Axis Points Research Articles

Measurement dynamic feedback output regulation in hybrid linear systems with state jumps

SummaryThis work investigates the problem of designing a hybrid dynamic feedback regulator that forces the output of a hybrid linear system to asymptotically converge to the reference generated by a hybrid exogenous system, asymptotically rejects the exogenous disturbance, and attains global asymptotic stability of the compensated hybrid linear dynamics. The class of hybrid linear systems addressed exhibits a continuous‐time linear behavior except at isolated points of the time axis, where the state is subject to discontinuities that are caused by a jump behavior. In the presence of possibly unequally spaced state jumps, under the only constraint that the minimum time between any two consecutive jumps is no smaller than a given positive real constant, both implicit and explicit sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to the stated problem are shown. The explicit condition is constructive, in the sense that it outlines the algorithmic procedure for the synthesis of the hybrid feedback regulator, provided that a certain output‐nulling hybrid controlled invariant subspace be known. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such subspace is proven, so that a computational means to derive it, if any exists, is given. Finally, the devised approach is applied to a numerical example borrowed from the literature, with the twofold aim of illustrating its implementation and making a comparison with the available method.

Effect of vertical reference point deviations on crown inclination

PurposeThe influence of vertical deviations of the reference point from the facial axis (FA) point on crown inclination (CI) has not been fully clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the tooth type with the largest adverse effect on CI. Materials and methodsForty dental casts of non-orthodontic normal occlusion were analysed with a laser scanning system. The clinical crown height (CCH) for each tooth was measured and divided into tenths. From 30% to 70% level of CCH were used to identify the reference points for CI. Cl at the FA point (CI50) and that measured at occlusally and gingivally deviated positions (CI40 and CI60, respectively) were measured using 10% of the CCH. CI40, CI50, and CI60 were compared by one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test. Changes from CI50 to CI40 (CI50–40) and from CI60 to CI50 (CI60–50) were calculated and compared among teeth using two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni correction. ResultsSignificant differences were found among CI40, CI50, and CI60 for all teeth (P<0.01 for all). The largest changes in CI at vertically deviated reference points were found at the second molar (7.22±3.58°) for the maxillary arch and at the second premolar (5.25±2.77°) for the mandibular arch. ConclusionDeviations within 10% of the CCH of the vertical reference point were found to have a significantly greater adverse effect on Cl for the maxillary second molar and mandibular second premolar than other teeth.

Output Regulation by Error Dynamic Feedback in Hybrid Linear Systems with State Jumps

This work deals with a regulation problem for hybrid linear systems which exhibit a continuous-time state motion, ruled by the so-called flow dynamics, except at isolated points of the time axis, where the state has discontinuities governed by a jump behavior. Jump time instants are not a-priori known and may be unequally spaced, the only admissibility constraint being that the set of time intervals between consecutive jumps has a fixed positive lower bound. The considered problem consists in finding a hybrid error feedback compensator that forces the output of a given hybrid plant to asymptotically follow a reference trajectory generated by a hybrid exogenous system, while achieving global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop dynamics, for all the admissible sequences of jump times. The problem is investigated from a structural point of view, using geometric notions and properties. A sufficient condition for the existence of solutions is first stated in an implicit form, by considering the overall compensated system. This result is instrumental in giving a sufficient constructive condition which refers to the output-difference connection of the plant and the exogenous generator. The conditions are expressed in terms of hybrid invariant and controlled invariant subspaces of the systems at issue as well as of their stability and stabilizability properties, respectively. This approach provides a viable algorithmic procedure for the synthesis of solutions, if any exist.

The Sacral X Axes: Location, Structure, Movement, Parallel Kinetic Ligamentous Loading, Function, Biotensegrity Technology and Pathology. The Essential Pieces of the Low Back Pain Puzzle.

