Aymara Population Research Articles

Suma Jakaña: Interacción Socio-Ética Familiar y Comunitaria Aimara

Objective: Describe, identify and interpret the manifestations of the sum jakaña in its dimension of socio-ethical family and community interaction expressed in the daily life of the Aymara population, district of Acora. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework used is the concepts and definition of Good Living and Living Well, the etymology and linguistic analysis of the terms sum qamaña, sumq kawsay, sum jakaña. Method: The research has been approached through the qualitative approach, ethnographic method, in-depth interview techniques and participant observation. Results and Discussion: For families and community members, the sum jakaña is manifested in harmonious marital, interfamilial, community, intercommunity interactions, in the integrative relationship of the human being with his natural environment, deities and the deceased, processes that are fluid by ethical values. morals, such as the reciprocity practiced in agricultural-pastoral work, in the celebrations of social and vital events. Research implications: Aymara families in yesteryear practiced various customs related to cooperation, “The word sums jakaña; It means that we live well, we die well. So we must understand the Aymaras as a “great Aymara family” or a “great Aymara community”, united by language, by community norms, by ethical-moral principles, by cosmolife. The sum jakaña will serve as a model of life to be followed by generations worldwide. Originality/Value: This research work is original first-hand, the informants were selected for their wisdom and experience; the same one that has been worked in a context of coexistence and collective participation resorting to the same source in the customary festive activities of the community, therefore, it is subjected to its own work with a unique idea.

Prevalence of gallbladder cancer in a Northern Chilean region

Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) prevalence varies among countries, associated with different geographical and genetic factors. The Mapuche ethnicity (Ethnia mostly located between the VIII and X Chilean regions) stands out in Chile due to its high GBC prevalence. To estimate the GBC prevalence in patients undergoing cholecystectomy at a public hospital in the Northern region of Chile (Tarapaca), where other ethnical groups are common. Pathological reports of 3270 patients (72% women) who underwent cholecystectomy between January 2016 and December 2019 were revised. Subsequently, the accreditation of ethnic belonging for each patient to one of the ten native communities in Chile was requested to the National Corporation for Native Communities Development (CONADI). According to the analysis of pathological reports, the global GBC prevalence was 0.3 %. The prevalence in Aymaras was 0.4% and 0% in Mapuches. The distribution of ethnic origins among analyzed patients was Aymara in 14.3, Mapuche in 2.7%, Diaguita in 1.7%, Quechua in 1.3%, Atacameña in 0.2%, and Colla in 0.2%. No specific ethnic origin was found in 79% of patients. There was a low GBC prevalence rate in Northern Chile and among the Aymara population.

Genetic study with autosomal STR markers in people of the Peruvian jungle for human identification purposes

In the present study allele frequencies and other population parameters were determined for forensically-relevant Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers in 278 Peruvians born and resident in the Peruvian jungle in total and separated into the subpopulations Amazonas, Loreto, and Madre de Dios. The samples were analyzed using the VeriFilerTM Express kit which enables typing of 23 STR loci and an amelogenin marker for sex determination. The parameters assessed and reported herein were allele frequencies, the power of discrimination (PD), departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and estimates of the population distances. Under the assumption of independence, when comparing the population of the Peruvian jungle with a Peruvian mestizo population, Aymara population of Peru, Ashaninca of Peru, Hispanic Americans, and a Bolivia mestizo population, the largest genetic distance (Fst) was with the Hispanic population (Fst = 0.0343), and the smallest was with the Peruvian mestizo population (Fst = 0.0126). The jungle subpopulation showed greater distances in some comparisons. This study provides population data from a unique population residing in the Peruvian jungle which could be used to estimate various statistics of forensic interest for human identification.

Development of indigenous collective strategies: A theoretical vision from modern management for development with Aymara identity

The Aymara population constitutes the main social and cultural identity of the Arica and Parinacota Region in Chile and for more than five decades has continued to face a series of local difficulties due to globalization, technological change, and a neoliberal market economy with little government support. Numerous villages in the Andean foothills and high plateau continue to live in conditions of poverty. However, collective leadership has proven to be an innovative tool to address various market failures and institutional barriers that hinder their social and economic development at the territorial level. This article analyzes the main theoretical and practical postulates for collective strategies led by indigenous communities to be effectively developed in their cultural and territorial context.

