Axial Ratio Research Articles

Study on the shear mechanism of horizontal joints within UVDR precast shear wall by quasi-static test and finite element analysis

This research introduced a novel precast shear wall designed to address prevalent challenges encountered in precast shear wall structures, such as issues with difficult installation, high expenses, and the uncertain quality of grouting by eliminating the connection of the vertical distributing bars. Early experimental verification of this novel structural system showcased favourable results concerning its seismic performance. Building upon this groundwork, the paper presented an elaborate horizontal joint deformation model, demonstrating its precise analysis of damage modes and interface slip in the novel structural system with high reliability. Furthermore, in an effort to enhance the damage mode of this novel precast shear wall under conditions of low axial compression ratio, the study introduced and evaluated two improvement measures through finite element parametric analysis. The findings indicated a noticeable enhancement in capacity and a simultaneous reduction in interface slip with the proposed improvement measures. Additionally, the section steel measures were more effective than the additional bars measures.

Study on seismic behavior of prefabricated shear wall with pressed cone sleeves (PCSs)

Current prefabricated shear walls predominantly utilize grouting sleeves for connection, whereas an in-depth review and summary of the current state of research have indicated a 26.7 % construction defect rate in these sleeves due to present construction techniques. To solve the problem of defects, this study introduced a novel prefabricated shear wall design using vertical rebars connected via pressed cone sleeves (PCSs). Three reinforced concrete (RC) prefabricated shear walls with different vertical rebars connected and tested under cyclic horizontal load and constant vertical load to study the seismic performance, including cast-in-situ shear wall (specimen SW1), partial sleeve grouting defects shear wall (specimen SW2) and shear wall with vertical rebars connected via PCSs (PCSs-SW, specimen SW3). Key performance indicators such as failure modes, hysteresis curves, shear capacity, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and stress characteristics were evaluated. The results of the tests revealed that SW1 and SW3 failures resulted from a combination of bending moment and shear force, whereas SW2 failure in the area of grout sleeve defects connection. Compared to the specimen SW2, the SW3 owns better shear bearing capacity, ductility, stiffness, energy dissipating capacity and reliable seismic performance. Meanwhile, SW3 and SW1 exhibited the similar seismic performance, can primarily achieve the effect of “equivalent cast-in-situ”. Finite element (FE) model of specimen SW3 were developed by using software ABAQUS, and the precision and utility of FE models verified by testing data. Using proposed FE models, an extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the influencing factors on the seismic performance of precast fabricated RC shear wall, including axial compression ratio, concrete strength, vertical rebar strengths and vertical rebar diameters.

Design of Electrically Small Intraocular Antenna for Retinal Prosthesis System and Its Validation.

This paper presents an ultra-miniaturized circular-shaped triple band microstrip antenna as an intraocular unit applicable for retinal prosthesis. The reported antenna is developed by modifying a conventional circular-shaped patch with a pair of open-ended circular annular rings and a semicircular ring-loaded rectangular stub. Additionally, a shorting pin is used at the periphery of the patch to achieve the frequency bands of interest. Further, to make the structure electrically small and accommodate highly dense electrodes, the circular ground plane is modified by making symmetrical slots over the four quadrants and edges. Specific absorption rate distribution for 1g and 10g of different tissue layers over three operating frequencies has been studied by placing electromagnetic sources at different locations. With these arrangements, the proposed strip antenna offers multiband operation within the frequency band of 1.25 GHz (1.13-1.46 GHz), 2.45 GHz (2.24-2.66 GHz), and 3.32 GHz (3.09-3.50 GHz). Besides, circularly polarized radiation has also been achieved at 1.25 GHz with a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 10 MHz. Finally, the proposed antenna structure is fabricated, and its measured performance metrics are in close aggreement with the simulated parameters. The proposed antenna's performance inside a customized canonical eye model (DMCM) and anthropomorphic Zubal head model is studied and compared with the prior studies.

