Plant Azadirachta Indica Research Articles

Exploring the anticancer properties of Azadirachta indica: In silico and in vitro study of its phytochemicals against hepatocellular carcinoma

The medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) interferes with carcinogenesis and acts as a tumor suppressor. This study evaluated the anticancer effects of a methanol extract of Azadirachta Indica on a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) using an in vitro MTT assay. The results demonstrated that the methanol extract of Azadirachta Indica exhibited significant cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 81.17 µg/ml. Furthermore, an in silico approach was used to investigate the interaction between Azadirachta indica and Akt1, a protein kinase implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. This study identified two promising Akt1 inhibitors, 2′,3′-dehydrosalannol and quercetin, with improved binding affinity (ΔGbind) and a safe pharmacological profile. These compounds also showed hepatoprotective effects. Molecular dynamics simulations, specifically the MM-GBSA model, were used to further scrutinize the inhibitory potential of the docked bioconstituents. The results suggest that the proposed in silico pipeline can be useful for identifying lead candidates for HCC through early-stage rational drug design. These candidates can then be verified in vitro and in vivo before being tested in clinical trials as mainstream targets against HCC.

ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED TRADITIONALLY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS AILMENTS IN KAURA NAMODA, ZAMFARA STATE, NIGERIA

The research was carried out between December 2022 and March 2023. Eighty-eight (88) informants provided information on traditional knowledge via a semi-structured questionnaire. The demographic data of the respondents was presented using descriptive statistics. The popularity of the referenced species was examined using Use Consensus Values (UCs) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC). There were 88 informants, of which 27% were women and 73% were men. Most respondents (35 percent) are between the ages of 51 and 60. Just 6.8% of the respondents were single, while the majority, 80.7%, were married of the responders, and 64.8% had never attended college. Herbalists made up 42 percent of the respondents. A total of twenty-four (24) families' worth of plant species were collected. The dominant family is called Fabaceae with eighteen (18) members, and malvaceae, with three (3) and four (4) members, in order of precedence. There was one (1) member in each of the following families: SolanaceaeAsteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Zingiberaceae, Curcubitaceae, Convulvolaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apocynaceae, Ebanaceae, Rutaceae, Moringaceae, Rubiaceae, Zygophylaceae, and Annonaceae The plant Azadirachta indica exhibited the greatest Use Concensus Value (UC) of 0.40 and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) of 0.20. Most plants are used to treat a variety of conditions, including piles, diabetes etc., asthma, malaria, typhoid, stomachaches, anti-snake bites, diarrhea, yellow fever, whereas certain herbs arouse libidinal urges.

Ameliorative Potential of Azadirachta indica and Gongronema latifolium on Plasmodium-induced Gonadotoxicity in Swiss Mice

Background: Polyherbal decoctions are frequently utilized by some Africans for anti-malaria treatment because they are readily accessible, and assumed low toxicity despite possible gonadotoxicities. We investigated ameliorative potential of anti-plasmodial plants Azadirachta indica (AI) and Gongronema latifolium (GL) on Plasmodium-induced gonadotoxities. Materials and methods: Adult male Swiss mice (n = 50) were allotted into 10 groups of (n = 5) animals. All groups were parasitized with 1 × 106P. berghei inoculum for three days except for groups 1 and 10; (normal control [NC]) and (non-parasitized mice administered Arthemeter-Lumefantrine [AL]). Group 2 was parasitized non-treated (PNT), groups 3 and 4 received low and high doses AI (86.60 and 259.81 mg), groups 5 and 6 received low and high doses GL (337.27 and 1011.80 mg), Groups 7, and 8 received low doses AI + GL (86.60 + 337.27 mg), and high doses AI + GL (259.81 + 1011.80 mg), while Group 9 received AL (8 mg), all odes via oral gavage per kg body weights, respectively. Rectal temperature, seminal/hormonal, testicular morphometry and histology assessments were evaluated using standard protocols. Results: Concurrent administration of AI and GL alleviated pyrexia and parasitemia in test groups, compared to NC and PNT groups. Testosterone concentrations were reduced in parasitized groups compared to NC, while sperm parameters significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in PNT and high AI + GL extract groups, but improved in combined low dose with testicular histoarchitecture. Conclusions: AI and GL concurrently administered at low doses mitigate P. berghei-induced gonadotoxicity better than as singly. KEYWORDS: Anti-Malaria, Azadirachta Indica, Gongronema Latifolium, Gonadotoxicity, Histology.

Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Azadirachta indica Fruit and Leaf Extracts: Optimization, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are becoming increasingly important for various crucial applications, including antimicrobial, anticancer, catalytic, and anti-inflammatory. AgNPs biosynthesized from plant extracts have attracted considerable attention because of their eco-friendliness, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and stability. This study investigated the potential of using fruit and leaf extracts of the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica as a capping and reducing agent for the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The size, shape, and optical properties of AgNPs significantly affect their chemical, physical, and biological activity. Therefore, this study optimized the biosynthesis conditions as a first attempt for A. indica fruit extracts to produce AgNPs with precise morphology. Subsequently, the biologically manufactured AgNPs were characterized using suitable techniques. Their potential anticancer activities were examined against in vitro human lung and breast cancer (H1975 and MCF-7) cell lines. The AgNPs were stable, with a high yield and a spherical shape, ranging in size from 14 to 19 nm and exhibiting an absorption band between 420 and 440 nm. The AgNPs biosynthesized using A. indica fruit and leaf extracts were shown to be highly toxic against in vitro H1975, with IC50 of 62.2 and 91 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values were 67.5 and 68.7 µg/mL when testing against the MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that plant-derived nanoparticles have enormous potential for future biomedical applications, which warrants further investigation.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver and copper nanoparticles and their use as an effective adsorbent for chromium removal and recovery from wastewater.

Chromium (Cr) is one of the hazardous heavy metals that is naturally carcinogenic and causes various health problems. Metallic nanoparticles such as silver and copper nanoparticles (Ag NPs and Cu NPs) have gained great attention because of their unique chemical, physical, and biological attributes, serving diverse and significant role in various useful and sustainable applications. In the present study, both of these NPs were synthesized by green method in which Azadirachta indica plant extract was used. These nanoparticles were characterized by using advanced instrumental techniques such as Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope attached with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and elemental mapping. These environmentally friendly nanoparticles were utilized for the batch removal of Cr from the wastewater. For analysis of adsorption behaviour, a range of kinetic isotherm models (Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin, and Langmuir) and kinetic models (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order) were used for the Cu-NPs and Ag-NPs. Cu NPs exhibited the highest Cr removal efficiency (96%) within a contact time of 10-15 min, closely followed by Ag NPs which achieved a removal efficiency of 94% under the similar conditions. These optimal outcomes were observed at a sorbent dose of 0.5 g/L for Ag NPs and 0.7 g/L for Cu NPs. After effectively capturing Cr using these nanoparticles, the sorbates were examined through SEM-EDX analysis to observe how much Cr metal was attached to the nanoparticles, potentially for future use. The analysis found that Ag-NPs captured 18% of Cr, while Cu-NPs captured 12% from the aqueous solution. More precise experimental conditions are needed for higher Cr removal from wastewater and determination of the best conditions for industrial-level Cr reuse. Although nanomaterial exhibit high efficiency and selectivity for Cr removal and recovery from wastewater, more research is necessary to optimize their synthesis and performance for industrial-scale applications and develop efficient methods for Cr removal and recovery.

Endophytic Bacillus aerophilus from the Leaves of Azadirachta indica as a Potential Biocontrol against Staphylococcus aureus

Aims: The study entailed isolation and identification of Bacillus aerophilus in the leaves of young Azadirachta indica plants, establishing the antimicrobial activity of the endophyte against Staphylococcus aureus, and screening for phytochemicals. The study investigated the potential of the endophytic Bacillus aerophilus in pathogen inhibition and phytochemical screening for bioactive compounds produced by the endophyte that can be used in drug development. The research contributes to the wider scientific goal of curbing rising cases of antibiotic resistance.
 Place and Duration of Study: Sample: collected from Kanyonyoo in Kitui County, between August 2022 and June 2023.
 Methodology: The bacteria were aseptically isolated and sub-cultured on nutrient agar. For identification, the bacteria underwent biochemical tests and molecular characterization. The 16S rRNA region was amplified and sequenced using universal primers 27F and 1492R. Bacterial isolate K1L003 was identified as Bacillus aerophilus. For antimicrobial testing, the agar disk diffusion method was used against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus on Mueller Hinton Agar plates (MHA). The controls were doxycycline and vancomycin.
 Results: The endophytic isolate only inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (P < .001), with an inhibition mean similar to doxycycline (26 mm), against the pathogen. The endophytic isolate produced terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids.
 Conclusion: Endophytic Bacillus aerophilus has better antimicrobial inhibition potential than vancomycin, against Staphylococcus aureus and produces diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. The endophyte has the potential to produce compounds that are useful in treating drug-resistant Staphylococcal infections.