In the last century much research was accomplished on the pelvis yet the pelvis remains an enigma. Movement was located and measured, but not specified, comprehended or described. An oblique axis was suspected but not identified. Some function of the pelvis is suspected, but it has not been described or understood. Many practitioners suspect the pelvis to be the source of common low back pain, but just as many practitioners believe this not to be true. Ten years ago two separate points were located that looked like they could function as bony transverse sacral X axes providing the pelvis was symmetrical, however, if and when the pelvis is asymmetrical each point could also function with a related pelvic point and act as an oblique axis. The resting pelvis is unmoving and almost immobile, however, the erect and loaded pelvis is dynamic and filled with kinetic energy. Primary sacral loading is on the posterior interosseous ligaments and serve to suspend the sacrum. The primary loading initiates a secondary loading on the sacrotuberous ligaments that balances the primary loading. These two sets of balanced ligaments create two sets of interactive force couples and a trigger for biotensegrity. During normal gait an initial unilateral posterior innominate rotation on the side of the first step causes the ilial tuberosity to push caudad directly on the lateral sacrum causing a lateral sacral flexion with rotation. The trunk is caused to counter rotate thus decreasing loading forces to the femoral head. When loading is shifted to the contra lateral side on the second step the weight shift takes place with biotensegrity mechanics. Movement is through balanced, interchangeable, parallel, kinetically loaded ligaments that create interactive force couples. None of this was possible to determine without the sacral x axes. This is all way beyond conventional biomechanics. Acute and chronic back pain is essentially all caused from an anterior innominate rotation (lifting, bending lowering, shoveling, sweeping, pregnancy or a postural forward head) that causes the innominates to rotate cephalad and laterally at the PIIS. This is a measurable movement that puts a vertical shear on the lateral axis points and separates the sacral origins of both the gluteus maximus and the piriformis from their ilial origins resulting pain in the buttocks, piriformis syndrome and sciatica. Dysfunction is all initiated at the sacral x axes. This is corrected effectively simply with a manual bilateral posterior innominate rotation that reverses all symptoms leaving the patient free of pain.

Hyperglycemia caused reduction of cortical bone thickness in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

Background: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hypergyclemia due to insulin deficiency (type 1 diabetes) or insulin insensitivity/resistance (type 2 diabetes). The significant metabolic changes that occur in diabetes also affect the skeleton and cause bone loss and/or altered bone matrix and strength, thereby increasing the risk of fracture. Hyperglycemia can alter cellular metabolic processes through the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which caused dysregulation of various cytokines as the underlying mechanism in the decrease of bone density. This study aimed to see the bone loss caused by hyperglycemia in rats, using cortical bone thickness as a parameter. Methods: This study was an analytical experimental study, which was conducted in a laboratory. The sample of this study was Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus). Diabetes in the rats were induced using streptozotocin. The diabetic rats were then sacrificed 11 days later, and the left femur bone was obtanied. The bone was decalcified for 1 week, then prepared for histological slides. Cortical bone thickness was measured microscopically using Optilab Image Raster software at 10 different axis points, and then averaged. Results: The mean of cortical bone thickness were 32.43 ± 2.65 μm in the control (non diabetic) rats, and 26.64 ± 2.89 μm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (p < 0.001). The diabetic rats had lower mean of cortical bone thickness than control by 5.79 μm. Conclusion: Cortical bone thickness in the diabetic rats were lower by 18% compared to control 11 days after induction of streptozotocin.

Comparison of the effect of labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position of maxillary incisors on esthetic profile in three different facial patterns.

Objective:To test the null hypothesis that there is no effect of esthetic perception of smiling profile in three different facial types by a change in the maxillary incisor inclination and position.Materials and Methods:A smiling profile photograph with Class I skeletal and dental pattern, normal profile were taken in each of the three facial types dolichofacial, mesofacial, and brachyfacial. Based on the original digital image, 15 smiling profiles in each of the facial types were created using the FACAD software by altering the labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors. These photographs were rated on a visual analog scale by three panels of examiners consisting of orthodontists, dentists, and nonprofessionals with twenty members in each group. The responses were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by post hoc Scheffe.Results:Significant differences (P < 0.001) were detected when ratings of each photograph in each of the individual facial type was compared. In dolichofacial and mesofacial pattern, the position of the maxillary incisor must be limited to 2 mm from the goal anterior limit line. In brachyfacial pattern, any movement of facial axis point of maxillary incisors away from GALL is worsens the facial esthetics. The result of the ANOVA showed differences among the three groups for certain facial profiles.Conclusion:The hypothesis was rejected. The esthetic perception of labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior of maxillary incisors differ in different facial types, and this may effect in formulating treatment plans for different facial types.