Design of dual mode antenna using CMA and broadband dual-polarized antenna for 5G networks

This article proposes a dual mode dual-polarized antenna configuration for IRNSS and fifth generation (5G) applications, operating at a frequency of 3.5 GHz based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA), and aims to provide broadband dual-polarized functionality. The original design of the antenna is a traditional patch antenna, and its dual-polarized features are determined using characteristic mode analysis. The full-wave method is used to stimulate both orthogonal modes using a 50 Ω coaxial input line at 3.5 GHz. In this design, the circular patch has been extended into an elliptical patch through a process of mode separation. The circular patch exhibits resonance at a frequency of 2.5 GHz, whereas the extended elliptical radiator demonstrates two resonance modes at 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The operational mechanism is elucidated by modal analysis and characteristic angle. This antenna operates on two different frequencies at the 2.5 GHz IRNSS band with horizontal polarization and the 3.5 GHz 5G service with vertical polarization. The maximum gain achieved with these frequency ranges is 5.31 dBi and 4.72 dBi, respectively. A ring resonator is chosen to improve the axial ratio and impedance bandwidth of the suggested prototype. The antenna's ground plane is shaped like a rectangle and features a V-shaped slot in the radiating patch. The antenna's physical footprint is 50 mm × 50 mm × 1.6 mm and an FR4 dielectric substrate serves as its foundation. Through its interaction with a PIN diode, the diode modifies the polarization of the antenna. The antenna functions as a right-handed circular polarization (RHCP), when the diode is operational. The bandwidth from 4.3 to 7.5 GHz is covered. On the other hand, it generates linear polarization (LP) between 4.2 and 5.3 GHz. The experimental antenna is evaluated and examined for its performance characteristics. The simulations are carried out utilizing the CST simulator. A prototype antenna has been manufactured and its performance has been validated against simulated findings.

A Novel Compact GNSS Antenna with Plasma Frequency Selective Surface

In this study, a plasma frequency selective surface (PFSS) was designed with an array of ordinary fluorescent lamps backed by a conducting plate. The proposed PFSS structure was used as a reflector with the spiral two arms Archimedean type Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antenna to reduce the overall size of the antenna system. Characteristics and the performance of the proposed system were presented by using the results of simulations and experiments in the GNSS band. The optimum distance between antenna and PFSS was found to be around 35 mm to achieve a maximum gain in the simulation which is a lower profile than antenna with conventional conductive plate (66 mm at the GNSS center frequency). Experimental results show that the antenna system has mean values of around 6.7 dBiC gain, 1.27 dB axial ratio and less than -10 dB return loss in the range of 1.14 and 1.61 GHz. All these results show that the proposed novel antenna system is suitable for the reception of the GNSS signals with the advantage of its low profile design.

Nature of the bond in intermetallic compounds

By studying 398 binary compounds crystallizing in five different crystal structures, it is shown that atomic radii of the elements RA and RB change to reach a constant radius ratio rA/rB(≡ϒ) in a cubic system. In systems of lower symmetry, a range of ϒ values, each corresponding to a certain axial ratio, is possible. Accurate charge values on atoms in solids are derived from the experimental internal radii rA and rB, using Shannon’s compilation of radii versus charge states for elements. It is found, for the first time, that charge transfer and radii change reverse their direction at the ϒ point. Electronegativity difference relative to its value at the ϒ point is recognized to correctly predict the charge transfer and radii changes with RA/RB. The deduced electronic structure of solids, based on spherical ions carrying partial charges, confirms that the metallic atom-pair bond is a resonating polar covalent bond. Identification of the number of electrons that contribute to cohesion and electrical conduction individually, allows successful prediction of electrical conductivity variation for transition metals and p-elements in the periodic table. From a knowledge of accurate valence of elements and of charge on the atoms, variation in the 197Au isomer shift of the gold compounds of CsCl type structure is predicted. The charges on atoms computed using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) technique agree with those obtained in our work for compounds belonging to two of the structure types. For compounds belonging to the other three, the charge values obtained by the two methods do not agree. The disagreement correlates to not reckoning the role of the ϒ point. The effect of ϒ point is so fundamental and universal that most physical properties obtained by the secondary processing of primary DFT data, can be influenced by it.

Compact Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Shared-Aperture Antenna for Satellite Communication Systems

A compact dual-band circularly polarized (CP) shared-aperture antenna is proposed for satellite communication. The antenna enables simultaneous dual-band functionality and CP radiation with right-handed CP in the Ku band and left-handed CP (LHCP) in the Ka band. The shared-aperture is implemented by integrating two independent subapertures, which function through frequency-multiplexed, resulting in a minimized profile (0.04 λ 0 ) and reduced complexity, making it an ideal choice for array applications. To enhance inter-frequency isolation, a circular arrangement of metal vias is incorporated. The measured results indicate that the antenna effectively encompasses a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 15.6–16.5 GHz in Ku and 26.5–27.5 GHz in Ka bands. Additionally, it exhibits a broader 10 dB impedance bandwidth (IBW) and superior port isolation bandwidth exceeding 30 dB.