Green synthesis of N-doped ZnO@Zeolite nanocomposite for the efficient photo-adsorptive removal of toxic heavy metal ions Cr6+ and Cd2+

This research addresses the escalating issue of heavy metal ions contamination in water sources, primarily caused by rapid industrial development. Notably toxic, even at very small quantities of Cr6+ and Cd2+ heavy metal ions can prove fatal to both human and aquatic life. To combat this, a novel N-ZnO@Zeolite nanocomposite was successfully synthesized using Azadirachta indica plant leaf extract through the green method. The nanocomposite exhibited remarkable potential for removing Cr6+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The research primarily revolved around assessing the photocatalytic reduction efficiency of N-ZnO@Zeolite for Cr6+ and Cd2+ heavy metal ions, considering varied factors such as pH, photocatalyst dose, pollutant concentrations, and temperature. The findings demonstrated excellent removal capabilities, achieving 93% for Cr6+ and 89% for Cd2+ ions. Optimal conditions were observed at pH approximately 2 for Cr6+ and 6 for Cd2+, stirring for 60 min in an incubator at 45 °C, with 15 mg catalyst dose. The photocatalytic reduction kinetics were described by the first-order kinetics and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model with R2 (0.98982 and 0.9955), K (0.89786 h−1 & 0.87382 h−1), and t1/2 (0.7718 h or 46 min. & 0.7930 h or 48 min.) for Cr6+ and Cd2+, respectively. The isotherm models Langmuir and Freundlich are in good agreement with the experiment results, according to the equilibrium tests. Using a green synthesized photocatalyst for up to 10 cycles proved its long-term sustainability and excellent efficiency for environmental and industrial applications in the future.

Bioassay of Phytochemicals Isolated from Chloroform Extracts of Azadirachta indica Leaves

The present study investigated the chemical constituents isolated from Azadirachta indica chloroform extract. The extraction of leaves was done using Soxhlet extraction apparatus. To isolate and identify the antibacterial fraction from Azadirachta indica chloroform extract, TLC-bioautography was carried out. Phenol 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl), Phthalic acid bis (7-methyloclyl), Dido decyl phthalates, Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester, and 2-Piperidinone, N-(4-bromo-n-butyl) were the five primary antibacterial chemicals identified by the GC-MS study. The findings of the FTIR study revealed the presence of functional groups C-H str, C=O str, and C=C str as well as alcohol and the carboxylate ion. While the 13C NMR data demonstrated the existence of carbonyl, aromatic carbon, quaternary carbon, olefinic carbon, and methyl group, and the 1H NMR results revealed the presence of aliphatic OH, methyl, aromatic OH, and olefinic proton. The phytoconstituents detected using GC-MS analysis showed a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antimalarial effects. Thus, Azadirachta indica plant has a high concentration of medicinal phytoconstituents that can be used to make antimicrobial medications to fight against plant pathogenic bacteria.

Histopathological profiles of Albino rats induced with Viscum album leaf and stem aqueous extracts

Background: Viscum album is a hemiparasitic shrub that grows on various tree species and contains diverse active substances. Objectives: The histopathology of the toxic effects of Viscum album leaf and stem aqueous extracts from host plants Azadirachta indica (neem), Psidium guajava (guava), and Acacia albida on organs of albino rats was evaluated. Methodology: Thirty-five (35) albino rats divided into 7 groups (A-G) of 5 albino rats each was exposed to graded doses of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400mg/kg using the intraperitoneal route. The experimental rats were observed for 24 hours and subsequently sacrificed and their organs including liver, kidney, lungs, and heart were subjected to histopathology for any ultra-structural changes. Results: The histopathological findings indicate that the liver had vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and congestion of sinusoids for 800mg/kg of Viscum album (Azadirachta indica: neem) stem extract, and widespread vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes at 3200mg/kg for Viscum album (Acacia albida) stem extract. The kidneys had congestion, tubular necrosis with deposition of hyaline materials in the intratubular lumen and capsular space of the glomerulus, and glomerular atrophy at 400mg/kg of Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) leaf extract, but indicated marked congestion, and tubular necrosis with 3200mg/kg of Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) stem. The lungs had marked thickening of the interstitium by edema fluid, red blood, and mononuclear cell infiltration at 3200mg/kg of Viscum album (Acacia albida) leaf extract. The heart had multifocal areas of mild necrosis of the myocytes with 3200mg/kg Viscum album (Azadirachta indica: neem) leaf extract, and multifocal areas of moderate haemorrhages with 3200mg/kg Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) leaf extract. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Viscum album in this study had bioactive components that could be toxic.

