Ayurveda System Research Articles

Startup AYUSH Portal

The AYUSH Portal is designed to promote the incorporation of India's traditional medicinal systems Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy into the nation's healthcare ecosystem. Recognizing the increasing global acceptance of AYUSH practices, the Government of India has initiated Centers of Excellence to support prominent institutions involved in research and education and drug development. Notable initiatives include collaborations with premier institutions such as AIIMS and IIT Jodhpur to explore integrative health research and address key public health challenges. Programs like the Ayurgyan and Ayurswasthya Schemes prioritize research in the AYUSH sector, promoting innovations in preventive and integrative health care. The establishment of the AYUSH-ICMR Advanced Center for Integrative Research seeks to create a vibrant ecosystem for scientific validation of traditional practices. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of AYUSH demonstrated the efficacy of traditional medicine by releasing clinical management protocols and guidelines based on Ayurveda and Yoga, highlighting their role in public health emergencies. This paper discusses the methodology adopted in the AYUSH Portal, emphasizing collaborative research efforts, intellectual property rights, and the integration of AYUSH therapies in mainstream healthcare to achieve the goal of "One Nation, One Health."

Ayurvedic Ingredients in Dermatology: A Call for Research

ABSTRACTBackgroundWith the ever‐changing cosmetic landscape, Ayurvedic skincare, rooted in the holistic medical system of Ayurveda from India, has gained popularity in Western countries due to its natural ingredients and multipurpose benefits. Originating from the earth's sources, such as plants and minerals, each ingredient like ashwagandha, turmeric, and neem among others are believed to address various cosmetic and medical issues.Aims and MethodsDespite centuries of anecdotal evidence, modern clinical trials validating these claims are limited. This paper looked to investigate current literature regarding Ayurvedic skincare and promote its continued research.ResultsExisting in vitro studies have demonstrated significant potential, indicating the need for further large‐scale testing. The rise of Ayurvedic ingredients is partially driven by the increasing cost of healthcare and the belief in the superiority of natural self‐medication. However, healthcare providers must educate patients on the potential dangers of relying solely on natural products. Products like concentrated lemon juice or homemade sunscreens lack scientific validation and have been implicated in various cosmetic and medical issues, highlighting the need to prevent misinformation and improve education from trusted sources.ConclusionsThis paper explores the current literature that establishes promising prospects for Ayurvedic skincare, emphasizing the need for quality control and clinical trials, and highlights how Ayurvedic medicine, as it modernizes, holds the potential to become a major player in cosmetic dermatology.

Arya Vaidyan N Rama Varier: Proponent of Ayurveda traditions in Tami Nadu

Abstract Arya Vaidyan N. Rama Varier, the founder of Arya Vaidya Nilayam (AVN), was born in 1903 in South Malabar in the Madras Presidency. He studied Ayurveda at Arya Vaidya Patashala, Kottakkal. He was among the first few disciples of Late Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier, a legendary figure in the field of Ayurveda from Kottakkal, Kerala. After relocating to Madurai, Tamil Nadu, he established a clinic with a modest capital and prepared medicines for his practice. His effective treatment and compassion for patients made him a popular physician in the area. He established AVN in 1930, popularizing authentic Ayurveda in Madurai and its surroundings. Varier took the initiative to develop the Ayurveda system in Tamil Nadu and was awarded the title of “Ayurveda Vachaspati” by the Madurai Swadeshi Vaidya Sabha in recognition of his meritorious services to Ayurveda and humanity. Arya Vaidyan N. Rama Varier inspired people from all walks of life to strive for excellence and make a positive impact on the world.