Lesion characteristics are associated with bowel, bladder, and overall independence following cervical spinal cord injury

Context/Objective There is a growing global interest in quantifying spinal cord lesions and spared neural tissue using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between spinal cord lesion characteristics assessed on MRI and bowel, bladder, and overall independence following SCI. Design Retrospective, exploratory study. Participants 93 individuals with cervical SCI who were enrolled in a local United States Model Systems SCI database from 2010 to 2017. Methods Clinical and MRI data were obtained for potential participants, and MRIs of eligible participants were analyzed. Explanatory variables, captured on MRIs, included intramedullary lesion length (IMLL), midsagittal ventral tissue bridge width (VTBW), midsagittal dorsal tissue bridge width (DTBW), and axial damage ratio (ADR). Outcome Measures Bowel and bladder management scale of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and FIM total motor score. Results When accounting for all four variables, only ADR was significantly associated with bowel independence (OR = 0.970, 95% CI: 0.942–0.997, P = 0.030), and both ADR and IMLL were strongly associated with bladder independence (OR = 0.967, 95% CI: 0.936–0.999, P = 0.046 and OR = 0.948, 95% CI: 0.919–0.978, P = 0.0007, respectively). 32% of the variation in overall independence scores were explained by all four predictive variables, but only ADR was significantly associated with overall independence after accounting for all other predictive variables (β = −0.469, 95% CI: −0.719, −0.218, P = 0.0004). Conclusions Our results suggest that the MRI-measured extent of spinal cord lesion may be predictive of bowel, bladder, and overall independence following cervical SCI.

Deep Residual Learning-Based Classification with Identification of Incorrect Predictions and Quantification of Cellularity and Nuclear Morphological Features in Digital Pathological Images of Common Astrocytic Tumors.

Interobserver variations in the pathology of common astrocytic tumors impact diagnosis and subsequent treatment decisions. This study leveraged a residual neural network-50 (ResNet-50) in digital pathological images of diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma to recognize characteristic pathological features and perform classification at the patch and case levels with identification of incorrect predictions. In addition, cellularity and nuclear morphological features, including axis ratio, circularity, entropy, area, irregularity, and perimeter, were quantified via a hybrid task cascade (HTC) framework and compared between different characteristic pathological features with importance weighting. A total of 95 cases, including 15 cases of diffuse astrocytoma, 11 cases of anaplastic astrocytoma, and 69 cases of glioblastoma, were collected in Taiwan Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital from January 2000 to December 2021. The results revealed that an optimized ResNet-50 model could recognize characteristic pathological features at the patch level and assist in diagnosis at the case level with accuracies of 0.916 and 0.846, respectively. Incorrect predictions were mainly due to indistinguishable morphologic overlap between anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma tumor cell area, zones of scant vascular lumen with compact endothelial cells in the glioblastoma microvascular proliferation area mimicking the glioblastoma tumor cell area, and certain regions in diffuse astrocytoma with too low cellularity being misrecognized as the glioblastoma necrosis area. Significant differences were observed in cellularity and each nuclear morphological feature among different characteristic pathological features. Furthermore, using the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm, we found that entropy was the most important feature for classification, followed by cellularity, area, circularity, axis ratio, perimeter, and irregularity. Identifying incorrect predictions provided valuable feedback to machine learning design to further enhance accuracy and reduce errors in classification. Moreover, quantifying cellularity and nuclear morphological features with importance weighting provided the basis for developing an innovative scoring system to achieve objective classification and precision diagnosis among common astrocytic tumors.

Design of a Ku-band broadband circularly polarized magneto-electric dipole antenna for satellite communications

ABSTRACT In this paper, a broadband circularly polarized (CP) antenna array with stable radiation pattern is proposed for satellite communication applications. The antenna array consists of a 2 × 2 planar antenna array and a feeding network. Based on the magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna structure, the electric dipoles are modified, and a pair of shorting pins are introduced to adjust the surface current. The bandwidth problems of circular polarization are effectively improved. Then the 2 × 2 broadband CP antenna array is designed and fabricated. The measured results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 56.3% from 11.1 to 19.79 GHz, and the 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 32.1% from 11.72 to 16.20 GHz. The 3 dB gain bandwidth of 44.2% from 11.10 to 17.40 GHz, and the peak gain is 11.07 dBi. Owing to the above excellent performance, the proposed antenna array can be a candidate for satellite communications.