A Study on the Use of Compound and Extracted Models in the High Frequency Electromagnetic Exposure Assessment

The paper presents the numerical results for the induced electric field in the various models of the human eye and the head. The comparison between the extracted or the single organ models and the compound organ models placed inside realistic head models obtained from the magnetic resonance imaging scans is presented. The numerical results for several frequencies and polarizations of the incident electromagnetic (EM) plane wave are obtained using the hybrid finite element method/boundary element method (FEM/BEM) formulation and the surface integral equation (SIE) based formulation featuring the use of method of moments, respectively. Although some previous analysis showed the similar distribution of the induced electric field along the pupillary axis obtained in both eye models, this study showed this not to be the case in general. The analysis showed that the compound eye model is much more suitable when taking into account the polarization of the incident EM wave. The numerical results for the brain models showed much better agreement in the maximum values and distributions of the induced surface field between detailed models, while homogeneous brain model showed better agreement with the compound model in the distribution along selected sagittal axis points. The analysis could provide some helpful insights when carrying out the dosimetric analysis of the human eye and the head/brain exposed to high frequency EM radiation.

О ГРАНИЧНОМ ПОВЕДЕНИИ ОДНОГО КЛАССА РЯДОВ ДИРИХЛЕ С МУЛЬТИПЛИКАТИВНЫМИ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТАМИ

In this paper we consider the behavior of funcions defined by Dirichlet series with multiplicative coefficients and with bounded summatory function when approaching the imaginary axis. We show that the points of the imaginary axis are also the points of continuity in a broad sense of functions defined by Dirichlet series with multiplicative coefficients which are determined by nonprincipal generalized characters. This result is particularly interesting in its connection with a solution of Chudakov hyphotesis, which states that any finite-valued numerical character, which does not vanish on all prime numbers and has bounded summatory function, is a Dirichlet character. The proof of the main result in this paper is based on the method of reduction to power series, basic principles of which were developed by prof. Kuznetsov in the early 1980s. Ths method establishes a connection between analytical properties of Dirichlet series and boundary properties of the corresponding power series (i.e. a power series with the same coefficients as the Dirichlet series). This allows to obtain new results both for the Dirichlet series and for the power series. In our case this method allowed us to prove the main result using the properties of the power series with multiplicative coefficients determined by the nonprincipal generalized characters, which also were obtained in this work.

Mathematical Study of the Small Oscillations of Two Nonmixing Fluids, the Lower Inviscid, the Upper Viscoelastic, in an Open Container

The authors study the small oscillations of a system of two nonmixing fluids, the lower inviscid, the upper viscoelastic, in an open container, restricting themselves for the second to the more simple Oldroyd model. From the equations of motion, they obtain a variational formulation of the problem, from which they deduce a variational equation for the viscoelastic fluid only, then a system of operatorial equations in suitable Hilbert space. They show the existence and the symmetry of the spectrum, prove the stability of the system and specify the location of the eigenvalues. They prove the existence of two sets of positive real eigenvalues having, the first l’infinity, the second a point of the real axis, as point of accumulation. Finally, after a suitable transformation of the operatorial equations of motion, they obtain an existence and unicity theorem of the solution of the associated evolution problem by means of the semigroups theory.

