Ayurvedic Product Research Articles

Does the pandemic affect the lifestyle and dietary intake? A comparative investigation during the pandemic and new normal situation

PurposeThe study attempts to investigate the role of social media in spreading awareness regarding ayurvedic immunity boosters (AIB) and changes in diet. Further, the study examines the factors affecting the willingness to pay for ayurvedic immunity boosters (WPIB) during the pandemic and new normal situation with the moderating effect of the “fear of COVID-19 infection.”Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from millennials in two phases, i.e. the first phase (1 July–August 2021) with 300 respondents and a second phase with (June–August 2022) 257 respondents. An online questionnaire was shared with millennials using the snowball sampling technique. Descriptive statistics with SPSS and SmartPLS 4.0 software were applied to analyze the data.FindingsThe results found a variation in AIB content sharing on social media during 2021 and 2022. Results found that respondents reported significant changes in their lifestyle and diet, like consuming honey, khada, tulsi tea, etc. In 2021, health consciousness and trust significantly affected WPIB, whereas in 2022, only health consciousness was substantially affected. Fear of COVID-19 infection moderates the relationship between health consciousness, perceived fear and willingness to pay for ayurvedic products, whereas the effect on consumer preference and trust remains insignificant.Research limitations/implicationsResults could help ayurvedic product manufacturing companies understand the consumers' mindset and the factors that stimulate consumers to buy these immunity boosters. Ayurvedic advertisers should design unambiguous messages that focus on health consciousness and have trustable components to encourage consumers to adopt a healthy lifestyle.Originality/valueThis is one of its kinds of studies that presents the contrasts of how the COVID-19 crisis has significantly changed individuals' dietary intake and affected lifestyle patterns.

Probing Anticancer Molecules from Onion Peels Waste; First Synthesis and Biological Studies of a Rare Quercetin Derivative-Pachypodol

Background: The constant increase in global onion production escalates the generation of onion peel waste. For instance, globally, >50 lakh tons of onion waste are generated annually. Methods: Its objectionable odor precludes its use in agriculture or disposal as landfilling presents environmental issues. Previous studies show that two major flavonoids, quercetin and its glycosides (spiraeoside), have been identified in abundance in onion waste. By utilizing the spiraeoside (quercetin-4ʹ-glucoside), a rapid synthesis of pachypodol (quercetin-3,3′,7-trimethyl ether, and a rare flavonol), an essential Ayurvedic product, has been developed and achieved. Pachypodol and analogs were studied for their ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 & 9) activity. Amongst the compounds tested, pachypodol significantly inhibited MMP-2 activity. Results: In-silico docking studies suggest that, unlike most known MMP inhibitors, pachypodol interacts selectively with MMP-2 through the residues Ile222, Tyr223, and Thr227 in a zincindependent manner. Conclusion: The experimental studies also prove that pachypodol inhibits the MMP-2 enzyme in a zinc-independent way.

Chyawanprash: A Trending Ayurvedic Product in the Modern Healthcare

Abstract: Ayurveda is a comprehensive part of the ancient Indian medicine system and is considered the different classical remedies to treat numerous diseases. According to Ayurveda, the diet consumed should contain nutritious particulars that have the ability to prevent diseases and foster a healthy lifestyle. Rasayana Shastra (branch of Ayurveda) encompasses a range of specialised treatments aimed at extending life, avoiding ageing and illnesses, decreasing degenerative processes, and maintaining good health. Chyawanprash is unquestionably the most popular of all rasayana formulations. For ages, it has been used as a supplement to maintain health and improve immunity and longevity. It is a powerful health supplement composed of over forty herbs that have been a part of the Indian diet before the arrival of antioxidant supplements, vitamins, and minerals. Recently, there has been a switch to plant-based derived products and ancient systems due to an increase in global acceptance. The present challenges in the re-emerging of Chyawanprash-based function food have been reviewed. Despite a large number of research reports that have appeared for decades, ancient recipes, methods of preparations, scientific validation, traditional uses, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological properties of Chyawanprash and clinical evidence are some major lacking. Further quality assessments are required to establish the mechanism of action of the standardized Chyawanprash functional food and nutraceuticals toward the roles of the bioactive(s) in health.