Seismic performance analysis and control method of composite coupled shear wall with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams

This paper based on the study of steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beam components, designs a basic model of composite coupled shear walls with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams. The seismic performance of this model was numerically simulated using the ABAQUS finite element software, analyzing the stress distribution of various parts and the development pattern of plastic hinges in the structure. It also examines how factors such as axial compression ratio, coupling beam cross-sectional dimensions, single-sided wall limb aspect ratio, and total floor height affect the seismic performance of this type of coupled shear wall, providing a reasonable range for axial compression ratios and coupling ratios for composite coupled shear walls with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams. Based on the obtained reasonable axial compression ratio and coupling ratio, and using the analytical solution of the continuum method, a method for controlling the seismic performance of coupled shear wall structures was proposed. Results show that the composite coupled shear walls with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams exhibit high load-bearing capacity and lateral stiffness under inverted triangular horizontal loads, with good displacement ductility and strong energy dissipation capability, making it an excellent seismic performance coupled shear wall system. As the axial compression ratio increases, the displacement corresponding to the yield point and peak point of the structure gradually decreases, and the displacement ductility coefficient shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing; it is recommended that when designing steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beam-coupled shear walls, the axial compression ratio should not exceed 0.3. Numerical analysis of coupling ratio-related parameters indicates that in high-intensity seismic design areas, the range of coupling ratios should be between 45% and 60%.

Metasurface loaded dual port circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna with reduced RADAR cross section and mutual coupling features

The design of dual port radiator with a polarization diversity technique and reduced radar cross section (RCS) is described in this study. Cross slot is used to stimulate cylindrical ceramic for generating circular polarization features. Mirror orientation of aperture between port-1 and port-2 improves the isolation level by 25 dB. To suppress the antenna’s monostatic RCS, split ring resonator (SRR) based frequency selective surface is positioned between and around the dual ports. Experimental outcomes confirm the designed radiator operates from 4.11–5.24 GHz along with 3-dB axial ratio in between 4.15–4.92 GHz. The value of monostatic RCS is reduced by 15 dBsm in between the operating band. Broadsided radiation characteristics and good value of diversity parameter makes the designed radiator applicable for C-band Radar applications.

Flow-field characteristics of the thermal plume above an elliptical high-temperature heat source surface

The thermal plume formed by the high-temperature elliptical heat source surface during the smelting process is often captured and removed by the local exhaust system. Accurately mastering the flow-field characteristics of such high-temperature elliptical heat plumes is helpful for efficient design of local exhaust systems. In this paper, the effects of the ratio of long and short axes (5/4 ≤ ξ ≤ 5/1) and the intensity of heat source (80 ≤ F ≤ 160 W) on the axial and radial velocity distribution of thermal plume in an elliptical heat source are investigated by numerical simulation combined with experimental validation. The results show that in the range of ξ ≤ 5/1, the axial dimensionless velocity distribution of the elliptical plume field and the spreading range of the plume field are mainly affected by ξ instead of F. For 5/4 ≤ ξ ≤ 5/1, the maximum axial velocity Um appears at 1.7 to 2.7 times Z/L (plume height to heat source long axis ratio). For ξ ≤ 5/2, the height at which the cross-sectional velocity field transitions to a circular distribution aligns with the height of Um. It is found that the plume velocity field is characterized by applying the point source model for ξ ≤ 5/3, and vice versa for the linear source model. The plume flow rate formulation obtained by modifying the linear source model for ξ > 5/3 has a better predictive ability in the Z/L ≤ 5 region. This study provides a reference for the design of ventilation systems for elliptical surface heat sources.