Dispositional pandemic worry and the health belief model: promoting vaccination during pandemic events

Promoting vaccination during pandemics is paramount to public health, yet few studies examined theoretical motivations for vaccination during pandemics. Thus, the relationships between dispositional pandemic worry, constructs of the health belief model (HBM) and vaccination during the H1N1 pandemic were studied. Participants (N=1377) completed surveys assessing dispositional pandemic worry, HBM variables and H1N1 vaccination. Principle axis factor analysis and point biserial correlations were conducted. Differences in worry and vaccination were assessed via independent samples t-tests. Relationships between vaccination, demographics and worry were investigated using hierarchical linear regression. PROCESS analysis was conducted to explicate the relationship between worry and vaccination intention. A two-factor structure of dispositional pandemic worry-worry frequency and worry severity-was confirmed. Dispositional worry was higher among those who intended to and received H1N1 vaccine. Worry frequency and worry severity were positively related to vaccination. Threat, benefits and barriers mediated the impact of worry severity and threat and barriers mediated the impact of worry frequency on vaccination intentions. Messages increasing dispositional worry and benefits while decreasing barriers may boost vaccination behavior during a pandemic event. Future study of relationships between dispositional worry and HBM variables is warranted.

Technical Note: Multicenter study of TrueBeam FFF beams with a new stereotactic diode: Can a common small field signal ratio curve be defined?

Small radiation fields (<30 mm) are typically involved in stereotactic body radiation therapy procedures. Output factor measurements are subjected to large uncertainties. The signal ratio (SR) readings, defined as the ratio of central axis reading, respectively, in the actual field size and in the reference field size, were evaluated in several centers and a common mathematical description of the SR curve was investigated. A couple of new unshielded stereotactic diodes (Razor, IBA) was tested under eight different TrueBeams using 10 MV flattering filter free beams with high dose rate (2400 MU/min). Small fields, ranging from 6 to 50 mm, were analyzed in terms of profiles and central axis point measurements. SRs were normalized to 30 mm field and were calculated as a function of nominal field size (NFS) and effective field size (EFS). From SRs acquired using Razor1 (four centers), a theoretical equation was extrapolated. Three centers with Razor2 were used to test the mathematical relationship. Finally, the two diodes were directly compared in the last center. The EFS was systematically smaller than NFS (p < 0.01) for all field size ranges, with mean difference of 0.9 ± 0.5 mm. The SR fits using the NFS and EFS had, respectively, R2 = 0.989 and R2 ≫ 0.999. The Razor2 centers' mean deviation from the predicted SRs, using the NFS and EFS fits, was, respectively, 3.4% and 0.5%. The maximum deviations were 5.0% (6 mm field size) for NFS and 1.9% for EFS. Maximum deviation of 0.5% between the two Razors was observed. EFS measurements were confirmed to be mandatory when comparing SRs over different centers. An equation establishing a functional relation between SRs and the EFS was obtained and tested for the new Razor diode.

Modelling Accuracy of a Car Steering Mechanism with Rack and Pinion and McPherson Suspension

Modelling accuracy of a car steering mechanism with a rack and pinion and McPherson suspension is analyzed. Geometrical parameters of the model are described by using the coordinates of centers of spherical joints, directional unit vectors and axis points of revolute, cylindrical and prismatic joints. Modelling accuracy is assumed as the differences between the values of the wheel knuckle position and orientation coordinates obtained using a simulation model and the corresponding measured values. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters on the model accuracy is illustrated by two numerical examples.

Solidification behavior and crystal growth mechanism of aluminum under electric pulse

The solidification behavior and structure evolution of a directionally solidified pure aluminum were investigated, subjected to an electric pulse modification (EP, EPM). It was found that EPM led to an increase of the width of columnar grains, and that the growth of columnar grains was rendered more continuous. As illustrated by the cooling curves, the crystallization time of the pure aluminum increased, whereas the nucleation temperature was reduced by EPM. Judged by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, it was unraveled that EPM promoted the preference of low-index growth crystal planes, assisted by tuning pulsed voltages. An analysis of pole figures confirmed that some transitional high-index crystal planes have been also intermediated during the grain growth. As a consequence, three motifs were highlighted for EPM process, covering from the rotation around the same crystal zone axis, and around the same intersection point of crystal zone axis, to the stochastic high-index crystal plane rotation.