Population data of 27 Y-chromosome STRS in Aymara population from Peru

ABSTRACT In the present study, 90 samples from unrelated Aymaran males from the province of Puno were characterized with 27 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci using the Yfiler ™ Plus PCR Amplification Kit. Out of a total of the 90 haplotypes there were 89 distinct haplotypes. The statistical parameters applied to the data were haplotype diversity (0.9998), discrimination capacity (0.9889) and match probability (0.0114). Provisional Y haplogroups (major clade) were assigned with the majority being Q. The Aymara population was more closely related to a Bolivian population (Bolivia) and Iquitos (Peru) and was further away from the Shipibo-Conibo population of Ucayali, (Peru) and Aboriginal (Australia). The data were deposited in the YHRD database (accession number: YA004703). The analyses carried out show that the Y-STR loci from the Aymarans can be used for human identity casework and could be useful to study the history of the human populations in Latin America.

El dolor de los subalternos y el deseo de una revolución inconclusa: Narrativas sobre la violencia política en la Nación Aymara – Perú

En las líneas que vienen, se intentará examinar la violencia política y las pretensiones de revolución por los actores de la Nación Aymara (NAM) al encontrarse con un profundo impacto causado por los grupos sediciosos y el Estado peruano en el contexto de la década oscura de los años ´80 y ´90 del siglo pasado que todavía queda como secuela en la memoria colectiva de las víctimas. Considerando el enfoque cualitativo, la entrevista en profundidad y el análisis de discurso como orientación hermenéutica fundamental, se examinan las percepciones de los 12 actores que en el entramado de la violencia fueron dirigentes. En conclusión, la violación de los Derechos Humanos (DH) bajo la represión, persecución y las desapariciones selectivas en detrimento de la población Aymara, genera tensiones, miedo, paranoia y el deseo de la revolución contra los grupos insurgentes y el mismo Estado que en su momento fue cómplice del genocidio hacia el corazón de los habitantes de la NAM.

Allelic frequencies with 23 autosomic STRS in the Aymara population of Peru.

Population data of the Aymara in the province of Puno were established for 23 autosomal STR markers. DNA was obtained from unrelated individuals (n = 190) who reside in three areas of the Floating Islands of Lake Titicaca, residents on the border with Bolivia and residents who are not from the border with Bolivia. The PENTA E marker presented the highest PD (0.9738), PIC (0.8793), and PM (0.7847) values. The combined PD was greater than 0.99999999 and the combined PE was 0.99999994. The largest distance, based on Fst values, was between the Aymara population and the Ashaninca population (0.04022), and the smallest distance was with the populations of Bolivia (0.00136) and Peru (0.00525).

Prevalence of cholelithiasis and gallbladder cancer among Aymara individuals

The prevalence of cholelithiasis and gallbladder cancer may be different across ethnic groups. To study the prevalence of cholelithiasis and gallbladder cancer among Aymara individuals. An abdominal ultrasound was carried out in a sample of 182 Aymara women aged 46 ± 16 years and 76 Aymara men aged 55 ± 16 years. In addition, the histopathological reports of both patients with a history of previous cholecystectomy and those operated after the study were reviewed. Ultrasound was normal in 150 participants (58%), 76 had cholelithiasis (30%) and 32 (12%) had a history of cholecystectomy. Pathological reports of the excised gallbladder were available for 106 cases and showed a chronic cholecystitis in 98% of cases. Gallbladder cancer was not reported. There is a 42% prevalence of cholelithiasis and no gallbladder cancer in this sample of Aymara population.

Gut microbiota composition in Himalayan and Andean populations and its relationship with diet, lifestyle and adaptation to the high-altitude environment.