Formation of Superthin Galaxies in IllustrisTNG

Superthin galaxies are observed to have stellar disks with extremely small minor-to-major axis ratios. In this work, we investigate the formation of superthin galaxies in the TNG100 simulation. We trace the merger history and investigate the evolution of galaxy properties of a selected sample of superthin galaxies and a control sample of galaxies that share the same joint probability distribution in the stellar-mass and color diagram. Through making comparisons between the two galaxy samples, we find that present-day superthin galaxies had similar morphologies as the control sample counterparts at higher redshifts, but have developed extended flat “superthin” morphologies since z ∼ 1. During this latter evolution stage, superthin galaxies undergo an overwhelmingly higher frequency of prograde mergers (with orbit-spin angle θ orb ≤ 40°). Accordingly the spins of their dark matter halos have grown significantly and become noticeably higher than those of their normal disk counterparts. This further results in the buildup of their stellar disks at larger distances much beyond the regimes of normal disk galaxies. We also discuss the formation scenario of those superthin galaxies that live in larger dark matter halos as satellite galaxies therein.

A compact dielectric resonator antenna with wideband circular polarization characteristics for C and X‐band applications

AbstractA wideband circularly polarized (CP) stacked rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) is proposed in this article. The 3 dB axial ratio (AR) and 10 dB impedance bandwidth overlap of more than 66% is obtained. For increased bandwidth, the antenna comprises two dielectric resonators separated by an air gap. The upper dielectric layer is rotated at relative to the lower layer to obtain orthogonal modes for CP Both layers have dielectric constant . The rotation aids excitation of orthogonal modes , and in RDRA. The higher‐order modes generate left‐hand circular polarization at frequencies 6.75, 7.8, and 10.7 GHz, respectively. The upper layer consists of three holes giving a 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 66.7% from 6.52 to 11.02 GHz. The CP gain of 8.7, 6.8, and 6.4 dBi for 6.75, 7.8, and 10.7 GHz, respectively, is measured. The conformal orthogonal feeds enable a 72 3 dB AR bandwidth across the entire frequency band. The radiation efficiency is observed above 89 in the entire band (6.5–11 GHz). This work demonstrates a 66.7 overlap of 10 dB impedance and 3 dB AR bandwidth along with high gain in a single design which is suitable for 5G applications in C‐band as well as other X‐band applications.

Properties of Nuclear Star Clusters in Low Surface Brightness Galaxies

Using the Systematically Measuring Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies and Sloan Digital Sky Survey catalogs and our own reprocessing of the Legacy Survey imaging, we investigate the properties of nuclear star clusters (NSCs) in galaxies having central surface brightnesses as low as 27 mag arcsec−2. We identify 273 (123 with known redshift) and 32 NSC-bearing galaxies in the two samples, respectively, where we require candidate NSCs to have a separation of less than 0.10r e from the galaxy center. We find that galaxies with low central surface brightness (μ 0,g > 24 mag arcsec−2) are more likely to contain an NSC if they (1) have a higher stellar mass, (2) have a higher stellar-to-total mass ratio, (3) have a brighter central surface brightness, (4) have a larger axis ratio, or (5) lie in a denser environment. Because of the correlations among these various quantities, it is likely that only one or two are true physical drivers. We also find scaling relations for the NSC mass with stellar mass (M NSC/ M⊙=106.02±0.03(M*,gal/108 M⊙)0.77±0.04 ) and halo mass (M NSC/ M⊙=106.11±0.05(Mh,gal/1010 M⊙)0.92±0.05 ), although it is the scaling with halo mass that is consistent with a direct proportionality. In galaxies with an NSC, M NSC ≈ 10−4 M h,gal. This proportionality echoes the finding of a direct proportionality between the mass (or number) of globular clusters (GCs) in galaxies and the galaxy’s total mass. These findings favor a related origin for GCs and NSCs.

Free-floating Planets, Survivor Planets, Captured Planets, and Binary Planets from Stellar Flybys

In star clusters, close stellar encounters can strongly impact the architecture of a planetary system or even destroy it. We present a systematic study of the effects of stellar flybys on two-planet systems. When such a system experiences flybys, one or both planets can be ejected, forming free-floating planets (FFPs), captured planets (CPs) around the flyby star, and free-floating binary planets (BPs); the remaining single-surviving planets (SSPs) can have their orbital radii and eccentricities greatly changed. Through numerical experiments, we calculate the formation fractions (or branching ratios) of FFPs, SSPs, CPs, and BPs as a function of the pericenter distance of the flyby, and use them to derive analytical expressions for the formation rates of FFPs, SSPs, CPs and BPs in general cluster environments. We find that the production rates of FFPs and SSPs are similar (for the initial planet semimajor axis ratio a 1/a 2 = 0.6–0.8), while the rate for CPs is a few times smaller. The formation fraction of BPs depends strongly on a 1/a 2 and on the planet masses. For Jupiter-mass planets, the formation fraction of BPs is always less than 1% (for a 1/a 2 = 0.8) and typically much smaller (≲0.2% for a 1/a 2 ≲ 0.7). The fraction remains less than 1% when considering 4M J planets. Overall, when averaging over all flybys, the production rate of BPs is less than 0.1% of that of FFPs. We also derive the velocity distribution of FFPs produced by stellar flybys, and the orbital parameter distributions of SSPs, CPs, and BPs. These results can be used in future studies of exotic planets (including FFPs) and planetary systems.