A Single Hidden Layer Feedforward Network with Only One Neuron in the Hidden Layer Can Approximate Any Univariate Function.

The possibility of approximating a continuous function on a compact subset of the real line by a feedforward single hidden layer neural network with a sigmoidal activation function has been studied in many papers. Such networks can approximate an arbitrary continuous function provided that an unlimited number of neurons in a hidden layer is permitted. In this note, we consider constructive approximation on any finite interval of [Formula: see text] by neural networks with only one neuron in the hidden layer. We construct algorithmically a smooth, sigmoidal, almost monotone activation function [Formula: see text] providing approximation to an arbitrary continuous function within any degree of accuracy. This algorithm is implemented in a computer program, which computes the value of [Formula: see text] at any reasonable point of the real axis.

Quantifying thumb opposition kinematics using dynamic computed tomography

Current motion capture techniques all have shortcomings when applied to the 3D quantitative evaluation of thumb base motion. Dynamic CT might overcome these shortcomings but, so far, robustness of this technique in more than one specimen has not yet been demonstrated.The aim of the current study is to further evaluate the use of dynamic CT for quantification of thumb motion in a larger cadaveric study using a protocol which is feasible in a clinical context.A dynamic CT scan was acquired from six cadaveric human forearms, while a motion simulator imposed thumb opposition. After image acquisition and segmentation, carpal bone motion was quantified using helical axes. To enable comparisons between specimens, intersection points of the instantaneous helical axis with an anatomically defined plane were determined. Precision of the dynamic CT method, measured as variation in distances between silicon nitride beads between frames of a dynamic scan, was 0.43mm (+/−0.09mm) when fixed to the skin and 0.13mm (+/−0.04mm) when embedded into the bone. Absolute deviation between known and measured distances were not larger than 0.34mm.We could demonstrate and quantify that thumb opposition is associated with motion at the trapeziometacarpal and scaphotrapezotrapezoidal joints. High consistency in motion patterns between specimen were found, while the radiation dose was limited. We conclude that dynamic CT can be used to visualize and quantify 3D thumb kinematics, making it a promising method to explore kinematics in vivo.

Regular pulse rate but irregular heart rate?

The 12-lead ECG shows a ventricular bigeminy with right bundle branch block, which is evidence of a left ventricular origin. The inferior axis and repetitive monomorphic occurrence points to an origin from the outflow tract. Thus, the diagnosis is repetitive left ventricular outflow tract premature beats. This extrasystole can be found in healthy individuals and does not increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. However, due to the short coupling interval of the extrasystole there is almost no diastolic filling before the extrasystolic beat, thus leading to a pulse deficit which is aggravated by the lack of a subsequent sinus beat (postextrasystolic pause). The subsequent sinus beat is augmented due to postextrasystolic potentiation and a prolonged diastole. During bigeminy there is a 2:1 pulse deficit leading to the reported slow but regular pulse rates of the patient. Outflow tract premature beats often show a fixed coupling interval due to triggered activity during phase III of the action potential (early afterdepolarisation) and thus sometimes responds to calcium channel inhibitors such as verapamil. Beta-blockers may be effective but sides effects such as arterial hypotension decrease compliance, especially in young adults. Accordingly, in this patient, ablation of the arrhythmia was scheduled. For electrophysiological mapping, a deflectable mapping and ablation catheter was introduced retrogradely into the left ventricle and mapping of the earliest ventricular activity was performed during spontaneous ventricular premature beats. In this case, earliest activity was recorded above the aortic valve inside the left coronary sinus cusp. Pacing from this site revealed a similar 12-lead ECG morphology as during spontaneous ventricular premature beats. Due to the proximity to the left main coronary artery, a left coronary angiography catheter was positioned into the left main coronary artery (Fig. 1 and 2) and simultaneous visualisation during ablation at this site was performed to identify impeding damage to the coronary vessel [1]. Ablation was performed using an irrigated catheter and the arrhythmia terminated after 10 seconds of radiofrequency ablation (Fig. 3). On the right side of the ECG you can see ST elevation which is documented near the coronary artery. After the ablation, this completely resolved. Since then, the patient has been free of symptoms and repetitive Holter ECGs did not show a recurrence of the arrhythmia. Fig. 1 Ablation catheter in the ascending aorta below the left main coronary artery as visualised by a diagnostic angiography catheter (JL-4). Additional electrode catheters are positioned in the high right atrium and right ventricle. Due to the anatomical ... Fig. 2 Under such ablations at critical points, imaging from different levels is important to safely prevent injury to the coronary arteries. (LAD left anterior descending) Fig. 3 12-lead ECG with termination of the premature beats (arrow) under radiofrequency ablation. On the right side of the ECG you can see ST elevation (*) which is documented near the coronary artery. After the ablation, these completely resolved