Human populations living at high altitude evolved a number of biological adjustments to cope with a challenging environment characterised especially by reduced oxygen availability and limited nutritional resources. This condition may also affect their gut microbiota composition. Here, we explored the impact of exposure to such selective pressures on human gut microbiota by considering different ethnic groups living at variable degrees of altitude: the high-altitude Sherpa and low-altitude Tamang populations from Nepal, the high-altitude Aymara population from Bolivia, as well as a low-altitude cohort of European ancestry, used as control. We thus observed microbial profiles common to the Sherpa and Aymara, but absent in the low-altitude cohorts, which may contribute to the achievement of adaptation to high-altitude lifestyle and nutritional conditions. The collected evidences suggest that microbial signatures associated to these rural populations may enhance metabolic functions able to supply essential compounds useful for the host to cope with high altitude-related physiological changes and energy demand. Therefore, these results add another valuable piece of the puzzle to the understanding of the beneficial effects of symbiosis between microbes and their human host even from an evolutionary perspective.

Interpretación de la escuela rural andina en comunidades aimaras de Puno-Perú

This article is an approximation to the ontological understanding of education from the indigenous-Aymara thinking. It is approached from the interpretative and contextual paradigm, basically using the hermeneutical method, aimed at the understanding and interpretation of the meaning that the community leaders and the Aymara population settled in the southern zone of Puno-Peru give to the school. The information was collected through documentary analysis, in-depth interviews marked by dialogical events that ensured equal interaction between the interlocutors, and based on the experience of shared life as Aymara people (between authors, authors and subjects of study). Through the process of re-interpretative analysis (interpretation of the interpretation), the gathered information has allowed establishing, as results of the study, that the presence of the Andean rural school, directed and administered by the Peruvian State, remains contrary to the sense given by the Aymara community to the expectations and experiences of particular life; it also remains as an excluding, vertical and rigid entity, as well as alien to the Aymara cosmovision. The study concludes that the epistemologies of hope have no place in Aymara thought; therefore, they do not want a school to stop being poor and marginalized in an uncertain time. According to the Aymara communities, the rural school should give meaning to life, enabling the full flowering of the being to live with dignity today, tomorrow and forever, in such a way that the school is not a hope of well-being, but rather the permanent emotional enjoyment (today) from which life is lived in harmony. This implies rethinking educational conceptions and policies from the State, ensuring a permanent process of openness and recognition of the ways of life and thought of indigenous populations.

Ethnicity, Social Support, and Depression Among Elderly Chilean People

ABSTRACTRecent evidence regarding the relationship between social support and depression in elderly people shows the important role of ethnicity. This research describes the characteristics of social support in a sample of elderly people aged 60 and above living in northern Chile (n = 493), and analyzes the differences in the relationship between social support and depression between an indigenous group (Aymara population, n = 147) and a nonindigenous group (white, Caucasian, mestizo, n = 346). Various dimensions of social support were considered: structural elements, functional social support according to source, and community participation. The results show the existence of significant differences in the characteristics and dimensions of social support depending on sex, ethnicity, and marital status. Further, the central role of the family group is observed for both Aymara and nonindigenous elderly people. The hierarchical regression models obtained result in notable differences in the role of the structural, functional, and community elements of support in explaining depression for the ethnic groups considered.

Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niños aymara: primera aproximación clínica

The assessment of Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among ethnic groups may reveal environmental or cultural variables that influence the appearance of this disorder. To assess the presence and characteristics of ADHD in two communities of the inland Arica valleys (Azapa and Lluta), where the Aymara population predominates. Starting from a screening based on the Conner's test, we evaluated 79 children aged 8 to 13 years. Sixty children were of Aymara origin and 19 children were of non-Aymara origin. Twenty Aymara and 9 non-Aymara children had ADHD. They were compared with a group of patients from Santiago, Chile (110 children) that were previously assessed. Patients from Azapa/Lluta displayed similar characteristics to those from Santiago. However the former had significantly less psychiatric comorbidities than the latter. On the other hand, the non-Aymara subgroup of Azapa/Lluta displayed an increased rate of comorbidities and was exclusively of the combined subtype, although their sample size is too small to draw strong conclusions. Although we cannot dismiss biological variables, the importance of family values and the respect to authorities may be protective factors for ADHD, associated to Aymara culture. Our findings suggest that the clinical characteristics of ADHD are not uniform among ethnic groups and cultures. The relative contribution of environmental and genetic factors in this variability remain to be determined.