Aphrodisiac Potential of the Ficus religiosa Bark Extract in Male Wistar Rats

Medicinal properties of Ficus religiosa bark. are well documented. Its reproductive system related activities are mentioned in Ayurveda system of medicine. However, studies evaluating its Aphrodisiac properties and the underlying mechanisms are lacking. We investigate Aphrodisiac activity of Ethanolic extract of Ficus religiosa bark by using animal models such as physical methods mount and intromission frequencies and latencies, orientation behaviour tests, histological studies, sperm count, total cholesterol level and total serum testosterone level, were also estimated. The phytoconstituents were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The male albino rats were orally administered with the test extract and standard drug sildenafil citrate for 21 days. Aphrodisiac activity was assessed using physical methods mount and intromission frequencies and latencies, orientation behaviour tests on 1, 7, 14 and 21. On the 22th day, The effect of the extract on body weight, reproductive and increase in perm count, total cholesterol and testosterone level were determined. significantly increased the MI, IF and with reduction in Mounting Latency, Intromission. Thus, our study concludes that the ethanolic extract of Ficus religiosa bark shows Aphrodisiac activity.

Varahikanda as a Fifth Medhya Rasayana w.s.r to Indu

Traditional medicine is a group of different medical practices being practiced in 170 countries around the globe according to World Health Organisation. Ayurveda system of medicine also comes under traditional medicine according to WHO. Knowledge of Ayurveda is passed on from generation to generation through observation and practices over centuries. Various controversies arise in identification of some herbs mentioned in Ayurvedic texts and at the same time some important karma of a known medicinal substance becomes obliterated due to ignorance. Medhya rasayana is a very famous concept first given in Charaka Samhita Rasayana adhikara[1] followed by Vagabhata in Ashtanga sangraha and Ashtanga hridaya. It consists of four intellect promoting herbs viz., Mandukaparni, yashtimadhu, Guduchi and Shankhapushpi. A term Sahamulapushpi that appears in the original verse is understood in different manner by different Acharyas. Indu the commentator of Ashtanga hridaya commented Sahamulapushpi as a synonym of Varahikanda and counted it as fifth Medhya rasayana drug. Varahikanda is a famous Balya herb that is botanically identified as (Diascorea bulbifera L.) of the family Diascoreaceae. References of the drug are mentioned in Brihattrayi and it has been discussed widely in Nighantus as well. Varahikanda has mainly Balya (strength promoting), Vrushya (aphrodisiac), Rasayana (rejuvenative) properties. This review mainly empha

EFFICACY OF VEDANASTHAPANA MAHAKASHAYA NIRUHABASTI IN GRIDHRASI VIS-À-VIS SCIATICA: A SINGLE CASE STUDY

Sciatica is an excruciatingly painful ailment that affects one or both legs' sciatic nerves. It's a prevalent illness that impairs leg movement. It is frequently linked to low back discomfort. Because of its intensity, sciatica pain can occasionally interfere with a person's daily activities. It is defined by discomfort or pain along the sciatic nerve. The prevalence of sciatica varies considerably, ranging from 1.2% to 43% worldwide, mainly affecting persons aged 30-60 years. As per the Ayurveda system of medicine, it is named Gridhrasi (Sciatica) one of the most common disorders of Vata. Based on the clinical presentations, it is bifurcated as Vataja and Vata-Kaphaja. Regarding management, contemporary medicine has limitations in providing short-term relief from pain or surgical intervention with side effects. This case study aimed to assess the efficacy of Ayurvedic management, including Shodhana (purification therapies) and Shamana Chikitsa (pacifying therapies) in Gridhrasi. A 45-year-old man who was already diagnosed with Inter vertebral disc prolapsed in L4-L5, correlated with Gridhrasi of both legs two years approached GAMC & H, Mysore and was treated with Panchakarma Chikitsa including Vedanasthapana Maha Kashaya Niruha Basti. Kati Basti, and Patra Pinda Pottali Sweda along with Shamana Chikitsa. The treatment was continued for consecutive 15days. An asymptomatic assessment of the patient was carried out after 15 days, and it got satisfactory results, and the overall quality of life of the patient was significantly improved. For the management of Gridhrasi, the previously indicated therapy provides symptomatic alleviation.

Chromatographic fingerprinting of epiphytic fungal strains isolated from Withania somnifera and biological evaluation of isolated okaramine H.