Regular pulse rate but irregular heart rate?

The 12-lead ECG shows a ventricular bigeminy with right bundle branch block, which is evidence of a left ventricular origin. The inferior axis and repetitive monomorphic occurrence points to an origin from the outflow tract. Thus, the diagnosis is repetitive left ventricular outflow tract premature beats. This extrasystole can be found in healthy individuals and does not increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. However, due to the short coupling interval of the extrasystole there is almost no diastolic filling before the extrasystolic beat, thus leading to a pulse deficit which is aggravated by the lack of a subsequent sinus beat (postextrasystolic pause). The subsequent sinus beat is augmented due to postextrasystolic potentiation and a prolonged diastole. During bigeminy there is a 2:1 pulse deficit leading to the reported slow but regular pulse rates of the patient. Outflow tract premature beats often show a fixed coupling interval due to triggered activity during phase III of the action potential (early afterdepolarisation) and thus sometimes responds to calcium channel inhibitors such as verapamil. Beta-blockers may be effective but sides effects such as arterial hypotension decrease compliance, especially in young adults. Accordingly, in this patient, ablation of the arrhythmia was scheduled. For electrophysiological mapping, a deflectable mapping and ablation catheter was introduced retrogradely into the left ventricle and mapping of the earliest ventricular activity was performed during spontaneous ventricular premature beats. In this case, earliest activity was recorded above the aortic valve inside the left coronary sinus cusp. Pacing from this site revealed a similar 12-lead ECG morphology as during spontaneous ventricular premature beats. Due to the proximity to the left main coronary artery, a left coronary angiography catheter was positioned into the left main coronary artery (Fig. 1 and 2) and simultaneous visualisation during ablation at this site was performed to identify impeding damage to the coronary vessel [1]. Ablation was performed using an irrigated catheter and the arrhythmia terminated after 10 seconds of radiofrequency ablation (Fig. 3). On the right side of the ECG you can see ST elevation which is documented near the coronary artery. After the ablation, this completely resolved. Since then, the patient has been free of symptoms and repetitive Holter ECGs did not show a recurrence of the arrhythmia. Fig. 1 Ablation catheter in the ascending aorta below the left main coronary artery as visualised by a diagnostic angiography catheter (JL-4). Additional electrode catheters are positioned in the high right atrium and right ventricle. Due to the anatomical ... Fig. 2 Under such ablations at critical points, imaging from different levels is important to safely prevent injury to the coronary arteries. (LAD left anterior descending) Fig. 3 12-lead ECG with termination of the premature beats (arrow) under radiofrequency ablation. On the right side of the ECG you can see ST elevation (*) which is documented near the coronary artery. After the ablation, these completely resolved

Евразийское будущее России в свете чередования интеграционных и дезинтеграционных циклов

