani Parliament, its activities, composition, and the measures it implemented in practice during the period of its existence. In order to achieve its aim and objectives, the study used the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, as well as historical and comparative methods. The main conclusion of the study is the substantiation of the position that the people of Azerbaijan, which regained its independence, used the rich traditions of the short-term activities of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and, on this historical continuity, created a national and people's republic, the sovereign state of Azerbaijan. The author also argues that the Parliament established during this period played a major role in the formation of the statehood based on democratic principles since 1918–1920 was a period of formation of the political consciousness of the Azerbaijani people, a high level of formation and activity of the processes of national identity of the Azerbaijani people. This study is one of the first to examine the origins of the practice of parliamentarism in Azerbaijan in the early twentieth century and its peculiarities.

THE INFLUENCE OF COMPETENCE-ORIENTED TASKS OF CARTOGRAPHIC DIRECTION ON THE QUALITY OF TEACHING GEOGRAPHY IN HIGHER EDUCATION

The article determines that geographic education, especially at the current stage of society’s development, is impossible without theoretical foundations and practical skills in working with cartographic sources, their analysis, and an integrated approach in the fields of application. It has been proven that competence-oriented tasks (COTs) in cartography and topography provide high-quality training for students of the first (bachelor’s) and second (master’s) levels of higher education. An own definition of the COTs of the cartographic direction is proposed. The issue of cartographic teaching aids development has been highlighted, and their conditions have been analyzed within future geography teacher training. The peculiarities of problem-solving method in cartography and topography for students of higher education institutions are revealed. A diagram of the advantages of the COTs of cartographic orientation over traditional tasks has been created according to their application stages. They are the following: life orientation, a motive that leads to a resolution, independence in decision-making and high cognitive complexity. The positive features of training results with the elements of COTs have been specified.
 COTs of the cartographic direction have been developed, which can be used during the mastering of the disciplines «Cartography with the Fundamental of Topography», «Methodology of Teaching Geography», and «Methodology of Teaching Geography in a Senior Specialized School» by students of higher education in Poltava V. G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University (PNPU) and Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University (ASPU). Attention is focused on the importance of the topographic map in the wartime period.

Preface

International Conference on Sustainable Future and Environmental Science (EsiTech 2023) Bucharest, Romania 17-18 March 2023 Accepted, peer reviewed papers from EsiTech 2023The objectives of EsiTech Conference are to bring together association members from industry, research, and education, and to provide a networking opportunity for researchers active in this domain.EsiTech Conference is an International pluridisciplinary Conference aimed to be a forum for information exchange between scientists from academic, research and development communities around the world on topics related to sustainable future and technologies, equipment, technologies and policies for environmental development, renewable energy sources conversion and other technical domains.Another target of the Conference is to offer to the young people involved in research activities (PhD, Master, and regular students) the opportunity to disseminate their work results and learn from experimented scientists.We also welcome people and entities from industry, agriculture, administration, trade, politics and media who want to cooperate with academic and R&D organizations in the fields of the Conference. Hybrid event with numerous contributions from Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University leaded by Guest Editor: Vusala Nabi Jafarova.We keep our members in contact with regional and international research with focus in obtaining the critical mass to launch research projects. Also, we offer publication opportunities for books and research papers.List of Esitech 2023 Scientific Board are available in this pdf.

ICT TECHNIQUES IN HIGHER EDUCATION: AZERBAIJAN EXPERIENCE IN PANDEMIC

The purpose of the article is to study the use of ICT techniques in Azerbaijan higher education. The objectives of the study are: 1) to substantiate the role of ICT sector in the Azerbaijan national economy, 2) to study the use of ICT sector tools in higher education, in particular in Azerbaijan higher education, 3) to analyse the external factors affecting the implementation of ICT sector tools in Azerbaijan higher education, 4) to analyse internal factors influencing the educational process in Azerbaijan higher education in with the use of ICT techniques and 5) to provide expert assessment of the use of ICT techniques in Azerbaijan higher education. The research methods are the analysis of statistical data, their grouping and comparison, expert evaluation of external (PEST analysis) and internal factors (SWOT analysis) that affect the use of ICT technologies in Azerbaijan higher education. Here were used the statistical data of Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, electronic pages and internal reports of the Azerbaijan State University of Economics – UNEC. To reveal the role of ICT sector in the national economy, here were used the data for 2015-2022, and data for 2000/01-2021/22 academic years to analyse the activities of Azerbaijan higher education. The main questions of the study were: 1) Is the ICT sector of Azerbaijan sufficiently developed for the application of electronic spheres in the field of banking services, trade, commerce, as well as in the field of medical services and education?; 2) Is the level of ICT techniques provided sufficient for their active application in the field of Azerbaijan higher education?; 3) How has the pandemic contributed to the accelerated use of electronic services – e-education, e-training, e-conference, DocuSign, e-banking etc.? PEST analysis of political, economic, social and technological factors has been conducted and demonstrated the positive and negative assessment of ICT techniques in higher education in Azerbaijan. It has been shown that in a pandemic situation there are both positive and negative aspects of online classes as regards in the fields of techniques, methodology and psychological features. The most significant conclusions concerning ICT implementation in higher education in Azerbaijan after the pandemic have been shown. They cover the following positions: in Azerbaijan, which has 2 artificial satellites, the speed and volume of ICT services should increase; state institutions should support the high level of ICT services in Azerbaijan; both educators and students must have excellent digital skills; control of the quality of education during online education, the use of different tools and technologies in training should take the main place; regular dialogue and feedback should be carried out remotely. SWOT-analysis has been used to examine the opportunities of the ICT sector in higher education in Azerbaijan. It has been established that in the current situation in the Azerbaijanian higher education system, more flexible and optimal content, as well as the implementation of teaching strategies, and the expansion of initiatives related to the promotion of innovations have come to the fore. In the field of higher education attention is paid to the application of distance education, solving and developing the issues of technological equipment and providing quality internet connection. Yet another important direction of the state strategy is improvement of the legislative framework related to the new digital forms of education, as well as development of digital skills of pedagogical staff and students of HEI. Thus, the new world’s situation significantly changes the legal, economic, organizational and managerial regime of HEI functioning. On the one hand, significant investments are needed in new distance learning technologies that ensure the transfer of the educational process into the format of indirect (remote) interaction between teachers and students. On the other hand, it is necessary to take a decision on organizing the remote functioning of educational organizations as objects of management, creation of fundamentally new content, and the retraining of teaching and administrative personnel to ensure their readiness to work with the use of ICT techniques.