Tendencias electorales de los grupos indígenas en Chile

We relate the votes for the main political coalitions' in Chile with the percentage of indigenous population. We conclude that there is a positive relationship between concentration of indigenous population and votes for right-wing candidates. However, the interpretations of this pattern are differentiated by including territory as an explanatory variable. Thus, in the first region, which is made up of a predominantly Aymara population and a larger percentage of indigenous communities, right-wing candidates tend to obtain more votes. In the ninth region, there is no significant relationship between the percentage of Mapuche population and votes for right-wing candidates. We tested a series of statistical models that confirm such statements with historical evidence and interviews with key informants. We suggest that electoral differences between Aymara and Mapuche populations are due to their dissimilar socio-political structure, with the former being historically more vertical, and the latter more decentralized.

Effects of Altitude on Anthropometric and Physiological Patterns in Aymara and Non-Aymara Population Between 18 and 65 Years in the Province of Parinacota Chile (3.700 masl)

Moreno, A.ESPINOZA-NAVARRO, O.; DIAZ, J.; RODRIGUEZ, H. & MORENO, A. Effects of altitude on anthropometric and physiologicalpatterns in Aymara and non-Aymara population between 18 and 65 years in the povince of Parinacota Chile (3700 m). Int. J. Morphol.,29(1):34-40, 2011.SUMMARY:The aim of the study was to compare anthropometric and physiological patterns in a sample of 522 Aymara andnon-Aymara individuals from Parinacota, Chile (3.700m). After signing voluntary informed consent forms, the residents were sepa ratedin two age groups. Groups A: 18 to 35 years, and Group B: 36 to 65 years, by sex and Aymara and non-Aymara ethnicity. The resultsof this study determined that anthropometric anteroposterior diameter (DAP) are higher in Aymara population. Biacromial diameter(DBA) is significantly lower in the Aymara population. Aymara males between 18 and 35 years are smaller than non-Aymara males.Aymara women had significantly lower heart rates. The respiratory rate is significantly lower in Aymara males and females from 18 to35 years. Partial oxygen saturation (SaO2) is higher in Aymara women, compared with non-Aymara women. The body mass index(BMI) did not differ within each group according to age, however, in comparison between groups, older individuals independent o f sexand ethnicity have index of overweight and obesity. In forced vital capacity (FVC), there is no difference in ages however, whilecomparing between ages, older populations independent of sex and ethnicity presented significant decreases in this parameter. Thismay reflect mechanisms of adaptation to the high altitude of Aymara native populations living in the Andes.KEY WORDS: Aymara; Altitude; Anthropometry; Physiological patterns.

A Revolution for Our Rights: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Justice in Bolivia, 1880-1952. LAURA GOTKOWITZ: Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007.

In this study of Bolivian ruralpolitical and social movements, Laura Gotkowitz seeks to stitch together twodifferent historiographic traditions. The older approach discounts or ignoresrural unrest before the National Revolution of 1952, but acknowledges peasantactivism in the revolution's wake-especially in the department of Cochabamba. A newerinterpretation, known asKatarismo,emphasizes the combative tendencies of Bolivia's Aymara population andstresses the strength and persistence of rural activism in the decades beforethe revolution but generally dismisses the changes of 1952 as cosmetic or evenpernicious.

Genetic profiling of Bolivian population using 15 STR markers of forensic importance

Allele frequencies for the 13 CODIS markers plus D2S1358 and D19S433 loci were estimated in a sample of 148 unrelated individuals from Bolivia and parameters of forensic interest were calculated. Further, the STR data were analyzed using a distance-based method to assess the genetic relationships of this population with other ones living in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela and three autochthonous populations living in the Beni Department of Bolivia (Quechua, Aymara and Beni population).

Andean, Tibetan, and Ethiopian patterns of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia

Research on humans at high-altitudes contributes to understanding the processes of human adaptation to the environment and evolution. The unique stress at high altitude is hypobaric hypoxia caused by the fall in barometric pressure with increasing altitude and the consequently fewer oxygen molecules in a breath of air, as compared with sea level. The natural experiment of human colonization of high-altitude plateaus on three continents has resulted in two-perhaps three-quantitatively different arterial-oxygen-content phenotypes among indigenous Andean, Tibetan and Ethiopian high-altitude populations. This paper illustrates these contrasting phenotypes by presenting evidence for higher hemoglobin concentration and percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin among Andean highlanders as compared with Tibetans at the same altitude and evidence that Ethiopian highlanders do not differ from sea-level in these two traits. Evolutionary processes may have acted differently on the colonizing populations to cause the different patterns of adaptation. Hemoglobin concentration has significant heritability in Andean and Tibetan samples. Oxygen saturation has no heritability in the Andean sample, but does among Tibetans where an autosomal dominant major gene for higher oxygen saturation has been detected. Women estimated with high probability to have high oxygen saturation genotypes have more surviving children than women estimated with high probability to have the low oxygen saturation genotype. These findings suggest the hypothesis that ongoing natural selection is increasing the frequency of the high saturation allele at this major gene locus.