Russia needs to fit into the international geopolitical and geo-economic landscape. The formation of this landscape is largely determined by alternating integration and disintegration cycles in the development of the world economy. The second global disintegration cycle that started in 2008 is expected to last 15-20 years. It will be followed by a new integration cycle, largely dependent on China (Pax Sinensis instead of Pax Americana). This change necessitates a number of steps: a significant strengthening of the Eastern vector in the development of Russia, the formation of the Moscow-Beijing-New Delhi triangle (Evgeny Primakov's idea) as well as providing access of energy-intensive and water-intensive goods from East Siberia by railway to the Chinese and Indian markets. Russia has expressed its interest in the construction of a railway from China to India. It will allow Russia to reduce transportation costs and use a potentially heavy transit traffic for the modernization of the Transsibirian railway. These steps could radically change the role of the Baltic exclave of Russia: from being a ‘window to Europe’ the region is to turn into the westernmost point of a infrastructure axis extending from east to west. The creation of such an axis, combined with a sharp fall in transportation costs will facilitate the access of energy-intensive and water-intensive goods from the Urals and Siberia to the Asian and European markets. The Kaliningrad region is increasingly taking on business facilitating functions, which used to be performed by the Soviet Baltic republics in the past. The region can play a more important role in the formation of Eurasia stretching from Shanghai to St. Petersburg (according to Dmitry Trenin), instead of the Europe from Lisbon to Vladivostok.

北海道開拓期における市街地形成の計画原理

In the Japanese modern times, Meiji and Taisyo period , pioneering business in Hokkaido settled in undeveloped wilds and also produced a city of more than 200 as well as reclamation in a farming ground beyond 1,000,000 ha, in the end of a hardship. "Newly-compiled Hokkaido history" when document historical sources of etc. are reduced to origin, it's possible to assume 6 prototypes of the formation in the city in a pioneering period in Hokkaido. The aim of this study is to search for the planning principle of an urban formation to study about 6 prototypes of the formation in the city in a pioneering period in Hokkaido. In conclusion, I was able to obtain seven following planning principles. 1)The view of land :they made get a bird's-eye view of an area from a hill with a view, and selection of location of the town planned site. 2)The basic axis and basic point :a perspective from a hummock was a criterion of area space forming also a point of intersection on the main street was a cardinal point in a city parcel. 3) The existence of the rural-urban planning :they planned a city as a base of area pioneering and went as a so-called city farm village project in general together with a pioneering settle plan in a city hinterland. 4) The existence of the riverport or railway staion :riverport as the shipping and railway station which were main means of transportation of pioneering were a cardinal point of city formation. 5) The scale of the urban area :the flat land with which a hill, river and a railway line are surrounded is a town planned site, and its scale are spread from (1080m) for 600 kenn~(1,636m) for 900kenn. 6) The hill of a mental foothold in an urban area: there was way to read in feng shui-like land as a river in a hill and the front in the back in an election place by the city, and the shrine which became mental grounds in an area was put in the hills. 7) The grid pattern :grid checkerboard-like considering town division and place name transcription of jou choume are performed in most cities.

Micromagnetic Simulation on the Interelement Coupling of High-Density Patterned Film

In this paper, the magnetic properties of an individual square permalloy (Ni80Fe20) nanoelement at the center of an array with both in-plane shape anisotropy and interelement interaction were investigated by the 3-D object oriented micromagnetic framework. Variation of the interelement coupling was studied by changing the element lateral size ( a ) and interelement spacing ( s ). Magnetic hysteresis loop and dependence of saturation field on s/a ( R ) of the individual element at the center of array indicate that dipolar interaction dominates the magnetic properties of array with small R ( R ≤ 1), whereas at R > 1, the interelement interaction can be ignored, and therefore, the shape anisotropy plays an important role in determining both the strength and the direction of magnetic moments. Moreover, for small R , the global easy axis is along the direction of element edge, and with increasing R , the easy axis appears to gradually turn to the diagonal direction. It is noteworthy that the corresponding conversion points of the easy axis on R decrease from 0.6 to 0.3 as increasing a from 10 to 20 nm, indicating the effect of interelement coupling is weaker in array with a larger element lateral size. The collective magnetic behavior of array is also investigated for comparison.