Student Zone: Student chapter highlights opportunities by hosting a career fair

The SEG Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (ASOIU) Student Chapter recently organized a career fair. The event brought together students, alumni, and professionals from Baku and nearby cities to explore various career options in the energy industry and gain valuable insights into the current job market.

What is a Resource? Representing Eurasia’s Pastoral/nomadic Development History in the IPBES Framework for Reconceptualized Resource Meanings

The purpose of this article is to update the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) framework to reflect resource understandings arising within historically non-sedentary societies. This article examines how Eurasia’s unique development history based on livestock cultivation beget modes of understanding predicated in mobile life strategies and pastoral/nomadic interactions with the Eurasian geography. In contrast, prevailing resource ideas emphasize land relation histories of sedentary peoples. Using the IPBES framework, this article takes a novel approach to show how food and food customs reflect embedded resource understandings relevant to non-sedentary peoples. Empirical findings from sturgeon aquaculture facilities in the Caspian states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan demonstrates sturgeon meat in customary cuisine connects Eurasian peoples to land knowledge instilled with its own resource meanings. This article updates the IPBES framework to incorporate the livestock element as the integrative mechanism giving the method for land use and Eurasia’s own resource concept. Incorporating the livestock variable within the IPBES framework to express the value accorded to mobility better represents the diversity of resource meaning-making processes. It also makes possible a consideration for how food and food customs enabling narrative transmit land appreciations and knowledges not adequately captured by conventional resource analyses.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN THE HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN

The state tradition in the territory of Azerbaijan has existed since ancient times and has gradually developed. The existence of various types of legal monuments since ancient times, some of which have not yet become the object of research, necessitated the emergence of every science that studies both state traditions and legal monuments of Azerbaijan. This branch of science, which is called Azerbaijan state and law history, has been shaped since the middle of the last century and has taken its deserved place among legal sciences in our modern age. The subject of Azerbaijan state history and legal science includes the state, as well as the emergence, development and change of types and forms of state and law in the territory of our country in a certain historical period. The structure, legislation, areas and legal institutions of certain states The organization and development of legal processes are examined in the context of the state and legal history of Azerbaijan, both in time and space. The spatial boundaries of these processes are limited only to the territory of Azerbaijan. State and legal history of Azerbaijan, as the name suggests, exists in both historical and legal sciences.

Joint life cycle assessment and data envelopment analysis for the benchmarking of energy, exergy, environmental effects, and water footprint in the canned apple supply chain

The present investigation is designed to analyze the energy consumption rate, cumulative exergy demand (CExD), water footprint, and environmental impacts in canned apple production using life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was also used to identify effective measures in increasing apple orchard efficiency. The needed information was collected through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in 2020 in the West Azerbaijan state of Iran. The result showed that energy consumption in apple production was 60,026.48 MJha−1. According to the DEA findings, the efficiency of apple orchards in the research area is low, and micronutrients and phosphate have the most potential to reduce. Furthermore, the number of efficient units based on technical performance, net performance and performance scale were 35, 93 and 35. There is a potential saving of 6073.15 MJha−1 of energy. Economic indices such as net return, benefit-to-cost ratio, and investment productivity were 3391.99 $ha−1, 1.75, and 6.003 kg$−1, respectively. The results of LCA+DEA illustrated that abiotic depletion has the greatest potential for reduction among environmental indicators, with a reduction rate of 35%. CExD outcomes determined that the rates of non-renewable fossil (812.16 MJt−1) for apple gardens mostly come from nitrogen and diesel fuel.