Impact of Digital Marketing on Transformation of Patanjali Ayurvedic Products

India is a land of ancient rich cultural of ayurvedic medicines. There are abundance of herbs and shrubs which only founding India and have miraculous impacts some of major diseases and a great help to mankind. Patanjali Ayurvedic is one of the giant Ayurvedic product making in India, which has expanded its business in very less span of time. With the advancement in technology the marketing techniques of the firms has also been totally changed and from the traditional marketing techniques now a day almost all the companies have stepped into the world of digital marketing, Patanjali Ayurvedic ltd. Has also increased its presence on digital world and has tried hard to improve their marketing strategies to get new customers around the globe. This study tries to evaluate the impact of digital marketing on Patanjali products through conducting a survey in Delhi NCR and Uttar Pradesh with sample size of 65 people. Keywords: Patanjali, Digital Marketing, Ayurvedic, E-Commerce.

Analysing Customers’ Trust in Ayurvedic Product Consumption: Development of Conceptual Model

Purpose: Investigating and analysing the numerous elements that affect consumers' faith in Ayurvedic products is the main goal of the article. In order to create a conceptual model to achieve this, the study undertakes an extensive examination of pertinent literature and current consumer theories. In order to help people develop faith in ayurvedic medicines, this model tries to give them a structured understanding of the essential components. The main goal of the study is to identify, synthesise, and discuss the elements that influence consumer trust in these products within a clear conceptual framework based on well-established customer theories and earlier research. Design: Accessing books and journal articles via search engines like Google Scholar, ResearchGate, SSRN, Base, Semantics, and Inflibnet is how secondary data for research is acquired. The focus group interaction method is used to formulate hypotheses and pinpoint characteristics that influence trust. Findings: The study has identified a number of variables that affect consumer trust in Ayurvedic goods. These factors include the items' holistic approach, the value consumers see in them, individual norms, and close customer relationships. It is hypothesised that these elements have a substantial impact on consumers' trust in ayurvedic products. Originality: This essay focuses on identifying and analysing the various elements that affect consumer confidence in ayurvedic products. Paper Type: Literature review for the creation of a conceptual model.

Customer Satisfaction Towards Patanjali Products

Ayurvedic products have a long and rich history, both globally and in India . The term "Ayurveda" is derived from the Sanskrit words "Ayur" (life) and "Veda" (knowledge), which collectively mean "Science of Life." Patanjali, a prominent player in India's fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. The primary study explores customer awareness, satisfaction, attitudes, and preferences related to renowned Ayurvedic products, with a specific focus on consumer perceptions of Patanjali products. This inquiry encompasses a comprehensive review of existing literature and identifies research gaps in this specific geographical location. The objectives of this endeavor include understanding brand perception, evaluating customer satisfaction, identifying influencing factors, profiling customer demographics, and comparing Patanjali with other Ayurvedic brands. The research adopts a descriptive research design, collecting primary and secondary data through surveys and questionnaires. The findings reveal a high level of awareness and satisfaction with Patanjali products, driven by factors such as reasonable pricing, health benefits, and trust in the brand. The study also identifies the key growth drivers for Patanjali, including increasing demand for natural and Ayurvedic products, brand ambassador influence, and a perception of authenticity. It was found that a weak positive relationship was observed between customer satisfaction and the preference to continue using Patanjali products. Customer satisfaction with various elements of Patanjali's offerings, including brand, pricing, and distribution, is examined. Recommendations for Patanjali include maintaining product quality, transparency in ingredient disclosure, expanding distribution, and enhancing product packaging. Through the study it determines the importance of quality, accessibility, and a strong brand identity in shaping consumer preferences in the Ayurvedic product market.