Neem plant extract-assisted synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of piroxicam and naproxen.

Piroxicam and naproxen are well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are frequently detected in aquatic environments due to their widespread usage and improper disposal practices. This research investigates the photocatalytic degradation of these drugs by using CeO2 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized by using Azadirachta indica plant extract and were characterized through various characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The photocatalytic degradation of piroxicam and naproxen using CeO2 nanoparticles led to the efficient removal of these pharmaceutical drugs in a short time duration with photodegradation efficiencies of 89% and 97% for naproxen and piroxicam, respectively. The photodegradation reaction was found to follow pseudo-order first-order kinetics. The recyclability of the catalyst was also studied for up to six cycles where the degradation efficiency was maintained at 100% till the 2nd cycle and was decreased by 11 and 13% for piroxicam and naproxen respectively after the 6th cycle. The current work focused on the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) for water purification via environmentally benign nanoparticles to remedy water pollution as it is the most prevalent issue in developed and underdeveloped countries throughout the world.

Exogenous application of biostimulators alleviates water deficient stress on Azadirachta indica plants

Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chitosan or brassinolide applications on morphology and physiology parameters of Azadirachta indica grown under water deficient stress. The plants received different irrigation intervals, and were sprayed monthly with either chitosan or barrasenolide each at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 ppm, while the control plants were sprayed only with tap water. The results showed that water stress reduced all growth parameters, chemical constituents of pigments content, total carbohydrates, N, P and K %, total indoles, while proline and total phenols content were increased. Instead, the plants sprayed with the higher concentrations of chitosan or brassinolide resulted in significant increase in growth parameters, pigments content, total carbohydrates, proline content, N, P and K %, total indoles while reduced total phenols content. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that, foliar application of chitosan or brassinolide at 200 ppm can alleviate the adverse effects of water deficient stress on the growth and physiology parameters of Azadirachta indica.

Antifungal activity and phytochemical of ethanol extracts from leaves of Azadirachta indica plants in Iraq

The present study appearing various compounds that have been isolated from Azadirachta indica and showed natural compounds from leaves against three typs of pathogenic fungi are as follows:" Alternaria alternate, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Sordaria fimicola" . The Phytochemical of of Azadirachta indica leaves were exposed to (GC-MS) analysis. The results showed highest activity against all reviewed fungal, in Alternaria alternate, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Sordaria fimicola. the three concentrations of extract (20,30,40 mg/ml) in respectively" were given a results ( 0.00) mm in the diameter of colonies. The GC-MS analysis of Azadirachta indica leaves parts showed the presence of : 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)- ؛(R)-(+)-Limonene ؛1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexane ؛ 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-2-1-methylvinyl)-1-vinylcyclohexane) ؛ trans-beta-caryophyllene ؛ Bicyclo [2.2.1]heptane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene-,dimer ؛ 1R,1α,3α,4β-4-Ethenyl-α,α,4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanemethanol diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Neantine ؛Selinenol ؛ 2-(4a,8-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-2-propanol؛ tert-Butyl(6-bromofuro[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-methylcarbamate ؛ Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) ؛Palmitic acid, ethyl ester ؛ 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (2E,7R,11R)- ؛ cis-9-Octadecenoic acid ؛9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, ethyl ester ؛ Behenic acid ethyl ester ؛ Oleic Acid_GurudeebanSatyavani ؛ Acetyl-O-anisidine ؛ 1-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzene ؛ 1-(1Z-octadecenyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ؛ 23-[2-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)cyclopropyl]-24-nor-5alpha-cholane ؛ Nikko Squalane EX ؛ 24S-Ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol ؛ (2-Dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride, technical

In silico Evaluation of the Antimalarial Potential of the Phytoconstituents of the Azadirachta indica Plant