No evidence for an association between genetic polymorphisms of β 2- and β 3-adrenergic receptor genes with body mass index in Aymara natives from Chile

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the association between Gln27Glu and Trp64Arg genetic polymorphisms of the β 2 (ADRB2) and β 3 (ADRB3) adrenergic receptor genes with body mass index and other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, adult Aymara subjects ( n = 152) living in the Andean regions of northern Chile were characterized with respect to their ADRB2 and ADRB3 genotypes, body mass index, plasma leptin and insulin levels, fasting glucose concentration, blood pressure, and plasma lipid profile. RESULTS: The frequency of the Glu27 allele of the ADRB2 gene was estimated to be 0.04, and the allele frequency of the Arg64 variant of the ADRB3 gene was estimated as 0.13. No associations were found between the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene and body mass index or other cardiovascular risk factors. The small number of subjects with the allele encoding Glu27 in the ADRB2 gene seriously limited the analysis of the association between genotype and phenotype with the use of this polymorphism, although no clear associations were found. CONCLUSION: We found insufficient evidence to support an association between polymorphisms Gln27Glu and Trp64Arg of the ADRB2 and ADRB3 genes, respectively, with body mass index and other cardiovascular risks in the rural Aymara population from Chile.

Low prevalence of type 2 diabetes despite a high average body mass index in the aymara natives from chile

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and the frequency of dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension in the rural Aymara population from Northern Chile. In this cross-sectional study, 196 Aymara adult subjects were characterized with respect to their reported physical activity, fasting plasma glucose levels, insulin concentrations, blood pressures, body mass indexes, and plasma lipid profiles. The participants also underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. The diagnostic criteria for DM2 and IGT followed those of the World Health Organization. The overall prevalence of DM2 was estimated as 1.5% (95% confidence interval: 0.3–4.5). Overall prevalence of IGT was calculated as 3.6% (1.5–7.3). The occurrence of obesity and dyslipidemia was relatively high in the Aymara population, although the frequency of sedentary habits, and the prevalence of hypertension were low. In conclusion, the prevalence of DM2 in the rural Aymara population living at high altitudes in Northern Chile, was much lower than that of other Amerindian groups that adopted lifestyles from industrialized Western societies. Despite a relatively high prevalence of a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m 2, especially in women (23.5%), high physical activity levels and low plasma-insulin concentrations may have been responsible in part for the low prevalence of DM2 in the Aymara population.

Plasma leptin and insulin levels in Aymara natives from Chile

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of plasma leptin levels with respect to obesity, gender, age and insulin levels in the native Aymara population. The Aymara natives live at high altitudes in isolated regions in the north of Chile, and they maintain distinctive genetic and cultural characteristics. Plasma leptin and insulin levels were correlated with body mass index (BMI), sex and age in a sample of 147 adult Aymara subjects who participated in a cross-sectional study. Multivariate analysis showed significant differences in leptin levels (dependent variable: natural log of leptin) by gender (p < 0.0001), and by BMI (p < 0.001), without significant statistical interaction between gender and BMI. The effect of age achieved statistical significance in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.02). Gender, BMI and insulin are independently associated with plasma leptin levels. On the other hand, the multivariate analysis of the plasma insulin concentration (dependent variable: natural log of insulin levels) shows that insulin is strongly associated with BMI (p < 0.0001), although non-statistically significant differences of insulin levels by sex (p = 0.07) or age (p = 0.9) were detected at alpha 0.05 level. Thus, in the special ecosystem where the Aymara population live, a strong and independent association between sex, obesity and insulin levels with plasma leptin levels has been detected.