Pharmaceutical Standardisation and Physicochemical Analysis of Krimighatini Vati

Standardization is the process for the establishment of standard for a particular or drug. Standardization in Ayurvedic formulation mainly deals with ensuring standards for the quality and purity of raw materials, quality control during the drug manufacturing process, production of a good quality finished product and storage and distribution to maintain the quality of the final product. Standard of an Ayurvedic product can be assessed only by analyzing the analytical parameters of raw drugs, drugs after preprocessing and the finished products. Krimighatini vati explained in Rasendra chintamani is an antihelminth preparation explained in Rasendra Chintamani krimirogadhikara. It contains Parada- 1part, Gandhaka- 2 parts, Ajamoda -3 parts, Vidanga bheeja- 4 parts, Palaasha bheeja- 5parts, and Kaarsakara beeja- 6 parts. It is similar to Krimimudgara rasa that is available in market but differs in proportion of Palaasha beeja and Karaskara beeja. Present study aims to standardize Krimighatini vati after preparing the medicine according to the method explained in Ayurveda samhithas. Preprocessing of the Gulika includes, Shodhana of Hingula, Gandhaka and Karaskara beeja according to the methods mentioned in Rasasastra books. Parada was extracted from Hingula by Ordhwapaathana vidhi. It was then triturated with Shuddha Gandhaka to get Kajjali. Fine powders of other drugs were mixed with Kajjali and rolled into pills with Honey. Study observed the physicochemical parameters of individual drugs and validated the Gulika by HPTLC method. Analysis of Kajjali was done using XRD so as to prove the complete formation of Kajjali. Pharmaceutical standardization helps in reproducibility of drug paving way for more studies on toxicity and efficacy of drug.

Green HPTLC-method to estimate trans-Cinnamaldehyde in Ayurvedic formulation Sitopaladi Churna

Traditional medicine is a preferred home remedy for common cold, cough, allergic conditions, etc. in South East Asia. Ayurveda, originated in India, has a long history of treating upper respiratory disorders. Sitopaladi churn (powder) is one of the most sold “over-the-counter” herbal medicine for upper respiratory ailments cure. Quality control and validation is a hindrance for Ayurvedic product development. This study was conducted to estimate and validate for quantitative study of trans-Cinnamaldehyde in Ayurvedic medicine Sitopaladi Churna (SPC) through high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The quantitative study was performed at the wavelength 294[Formula: see text]nm and validated as per ICH guidelines. The content of trans-Cinnamaldehyde in SPC was found to be 0.093%. Green HPTLC method is simple and sensitive for standardization and is validated for trans-Cinnamaldehyde in Sitopaladi powder. This method would add a different approach for quality control and assay of SPC.

Herbal Health Ayurvedic Product and Supplement – How Good They Can Be ?

Herbal Health Ayurvedic Product and Supplement – How Good They Can Be ?

Process optimization and GC analysis of Pathadisura, a fermented ayurvedic product used in Shwas Vyadhi [Bronchial asthma

Pathadi sura [PS] is an ayurvedic fermented formulation, prescribed for respiratory disorders. It contains Suramanda [prepared from Shali shastika tandula and Guda] and herbal drugs [Patha Murva, Rasna, Saral, Devdaru]. Compositions and therapeutic effect of PS are stated in ayurvedic classical text; however the scientific preparation method and quality parameters of PS are not documented yet. Present study is aimed to develop and validate the preparation method of PS and to generate quality standards for the formulation. Preparation of Sura and PS was done as per standard protocols of ayurvedic pharmaceutics blended with modern techniques. All herbal drugs, Sura and PS were tested with standard analytical methods. Obtained values for herbal drugs were within limits as per API standards which signify quality and purity of plant materials. Analytical profile of Sura provides quality standards and qualitative - quantitative estimation of alcohols and acids. Three batch samples of Sura and PS have shown identical values. Thus, it is concluded that the method of preparation of PS is developed and validated by using standard methods of analysis. The results obtain through this study can be used by the researchers to plan further research work on Pathadi Sura.

Experimental evaluation of anxiolytic activity in mice using Vacha Churanam

Vacha Churanam is an Ayurvedic product. It is commonly given traditionally for memory enhancement, antidepressants, anxiolytic and anti-stress. However, there is no scientific evidence for its anxiolytic activity. Therefore the current study is aimed to validate its anxiolytic activity. Kept mice persuaded the anxiety in the room maintained with a temperature of 40C for two h per day. The Vacha Churanam has administrated doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o for 21 days. The behavioural parameters such as elevated zero maze, light-dark test, Morris water maze, actophtometer, hole board were produced significant activity with Vacha Churanam. The neurotransmitters measures such as dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine esterase measures were also increased in Vacha Churanam treated mice when matched with negative control group mice. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was increased, and lipid peroxidase level was diminished in Vacha Churanam treated mice. It supports the anxiolytic action of Vacha Churanam through an antioxidant mechanism. The Anxiolytic result of Vacha Churanam is associated with essential constituents such as flavonoids, phenolic and steroids.

Pharmacological screening of polyherbal hepatoprotective -‘Doctor’s LIVAFIT’

Considering the importance of ayurvedic herbs, science behind their potential in treating diseases and advantages over synthetic medicines in limiting side effects, there is an urgent need to employ such sacred science to produce medicines that effectively cure diseases and to distribute them to the needy. Many herbs mentioned in ayurveda are used to treat dreadful hepatic diseases especially, cirrhosis which is caused by the liver damage due to toxins, chronic alcoholism, synthetic drugs etc. In the present study, poly herbal hepatoprotective formulation, LIVAFIT, had been prepared and standardized for determining its quality and safety. Methanol herbal extracts were formulated according to a formula with Phyllanthus neruri, Picorrhiza kurroa, Andrographis paniculata as active ingredients and various other herbs helpful for possible hepatic regeneration and preventing hepatotoxicity. Physico chemically, microscopically and chemically standardized extracts were used in the study. Following the results of acute toxicity studies and after confirming the safety of extracts, hepatoprotective activity of formulation was evaluated by CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity method in albino wistar rats. It exhibited a dose dependent significant (P<0.001) reduction in hepatotoxicity when compared with that of standard, Silymarin and a pre-marketed ayurvedic product.

A study to evaluate ayurveda product labels for their compliance as per drug and cosmetic rules 1945, rule 161(B)

Background: Product labels are considered as clinical instruction manual which plays a vital role in providing information to the prescriber and end-user at a glance. As Ayurvedic drugs fall under the purview of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, a set of quality criteria-based information is required to be displayed on the labels of Ayurvedic product containers marketed in India. Aim and Objective: In the present study, containers of different Ayurvedic products dispensed at Government hospitals and sold at private pharmacies in Bangalore were selected and checked for their compliance with labeling guidelines as mentioned in Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940. Results: Among 150 selected products, 78 products were classical preparations and 72 were proprietary medicines. Among the fourteen criteria derived from labeling guidelines mentioned in drugs and cosmetic act, all the 150 products were following the standard guidelines with respect to the six basic criteria like name and address of the manufacture, net weight of the formulation, batch number, license number, date of manufacture and mentioning of the word Ayurvedic medicine. Conclusion: Even though majority of the labels of Ayurvedic drug containers fulfilled the requirements, a good number of Ayurvedic products are still not in accordance with the regulatory requirements in providing label information. Following a strict compliance in some labeling specifications like providing complete details of ingredient with their net weight in metric system, displaying the caution warning for formulations containing schedule E 1 drugs, providing the expiry date, and citing the reference from authentic texts in case of classical formulations is still lacking.

Standardisation of Ayurvedic fermented product Kanji

Sharangdhara explained Panchavidha Kashyaya Kalpana1, which are guru subsequently from Swarasa to Phanta. But Panchavidha Kashaya kalpana lack the ability of fast action and potency for longer duration. To compensate the above stated lacuna ‘Sandhana Kalpana’ were developed. Sandhan Kalpana1 depends on the concept of biochemical fermentation, and one of the best dosage forms of Ayurveda in practice since thousands of years. In order to prepare these medicaments, certain sets of conditions are pre-arranged which leads to fermentation. Thus, products with self-generated ethyl alcohol, which potentiate these preparations. ’Kanji’1 is one of the Sandhan Kalpana. After consulting with many eminent personalities in Ayurveda a final procedure of preparation of Kanji is adopted. But Siddhi lakshanas (Standard tests) of Kanji are not explained properly in ancient texts. So it has been found that very less work on standardisation of Kanji has been done over past few years. Thus, this paper deals with standardisation of Kanji.

Neuroprotection by ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum in Alzheimer's disease like pathology via maintaining oxidative balance through SIRT1 pathway

The oxidative stress plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Sirtuin (SIRT1) is potential mediator of oxidative pathway. This study explored the role of Syzygium aromaticum on SIRT1 and oxidative balance in amyloid beta induced toxicity. Anti-oxidative capacity of Syzygium aromaticum was performed in Aβ25-35 induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cells. Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione enzyme activity were determined by the treatment of Syzygium aromaticum. Both recombinant and endogenous SIRT1 activity were performed in its presence. The expression of γ-secretase and SIRT1 were evaluated by western blot. Syzygium aromaticum was capable to scavenge ROS and elevate the percentage of anti-oxidant enzymes. It also activated and elevated the level of SIRT1 and downregulated γ-secretase level. These findings show a holistic approach towards the neurodegenerative disease management by Syzygium aromaticum which could lead to the formulation of new drug for AD. This Ayurvedic product can give a healthy aging with no side effects and also be cost effectives. It may meet unmet medical needs of current relevance.

Assessment of anti-arthritic potential of traditionally fermented ayurvedic polyherbal product chandanasava by molecular modelling, docking and dynamics approaches

Rheumatoid arthritis is triggerred by proteus mirabilis and its virulence factor, urease. We have used molecular modelling, docking, dynamics simulations and experimental approaches to assess the anti-arthritic potential of phytochemicals of Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Chandanasava by targeting urease subunits of Proteus mirabilis. Chandanasava exhibited antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of 42 bioactive phytochemicals. The three dimensional structures of urease subunits (ureA, ureB and ureC) were not available and hence these structures were predicted using homology modelling approach and validated using Ramachandran plot. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations of phytochemicals of Chandanasava against urease subunits showed efficient binding of almost all the compounds. Significantly, lactose, isosorbide, 1,2,3-Benzenetriol, 1,2-Cyclopentanedione and 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl) binds efficiently among other compounds. Thus Chandanasava formulation and some of its bioactive compounds give insights about its therapeutic property against arthritis and further investigations on it can bring out promising therapeutics.

IMPACT OF FERMENTING AGENTS ON MARKETED PATENT PROPRIETARY FORMULATION ASHWAGANDHA KALPA

Objective: The present work is aimed to formulate Ashwagandha kalpa and evaluate the impact of fermenting agent. Methods: A. kalpa is a marketed patent proprietary Ayurvedic product prepared by adopting the Ayurvedic principles of madya sandhana and it belongs to the class of formulations known as Sandhana kalpana . It is given to the patients suffering from hypertension, insomnia, paralysis, loss of concentration, etc. In the preparation of madya sandhana , the sandhana dravya (fermenting agents) play a key role. The present study was taken up to see the effect of three different sandhana dravya (fermenting agents), i.e., Dhataki pushpa (DAK) , Madhuka (MAK), and yeast (YAK) on the formulation characterization of A. kalpa . Results: The prepared samples were tested for their physicochemical parameters, i.e., total solid, pH, specific gravity, sugar content, alcohol content, refractive index, phytochemical screening, quantitative assay for secondary metabolites, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. The findings of phytochemical evaluation, quantitative assay, and HPTLC fingerprint show marked variation among three different prepared samples of A. kalpa. The preliminary phytochemical estimation for the detection of secondary metabolites was done. The study revealed the presence of highest percentage of alkaloids in YAK, tannins in DAK and saponins in YAK. Total solid content was found to the highest in MAK. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, total solid content, refractive index, alcohol content, and specific gravity also showed marked variation. Alcohol content for the DAK and YAK was found same. Conclusion: s andhana dravya (fermenting agent) causes variations in different physicochemical and phytochemical parameters in the formulation and development of A. kalpa.

IMPACT OF FERMENTING AGENTS ON MARKETED PATENT PROPRIETARY FORMULATION ASHWAGANDHA KALPA

Objective: The present work is aimed to formulate Ashwagandha kalpa and evaluate the impact of fermenting agent.Methods: A. kalpa is a marketed patent proprietary Ayurvedic product prepared by adopting the Ayurvedic principles of madya sandhana and it belongs to the class of formulations known as Sandhana kalpana. It is given to the patients suffering from hypertension, insomnia, paralysis, loss of concentration, etc. In the preparation of madya sandhana, the sandhana dravya (fermenting agents) play a key role. The present study was taken up to see the effect of three different sandhana dravya (fermenting agents), i.e., Dhataki pushpa (DAK), Madhuka (MAK), and yeast (YAK) on the formulation characterization of A. kalpa.Results: The prepared samples were tested for their physicochemical parameters, i.e., total solid, pH, specific gravity, sugar content, alcohol content, refractive index, phytochemical screening, quantitative assay for secondary metabolites, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. The findings of phytochemical evaluation, quantitative assay, and HPTLC fingerprint show marked variation among three different prepared samples of A. kalpa. The preliminary phytochemical estimation for the detection of secondary metabolites was done. The study revealed the presence of highest percentage of alkaloids in YAK, tannins in DAK and saponins in YAK. Total solid content was found to the highest in MAK. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, total solid content, refractive index, alcohol content, and specific gravity also showed marked variation. Alcohol content for the DAK and YAK was found same.Conclusion: sandhana dravya (fermenting agent) causes variations in different physicochemical and phytochemical parameters in the formulation and development of A. kalpa.

Traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine products: a possible cause for concern – the Polish perspective

Abstract Introduction. The demand for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda have been increasing and there is great potential for complementary medicine development nowadays. However, there are some safety concerns in relation to these products and they hardly ever meet the European Union (EU) requirements for medicines. Moreover, there is no EU-wide legislation governing the regulation of complementary medicine practitioners. Aim. This study aimed to evaluate health risks of the Polish, as part of the European, society associated with the use of TCM and Ayurvedic products. Material and methods. The number of web pages related to TCM and Ayurveda was assessed using popular Internet search engine Google. A questionnaire consisting of 8 close-ended questions was sent to the Polish pharmaceutical and sanitary structures. Chief Sanitary Inspectorate (CSI) in Poland, as well as EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) databases, were analysed. Results. There are thousands of web pages offering TCM and Ayurvedic medicines on the Internet. However, only a few such products are registered for the Polish market, thus only a few are supervised. Between 2007 (Jan) and 2018 (Feb) only 0.8% and 0.4% of all food supplement notifications in Poland were related to products from China and India, respectively. Not supervised illegal TCM and Ayurvedic medicines are in 90% adulterated with undeclared substances. Conclusions. TCM and Ayurvedic product irregularities may pose serious health risks to Polish consumers.

Evaluation of the potential effect of Allium sativum, Momordica charantia, Eugenia jambolana, Ocimum sanctum, and Psidium guajava on intestinal p-glycoprotein in rats.

This study was evaluated synergistic effect of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) of Allium sativum L., Eugenia jambolana Lam., Momordica charantia L., Ocimum sanctum Linn., and Psidium guajava L. on p-glycoprotein (Pgp) of intestine. These five herbs were traditionally used for diabetes. These herbs are commonly present in Ayurvedic product as antidiabetics in India. PHF was prepared by five indigenous herbs. Different doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) of were orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats of different groups for multiple weeks except control groups. Alteration in Pgp expression was evaluated by real-time-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting while modulation in activity of Pgp was evaluated using rhodamine 123 (Rh123) as transport substrate by in-situ absorption and everted gut sac method. In PHF, pretreated group received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days, mRNA level decreased by 1.75, 2.45 and 2.37-fold, respectively, as compared to control. Similarly, when PHF at dose of 100 mg/kg/day was given consequently for 4 weeks, maximum decrease in Pgp expression level was observed only after 1 week and further increase in the treatment duration did not produce significant decrease compared to the 1st week treatment. Pgp mediated transport of Rh123 was significantly decreased with everted gut sac prepared from PHF pretreated rats (1 week) compared to those prepared from vehicle treated rats. We report that PHF pretreatment downregulated the expression of intestinal Pgp and this downregulated intestinal Pgp would result in decreased functional activity. In addition, this downregulated Pgp expression might affect the bioavailability of antidiabetic Pgp substrate drugs.