Medicinal plants are "goldmines" of natural products, and continue to provide key scaffolds for drug development. They have immense therapeutic potential, encapsulating a plethora of metabolites within them, which have yet to be explored. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is one such medicinal plant known since time immemorial for its therapeutic activity in the Ayurveda system of medicine. Studies have revealed Nature's marvel of these medicinal plants harbouring endophytic and epiphytic microorganisms from phyllosphere to rhizosphere. Chromatographic fingerprinting was carried out using HPTLC and HPLC on five epiphytic strains isolated from the leaves, stem and fruits of Withania somnifera. Out of five filamentous fungi, one fungus identified as Aspergillus aculeatus S20 was well explored. An indole alkaloid, okaramine H, was isolated using systematic chromatographic investigation at a retention time of 26.278 min showing λmax at 206, 236, 284 and 370 nm. Confirmation was achieved using NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) as analytical techniques. Structure elucidation was done by studying the fragmentation pattern using MS/MS and an accurate mass was determined using HR-ESI-QTOF-MS showing m/z of 521.2546 [M + H]+. The percentage purity of isolated okaramine H was found to be >90. Well known for its insecticidal activity, okaramine H was explored for its antileishmanial activity against the Leishmania donovani parasite for the first time. Under in vitro conditions, the compound showed an inhibitory effect on Leishmania donovani promastigotes with an IC50 of 147 μg mL-1.

From a Global Perspective Towards an Integrated Approach for Ophitoxaemia

Ophitoxaemia is the medical term that describes an injury induced by a snake bite which can be fatal in the case of venomous snakes. Bleeding, allergic response, necrosis, and bradycardia are symptoms of venomous bite. Snake venom is from a complex mixture of proteins- enzymes, nonenzymatic polypeptide toxins, and nontoxic proteins. Based on the nature of the toxin and type of snake, the toxins are classified into neuro, cardio, and cytotoxins. This comparative study aims to explore and compare the practice of the traditional Ayurveda system and the modern system of medicine for snakebite management. By examining the existing literature and research on both systems, this article will provide insights into their efficacy, safety, and potential for integration.

EXPLORING ABHAVA PRATINIDHI DRAVYA (SUBSTITUTE) FOR SHOREA ROBUSTA (GAERTN.): GIVEN ITS SANGRAHI KARMA

The ancient system of Ayurveda, rooted in Holistic Health Practices, acknowledges the broad significance of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya. Pratinidhi Dravyas are the substitute drugs which are utilised in the absence of the original drug (Abhava Dravya). Shorea robusta (Gaertn.), known as the Sal tree, holds a revered position in Ayurvedic Medicine for its numerous therapeutic properties. It is Kasaya rasatmak, katu vipaki, sheeta veerya and has ruksha laghu guna and performs Sangrahi Karma, which can be correlated with cellular uptake activity of body fluids. Thus, synthesising traditional wisdom with modern insights, this article aims to provide a holistic understanding of Sangrahi karma. Also, this article aims to compile possible substitutes for Shorea robusta (Gaertn.) about Raspanchak and Sangrahi Karma.

Ayurvedic managment of Kampavata- Case Report

Due to the changing lifestyle compared to olden days, maximum number of people in the present era are under esteemed stress. This is due to over duty, night shifts, excess of traveling, over thinking, reduced quality of food, so population in the present era are suffering from different degenerative disorders in early ages. Parkinson’s is one among the degenerative disorder which is correlated with Kampavata in Ayurveda. The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson disease are depletion of the pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of alpha synuclein with other proteins. It is recognised as a synucleinopathy alongside multiple system atrophy and dementia with lewy bodies in the basal ganglia brain stem & cortex. There is no effective treatment in alternative medicine, also levodopa which is the drug of choice for Parkinson’s having severe side effects. Ayurveda system of science not only treats the disease also says about maintaining lifestyle in a healthy condition. Snehana [olieation therapy], swedana [fermentation therapy], Basti [enema therapy] etc helps in treating Kampavata and helps in maintaining vata dosha in samya avastha [balanced state]. This also helps in promoting health and maintaining degeneration in the body. Panchakarma procedures are helpful in treating various degenerative disorders along with maintaining and promoting health.