Background and Objectives: Malaria, a parasitic protozoan disease caused primarily by Plasmodium falciparum, has killed millions of people in Africa, particularly those with meager or no access to orthodox medical facilities and therapies. Extracts from the Azadirachta indica (neem) plant is believed to possess antimalaria properties among the locals that rely on herbs. Numerous in - vivo studies have suggested the antimalarial properties of neem extract and phytochemicals. This study employs an in - silico method through molecular docking techniques to provide insight while adding credence to the antimalarial potential of phytochemicals of neem plants as claimed in folkloric medicine. Methods: – The crystal structure of Plasmodium falciparum a causative parasite of malaria was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank, and Azadirachta indica phytochemicals were obtained from the PubChem database. Molecular docking through virtual screening was carried out on the characterized phytochemicals. The bioactive compounds from the Azadirachta indica plant were investigated by docking with the crystal structure of Plasmodium falciparum receptor and compared with standard antimalarial drugs (lumenfrantrine and artemisinin). Results: - Three Azadirachta indica phytochemicals (gedunnin, nimbinene and salanin) shows a competing binding energy and affinity when compared to the approved antimalarial drugs (lumefrantrine and artemisinin). while the binding energies for azadirachtin, nimbandiol and quercetin is lower than the value obtained in artemisinin but comparable with lumefrantrine. Conclusion: This virtual screening verified and identified a potential phytochemical component of antimalarial properties against a protein target: 1m7o, Plasmodium falciparum triosephosphate isomerase (PfTIM)

In silico Evaluation of the Antimalarial Potential of the Phytoconstituents of the Azadirachta indica Plant

In silico Evaluation of the Antimalarial Potential of the Phytoconstituents of the Azadirachta indica Plant

In vitro Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Azadirachta indica Plant Extracts against Multi-drug Resistant and Biofilm Forming Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

In vitro Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Azadirachta indica Plant Extracts against Multi-drug Resistant and Biofilm Forming Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Growth performance of poultry in relation to Moringa oliefera and Azadirachta indica leaves powder

The current study was directed to examined the two excellent herbal plants Azadirachta indica and Moringa oliefera leaf powder as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters on the growth performance in terms of (FC, LWW, BWG, FCR and mortality rate), blood biochemistry (WBC, RBC, MCHC, MCH, MCV, LYM, GRA, MID and HCT) and carcass characters weight performance (Carcass Components, Yield of Main Carcass Parts (%), Giblets weight (%) and visceral organs weight (g). Feed conversion ratio measured is significantly (p < 0.05) different in treated groups and in the control group. Highest FCR was recorded in control group as compared to supplementary groups. Low FCR recorded in treated groups show significant (p < 0.05) results. The CBC analysis of the supplementary treatments and the control group show significant (p < 0.05) differences in WBC, RBC, MCHC, MCH, MCV, GRA and LYM. Treated groups had higher concentration of these parameters than the control groups but non-significant results obtained in terms of HGB, MID and in HCT concentrations. Carcass Characters show significant (p < 0.05) differences in the Carcass Components, Giblets Weight and in Visceral Organs Weight in supplementary treated groups as compared to control group.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Sun Screen Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by sun has found to be a major cause to damage or alter structure and function of human skin. Various sunscreen cosmetics have been employed to protect the skin from these damaging effects. Many plant materials have shown the potential as sunscreen agent to protect the skin. Previous research revealed the potential of plant products such as fixed oil, volatile oil and plant extracts could be used for their sunscreen potential. In the present study some of selected medicinal plants Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Centella asiatica and Hibiscus rosa sinensis have been evaluated for their sunscreen potential by spectrophotometric method. The In vitro method has been used for the study was rapid, convenient, safe and reliable and could be useful in preliminary evaluation of sun protective potential. The result of the study indicated all hydroalcoholic extract have sun protective potential and can be used in cosmetic as sunscreen agent. The comparative result indicated that Azadirachta indica hydroalcoholic extract has higher sun protection efficiency and Hibiscus rosa sinensis has lowest photo protection efficiency, The initial result may be useful in selection the plant for sunscreen effect while developing a cosmetic formulation.

Evaluation of In Vitro Antiprotease Activity of Selected Traditional Medicinal Herbs in Dentistry and Its In Silico PASS Prediction.