An elliptical dual-band antenna with crescent slot for 5G mmWave applications

Abstract This paper proposes a new elliptical dual-band antenna with a crescent slot with the advantages of compactness, lightweightness, low cost, and easy installation for 5G mmWave applications. The radiating element is obtained by Boolean manipulation of three ellipses of unequal length to short axis ratio, the resulting crescent slot defining its dual-band characteristics. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 23.8—31.6 GHz at 28 GHz and a bandwidth range of 36.8—40.6 GHz at 38 GHz are achieved, completely covering the currently applicable n257, n258, n260 and n261 mmWave bands and filtering out the unlicensed 31—36 GHz band. Dimensions of the single element are 10 mm by 7 mm. In addition, to reduce the interference caused by atmospheric attenuation, a conventional feeder network is combined with the designed antenna element to form a 1 × 4 line array to improve the gain. The antenna array with total dimensions of 20 × 25 mm2 is modeled in 0.254 mm thick Rogers 5880 substrate. As a result of the array configuration, 10.4 dBi gain and a 95% radiation efficiency are achieved in the 28 GHz band. Meanwhile, at the 38GHz band, the gain is 10.4 dBi and the radiation efficiency is 95%. The proposed antenna meets the 5G communication requirements well and can be a better candidate in the mmWave band range.

Numerical investigation of elliptical trailing edge on cascade loss of transonic turbine airfoils

Abstract The shape and thickness of the trailing edge are important factors in the supersonic loss in transonic cascades. To investigate the influence of trailing edge shape, a prismatic turbine cascade and a three-dimensional cascade with an elliptic trailing edge were analyzed with numerical simulation by changing different elliptic axis ratios ER. It was indicated that the shock wave and its mixing with the wake were the important sources of loss in the transonic prismatic cascade. With the increase of exit Mach number, shock waves are generated rapidly and migrate downstream, and the shock loss and the total loss of the prismatic cascade are both accrescent. Increasing the elliptical axis ratio could weaken shock waves and delay shock waves. In the loss state region 3, the cascade loss of the ER3 blade is reduced by 8% compared with the round trailing edge cascade. As the elliptical axis ratio of the three-dimensional cascade is increasing, the profile loss and secondary loss are reduced. However, an excessive elliptical axis ratio could lead to an increase in tip leakage loss. Within the range of ER values from 0 to 3, the total loss of the transonic three-dimensional cascade reached minimization when ER was 3.0.

An Update to The Demagnetizing Factor Dataset Calculated for The General Ellipsoid by Osborn

The exact formulae for calculating the demagnetizing factors of a general ellipsoid along the three main axes a ≥ b ≥ c have been long known. According to these formulae, the demagnetizing factors depend only on the axial ratios b/a and c/a. Although the calculation of the demagnetizing factors is a straightforward task, the calculation itself is not a simple one. Therefore, tabular and graphical representations of these demagnetizing factor data have also been presented which can then be used for approximating the demagnetizing factors of a rectangular ferromagnetic slab with the same axial ratios. It turned out in our recent study, however, that, in some ranges of axial ratios (e.g., for very small c/a values), the available tables and graphs do not provide sufficient resolution for obtaining the demagnetizing factors with reasonable accuracy. It was decided to calculate these missing values, and they are presented here in both tabular and graphical form by giving instructions for how to obtain conveniently further interpolated data. In addition, the previous and current demagnetizing factor data have been replotted and fitted to a polynomial function with high accuracy. The functional form of these fitting polynomials is presented in a table for the whole range of the axial ratios b/a and c/a. By graphically displaying these functions, one can obtain, in a relatively simple manner, the demagnetizing factors of a general ellipsoid with known axial ratios without the need to directly calculate through the exact formulae. This may be helpful in obtaining a quick estimate for the demagnetizing factors of any rectangular ferromagnetic slab of interest.