Clinical metabolomics investigation of rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving ayurvedic whole system intervention

BackgroundArthritis is a common clinical condition seen in Ayurveda clinics. Clinical trials have reported Ayurvedic interventions to be of benefits in many arthritic conditions including Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). No mechanistic details however are available about how such interventions on their own or as a combination of whole system Ayurveda might be working. Objective: The study aims to evaluate simultaneously the clinical outcome of Ayurveda whole system (AWS) intervention in RA patients and identifying the serum metabolic signatures which could be useful for diagnosing the disease and monitoring treatment response. Material and methodsRA patients (n = 37) simultaneously diagnosed as Amavata fulfilling the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited in the study and were given Ayurveda whole system (AWS) intervention comprised of oral medicines, local therapy and dietary recommendation for 3 months. The clinical and serum metabolic changes were investigated for pre-treatment RA patients (baseline RA group, n = 37) and post-treatment RA patients (following treatment of 6-weeks (RA_F, n = 26) and three months (RA_T, n = 36). For comparative serum metabolomics analysis, 57 normal healthy control (HC) subjects were also involved and the serum metabolic profiles were measured at high-field 800 MHz NMR spectrometer. The serum metabolic profiles were compared using multivariate statistical analysis and discriminatory metabolic features were evaluated for diagnostic potential using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ResultsA significant reduction in DAS-28 ESR, AAM Score, total swollen joints, total tender joints were observed following AWS intervention. The clinical outcomes were concordant with changes in metabolic profiles of RA patients as these were also shifting towards the normal levels following the intervention. Compared to healthy control (HC) subjects, the sera of baseline RA patients were characterised by increased circulatory level of succinate, lysine, mannose, creatine, and 3-Hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) and decreased levels of alanine. The present study also evaluated the serum metabolic ratios for their discriminatory and diagnostic potential and notably, six metabolic ratios (KHR, KThR, KVR, GHR, PTR and SHR) were found significantly altered (elevated) in baseline RA patients. However, in RA patients receiving AWS treatment, these metabolic changes showed marked convergence towards the metabolic signatures of healthy controls. ConclusionThis first of its kind study clearly shows the clinical efficacy of Ayurvedic Whole System (AWS) intervention in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), as demonstrated by significant improvements in key clinical parameters. The intervention not only alleviated symptoms but also induced a profound metabolic shifting towards normalization; thus, underscoring the potential of AWS intervention to modulate cellular metabolism in a manner that facilitates a return to homeostasis in RA patients. However, future studies are imperative to confirm these preliminary observations and delineate the underlying mechanisms of action of intervention in cases of RA.

Omics-based Analysis of Bhadradarvadi Kashayam in Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis via CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis, MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways - A Network Pharmacology Approach

With the advances in the field of medicine there is an increase in the geriatric population and rheumatoid arthritis is one of the common diseases that affect this cohort. The modern medicines that are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis provide a symptom-based treatment and there are studies showing severe side effects for some of the medicines being used. But there are shreds of evidence in traditional medical texts for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis which gives an increased therapeutic coverage with less to no side effects. Bhadradarvadi kashayam (concoction) is one of the most commonly preferred and prescribed Ayurvedic medicine for managing the disease. In this study, we are investigating the mode of action of this kashayam by employing a network pharmacology-based framework which included the analysis of the cross-talks between the active ingredients of the kashayam and major molecules involved in the disease, the transcription factors and various pathways in which they are involved. Based on the systems pharmacology approach, 57 active compounds and a total of 377 potential targets with their interacting partners, and the targets associated with comorbidities were identified. The PPI network was analyzed to understand the topological index for screening the hub proteins such as MAPK1, MAPK14, FYN and CXCL8, which were found to be enriched in various signaling pathways. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis validated the strong physical interaction between the hub proteins and the corresponding active compounds from BDK. Overall, the study sheds light on the pharmacological mechanism of Bhadradarvadi kashayam against Rheumatoid Arthritis and also highlights that there are traditional herbal remedies imparted by the Ayurveda system of medicine which has the least side effects compared to modern medicines.

Product development and characterization of the Ayurvedic herbo-mineral-metallic compound- Hridayarnava Rasa

BackgroundHerbo-mineral-metallic formulations are an inseparable part of the Ayurveda system of traditional medicine. Hridayarnava Rasa (HR) is a preparation containing metals like copper, sulphur, and mercury in processed forms and other herbs that do not produce toxic effects and adverse drug reactions when taken in appropriate dosage. Ayurveda practitioners use it in treating cardiac diseases like hypertension, cardiotoxicity and many more. The rasa-aushadhis possess characteristics such as rapid efficacy, little dosage required, and extensive therapeutic applicability. Hridayarnava Rasa [AFI Part-1, 20:55] has been employed for the treatment of various diseases from ancient times. A systematic study of these formulations manufacturing is required to maintain their quality, safety, and efficacy is a need of time to protect the immense faith of patients in Ayurveda. ObjectivesThe present study aimed to prepare HR as per standard operating procedures mentioned in the classical text and to characterize it physio-chemically using advanced analytical techniques. Materials and MethodsHR was prepared and physicochemical analyses and assay of elements by ICP-AES were carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FEG SEM, EDAX), CHNS-O analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), Particle size distribution analysis (PSD) was carried out. ResultsThe XRD analysis of HR showed the presence of unreacted sulphur and sulfides of copper and mercury. FEG SEM revealed the particles in the form of aggregates as nanocrystallites in the range of 100–1000 nm. Elemental analysis showed the presence of copper, sulphur, and mercury in major, along with traces of iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. In FTIR analysis, 18 peaks were observed, which strongly suggests the presence of various organic groups. In the TGA, four peaks were seen, which can be attributed to sulphur volatilization and oxidative changes in mercury. In PSD analysis, 50% of the material was found below 16.40 μm. ConclusionTo establish a piece of fundamental knowledge and ensure uniformity of these rasa-aushadhis, it is imperative to conduct an analysis of their characteristics as per classical texts and modern analytical techniques. Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the significance of each procedural step included in the preparation process. The inferences drawn are helpful as an essential aid for quality assurance and standardization of this herbo-mineral-metallic formulation.

V. M. Kuṭṭikṛṣṇa Mēnōn: An unmatched scholar of traditional Ayurveda system of medicine

Abstract V. M. Kuṭṭikṛṣṇa Mēnōn was an eminent Ayurveda physician, an astute researcher, and an insightful and eloquent writer. He is the author of three great books on Ayurveda and myriad publications on Ayurveda and folklore. The translation of Vāgbhaṭa’s Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayam (Sūtrasthāna), the quintessence and their treatment, and the publication of “Kriyākaumudi” and “Cikitsākautukam,” can all be seen as efforts to revive Kerala’s ancient traditions. As his writings were available only in the native Malayalam language, he remained unknown to other parts of the country. He perused innumerable palm leaf manuscripts from private collections and manuscript repositories at Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode, the contents of which otherwise would have never appeared in publications. He has not received much recognition and rewards that he deserved, but his insatiable thirst for knowledge has urged him to dig deep into the treasures of Ayurveda.

Conceptual study on efficacy of Lajjalu Moola Taila in Sadhyovrana

A surgeons' initial challenge is management of Vrana (wound). Vrana is the one which does the Gatravichurnana (disruption of tissues) and produces Vivarnata (discolouration) of the defected body part. Sadhyovranas are those which are caused by trauma and exogenous factors. Sadhyovrana encompasses various types of fresh wounds, including traumatic wounds, burn wounds, animal bites, and post-operative wounds. The aim of wound care is to promote wound healing in the shortest time possible, with minimal pain and scarring. While promotion of wound healing still remains a topic of discussion in modern science, the ancient system of Ayurveda has described concept of Vrana Ropana and is elaborated in the treatise Sushruta Samhita under Shashti Upakrama.[1] There is a need to explore this unique concept of Vrana Ropana under which many formulations have been mentioned in various classics which aids in early healing of the wounds. In the context of Sadhyovrana, Acharya Shodala, as cited in the Gadanigraha, refers the use of Lajjalumoolataila especially in shastraghata Vrana.[2] He particularly emphasises on its Ropanakarma function, which accelerates wound healing by preventing Paka thus, ensuring a quick recovery. Hence, an effort has been undertaken to explore the effectiveness of Lajjalumoola Taila in promoting wound healing, with a particular focus on its application in Sadhyovrana.

Intervention of IT in Rog Nidan Evum Vikriti Vigyan - An Explorative Review

Introduction: Going by the trend, the Indian traditional medicine system Ayurveda is observing a paradigm shift in its growth, and in the era of technology AI (Artificial Intelligence) is one of the main factors behind it. Be it the discovery of new medicines, implementation of a new drug discovery model, getting its global acceptance through patents, or the delivery of the final product through AI equipped supply chain model system, the intervention of technology cannot be ruled out. Methodology: The literature survey was done through Google Scholar database, PubMed, and Web of Science. The dig out information about the use of IT in Medical fields and, use of technology in Ayurveda were screened for relevant studies synthesis. Result: At last, we have sorted out the areas of Rog-Nidan that need to be taken care of from a research point of view with the help of information technology. Discussion: In this research paper, an effort has been made to review the areas where technology can play its role, especially in Rog-Nidan. Additionally, the approaches that are being used in Ayurveda where it is being presented as wellness therapy and preventive care have been studied along with identifying the gaps that can be addressed with efficient use of IT-based technologies.

Mechanistic insights into the hepatoprotective properties of Mallotus phillipensis fruit: Targeting proinflammatory cytokines and free radicals using isolated compound

Ethnopharmacological relevance:Mallotus phillipensis (MP) belongs to the endangered plants of great medicinal value. Widely used in the Ayurvedic healthcare system, parts of the plant which are rich in secondary metabolites are used in the treatment of several diseases like eczema, bronchitis, worm infestation, diabetes, kidney stones, cancer, and malaria. In ethnomedicine, MP has been reported to be traditionally used in the treatment and healing of jaundice and inflammatory conditions in the Ayurveda system. This plant was thus selected to explore its hepatoprotective activity. ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to investigate the protective property of MP and a flavanone i.e. 7,4′-Dihydroxy-3′′,3′′-dimethyl-(5,6-pyrano-2′′-one)-8′′′-(3′′′,3′′′-dimethylallyl)-flavanone (A4) previously identified and obtained from the same plant on CCl4-induced liver injury in animal models to validate the folkloric claims. Traditional medicinal plants have the potential to provide phytoconstituents capable of healing liver cells. In this regard, MP is used in various traditional medicinal systems to treat several diseases. Though it has been studied for its hepatoprotective potential, activity on the isolated compounds is yet to be reported to confirm the active principle. Therefore, the study assessed the hepatoprotective effect of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and a flavanone isolated from MP fruit extract. MethodsMethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of MP fruits at two different doses (300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and a flavanone (A4-50 mg/kg) isolated from MP were tested for hepatoprotective potential in rats. At 50 mg/kg dosage/ day orally, silymarin was used as a standard drug. The effect on liver enzymes and serum cytokines was also verified in animal models. Histopathology and antioxidant tests were performed on liver tissue. Elemental analysis, 1H- &13C NMR, MS, IR and UV spectral data were used to characterize the structure of isolated flavanone (A4). ResultsThe ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of MP fruit and the isolated compound A4 i.e. flavanone showed strong hepatoprotective effects, as evidenced by their ability to impede the rise in serum transaminases. They also decreased the serum IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels and showed significant antioxidant potential. The effect was found to be in decreasing order as MEA 500 > MPM 500 > MEA 300 > A4 > MPM 300. ConclusionsThe results indicate that MP fruit fractions with methanol, ethyl acetate and A4 can lessen CCL4-induced liver damage. This may be because of their antioxidant and cytokine-inhibitory properties.

Sensor Based Smart Farming for Fenugreek Farmers in Sikar Division of Rajasthan

Abstract: This study deals with the sensor based smart farming of fenugreek. Rajasthan state is among top producers of fenugreek. Fenugreek is a multiuse plant. Seeds and leaves are used commonly in household as spice whereas the plant has variety of medicinal uses. Indian medical system Ayurveda highlights its importance in treatment of disease like diabetes and cancer. The Sikar division of Rajasthan state is uprising as producer of vegetables, flowers and medicinal plants of different verities. The farmers of this area are progressive and adaptive to new technology in agriculture. Real time monitoring of soil moisture, air flow in soil and farm air temperature with remotely controlled irrigation system for high yield of fenugreek crop has been studied. This is helpful for the farmers who contributes in development of the country and are providing employment to more than half of the workforce of India.

A STUDY OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN PUNARNAVA MANDURA

Introduction: Herbal medicines are being used extensively in many countries to treat many diseases, as seen in the COVID-19 pandemic, so the global market for herbal medicines has grown suddenly. In India, under the Ayurveda system of medicine, apart from plants, animal and mineral products have also been used as medicine since long ago. Both herbal and animal products contain primarily organic components; therefore, like food in-gredients (biological ingredients), herbal medicine and animal products are at risk of microbial growth and con-tamination. Punarnava Mandura is a popular Ayurvedic medicine described in various classical and authoritative texts of Ayurveda. It is a perfect example of a medicine made from substances derived from plants, minerals, and animals. It contains Mandura Bhasma as a mineral component apart from other herbal ingredients, while cow urine (Gomutra) is of animal origin. It is widely used in infectious and non-infectious fever, cold, indigestion, and other diseases of the Gastrointestinal tract. Microbial contamination of medicines is defined as the unintend-ed habitation of pathogenic microbes that cause their degradation. In pharmaceutics, various factors may be a source of microbes, including the ingredients of drugs, manpower, machines, and the environment of the phar-macy. Microbial contamination is a pertinent issue and essential in quality control steps in pharmaceutical man-ufacturing and food processing. Microbial contamination of medicines and food products may also affect human health. Objective: The primary aim and purpose of the present study was to determine the microbial contamina-tion of an Ayurvedic Herbo-mineral drug sample of Punarnava Mandura. Material and methods: The drug sam-ple (Self-made) was made in the institute pharmacy. Another drug sample (market sample) of Punarnava Man-dura of a pharmacy was also kept as a control to compare the results. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of microbial loads in Punarnava Mandura was assessed. The following strains of microbes: E. Coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Fungus, and Total viable aerobic bacterial count were evaluated. Results: Both the samples of Punarnava Mandura have shown an insignificant load of selected microbes.

Unani perspective of Saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) beyond a spice

Background: Saffron is a significant medicinal herb that has a lot of potential for use in the development of new drugs. Since ancient times, saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been associated with various health benefits in various parts of the world. Some of these applications have been overlooked over time. However, interest in naturally occurring active compounds has rekindled interest in saffron's past applications and the best applications for saffron today can be aided by knowing its various historical uses. It was prized as a culinary spice as well as a perfume, color, and medicinal herb. It was used medicinally in many different cultures to treat a wide range of ailments, from genitourinary to eye problems. In many countries, it was also used as an antidepressant and tonic substance.
 Objective: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the traditional and modern uses of Crocus sativus, with particular attention to its chemical makeup, pharmacological characteristics, and ethnobotanical description.
 Methodology: Scientific databases and publications about the chemical profile, biological activity, and historical use of saffron were included in the literature search.
 Results: Saffron is bitter, acrid, fragrant, stimulant, tonic, stomachic, aphrodisiac, anodyne, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, diuretic, laxative, galactagogue, and helpful in treating bronchitis, vomiting, fever, melancholia, hepatomegaly, etc. it is widely used in alternative medicine, such as the Unani System of Medicine, Ayurveda, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Saffron has been the subject of numerous phytochemical and biochemical studies due to its extensive use in traditional medical systems. These studies have revealed that saffron contains a number of constituents, including crocetin, safranal, and crocins, the latter of which is primarily responsible for pharmacological actions.
 Keywords; saffron, medicinal herb, unani medicine, crocetin, safranal, emmenagogue.