Background Dental/oral diseases are one of the significant public health problems globally. Herbal medicines for managing oral diseases are considered an effective alternative to synthetic compounds due to their lower side effect. Azadirachta indica, Terminalia chebula, Camellia sinensis, and Piper nigrum are used to control and prevent oral inflammations in dentistry. In this study, we have evaluated the protease inhibition activity of these plant extracts, and further, the binding mode of the active ingredient of these plants with trypsin was studied using molecular docking. Methods In this study, protease inhibition activity was carried out using aqueous extracts of the plant parts such as Azadirachta indica (neem) twig, Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) fruit, Camellia sinensis (green tea) powder, and Piper nigrum (kali miri) seed. Next, to explore the binding mode of active ingredients azadirachtin, chebuligenic acid, catechin, and piperine with trypsin, we employed a molecular docking study using AutoDock4.2. Results The results revealed that the Azadirachta indica plant extract showed an IC50 value of 96.19 μg mL−1, Camellia sinensis IC50 value of 188.50 μg mL−1, Piper nigrum IC50 value of 371.20 μg mL−1, and Terminalia chebula IC50 value of 639.48 μg mL−1, when compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium, had IC50 value 93.00 μg mL−1. Further, the docking result reveals that all the main active ingredients of these plants have significant binding affinity and prefer the same binding pocket of trypsin. Conclusion Hence, our results show the importance of traditional plants Azadirachta indica, Terminalia chebula, green tea, and Piper nigrum to control oral disease conditions. As they show significant protease inhibition activity, hence, the active ingredient could act as a potential anti-inflammatory agent and further help to prevent or control oral disease conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis.

Effect of Cerium oxide nanoparticles derived from biosynthesis of Azadirachta indica on stability and performance of a research CI engine powered by Diesel-Lemongrass oil blends

The effects of performance and emission parameters of a mono-cylinder CI engine have been studied using new alternate fuel: Lemongrass oil (LGO) with nano additive (Cerium Oxide). The study focuses on a novel biosynthesis method (Plant-mediated synthesis) of CeO2 nano-additives from the Azadirachta indica plant, which is less toxic and more compatible with other chemical methods. The biosynthesis method is a simple, high-yielding, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical methods. Recently, a green technique based on impulsively decreasing elements such as polysaccharides, microorganisms (bacteria and fungas), or plant extract has been developed. This is due to the fact that the process is a simpler, non-hazardous, and environmentally friendly alternative technique when compared to the intricate chemical techniques of synthesis of nano-additives. The engine tests were carried out by using three different volumetric percentages (LGO25, LGO25 + 50 ppm and LGO25 + 100 ppm) and related with base diesel. The test outcomes revealed that the BSFC decreased by 4.98% and 6.83% and BTE increased by 1.76% and 2.27% at LGO25 + CE 50 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations, correspondingly. The CO emission decreased by 18.18% and 24.2%, HC emission decreased by 3.03% and 9.1%, NOx emission decreased by 14.8% and 31%, Smoke emission decreased by 10.5% and 15.1% for LGO25 + CE 50 ppm and 100 ppm correspondingly.

Remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil using hydrocarbonoclastic rhizobacteria, applied through Azadirachta indica rhizosphere

Crude oil/petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) are major pollutants worldwide. In the present study, three bacterial isolates -Pseudomonas aeruginosa BB-BE3, P. aeruginosa BBBJ, and Gordonia amicalis BB-DAC were selected for their efficient hydrocarbon degradation and plant growth promotion (PGP) abilities. All three isolates were positive for siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, and IAA production, even in the presence of crude oil. The rhizoremediation ability was validated through pot trials where all three isolates promoted the growth of the Azadirachta indica plant in crude oil-contaminated soils. Treatment with the combination of the plant (A. indica) and bacteria, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa BB-BE3; P. aeruginosa BBBJ; Gordonia amicalis BB-DAC showed 95.71, 93.28, and 89.88% removal of TPHs respectively, while the treatment with the plant (only) resulted in 13.44% removal of TPHs whereas, in the control (Sterile bulk soil + Crude oil), the hydrocarbon removal percentage was only 5.87%. The plant tissues were analyzed for catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities, and the plants augmented with bacterial strains had significantly low CAT and POX activities as compared to uninoculated control. Therefore, the results suggest that the A. indica plant, in symbiotic association with these hydrocarbonoclastic rhizobacteria, could be used for bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil.