Axial EPR Spectrum Research Articles

Well isolated copper(II) pyrazine-bridged chains: synthesis and magneto-structural analysis of 2-halo-4-pyridone perchlorate complexes

Two new coordination polymers, [Cu(pz)(L)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (L = 2-Cl- (1) or 2-Br-4-pyridone (2); pz = pyrazine), have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, EPR and variable temperature magnetic measurements. Both compounds crystallize as well isolated pyrazine-bridged chains with the heterocyclic ligands in the pyridone tautomer and coordinated via the oxygen atom. The Cu ions possess Jahn-Teller elongated octahedral geometries with the Jahn-Teller axis along the Cu-O axis. The water molecules in 2 are inequivalent with one molecule semi-coordinate (dCu… O = 3.225(6) Å) at an occupancy of 0.72. Both compounds exhibited axial powder EPR spectra, as expected. Variable temperature magnetic measurements are well fit by the uniform chain Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model with J = −10.74(4) K (1) or = −10.64(2) K (2). Comparison with the known 3-halo-4-pyridone compounds suggests an inverse relationship between the Cu-pz-Cu distance and the strength of the magnetic exchange.

Reduction of Rare-Earth Metal Complexes Induced by γ Irradiation.

The utility of γ irradiation for generating unstable, low oxidation state molecular species containing rare-earth metal ions in frozen solution has been examined. The method was evaluated by irradiating Ln(III) precursors (Ln = Sc, Y, and La) in a solid matrix of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K with a 700 keV 137Cs source to generate free electrons capable of reducing the Ln(III) species. These experiments yielded EPR and UV-visible spectroscopic data that matched those of the known Ln(II) species [(C5H4SiMe3)3YII]1-, [(C5H4SiMe3)3LaII]1-, and {ScII[N(SiMe3)2]3}1-. Irradiation of the La(III) complex LaIII[N(SiMe3)2]3 by this method gave EPR and UV-visible absorption spectra consistent with {LaII[N(SiMe3)2]3}1-, a species that had previously eluded preparation by chemical reduction. Specifically, the irradiation product exhibited an axial EPR spectrum split into eight lines by the I = 7/2 139La nucleus (g⊥ = 1.98, g|| = 2.06, Aave = 519.1 G). The UV-visible absorption spectrum contains broad bands centered at 390 and 670 nm that are consistent with a La(II) ion in a trigonal ligand environment based on time-dependent density functional theory which qualitatively reproduces the observed spectrum. Additionally, the rate of formation of the [(C5H4SiMe3)3YII]1- species during the irradiation of (C5H4SiMe3)3YIII was monitored by measuring the concentration via UV-visible spectroscopy over time to provide data on the rate at which a molecular species is reduced in a glass via γ irradiation.

A Rare Low‐Spin CoIV Bis(β‐silyldiamide) with High Thermal Stability: Steric Enforcement of a Doublet Configuration

Attempted preparation of a chelated CoII β‐silylamide resulted in the unprecedented disproportionation to Co0 and a spirocyclic cobalt(IV) bis(β‐silyldiamide): [Co[(NtBu)2SiMe2]2] (1). Compound 1 exhibited a room‐temperature magnetic moment of 1.8 B.M. and a solid‐state axial EPR spectrum diagnostic of a rare S=1/2 configuration for tetrahedral CoIV. Ab initio semicanonical coupled‐cluster calculations (DLPNO‐CCSD(T)) revealed the doublet state was clearly preferred (−27 kcal mol−1) over higher spin configurations only for the bulky tert‐butyl‐substituted analogue. Unlike other CoIV complexes, 1 had remarkable thermal stability, and was demonstrated to form a stable self‐limiting monolayer in preliminary atomic layer deposition (ALD) surface saturation experiments. The ease of synthesis and high stability make 1 an attractive starting point to investigate otherwise inaccessible CoIV intermediates and for synthesizing new materials.

Non-covalent DNA binding, protein interaction, DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity of [Cu(quamol)Cl]·H2O

A copper(II) complex [CuII(quamol)Cl]·H2O, where H(quamol) is N-2-(quinolyl-methylidene)aminophenol, has been isolated. The solution structure of the complex has been assessed to be distorted square-planar. The complex displays a ligand field band in the visible region (608nm) and also show axial EPR spectrum in DMF at 77K with g||>g⊥ indicating a dx2-y2 ground state. The g|| and A|| values of 2.265 and 153×10−4cm−1, respectively, conform to a square-based CuN2OCl chromophore. The interaction of the complex with calf thymus (CT) DNA has been explored by using absorption (Kb=2.48×105M−1), emission (Kapp=7.72×104M−1) and circular dichroic (CD) spectral measurements, which reveals that a complex interacts strongly with DNA through partial intercalation. The electrochemical studies indicate that Cu(II) binds to DNA more strongly than Cu(I). It cleaves ϕX174 supercoiled phage DNA in the presence of ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. Meanwhile, the interaction of the complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) indicates that the complex can markedly quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA via a static quenching process and cause its conformational change. Interestingly, the observed IC50 values for the cell lines EVSA-T (breast cancer) and M19 MEL (melanoma) are in the range of those observed with cisplatin while M19 MEL cancer cell line, complex is more active than 5-fluorouracil. The complex is non-toxic to healthy cells.

Synthesis and reductive chemistry of bimetallic and trimetallic rare-earth metallocene hydrides with (C5H4SiMe3)1− ligands

The reductive chemistry of [Cp'2Ln(μ–H)(THF)x]y [Ln = Y, Dy, Tb; Cp' = (C5H4SiMe3)1−; x = 2, 0 and y = 2, 3] was examined to determine if these hydrides would be viable precursors for 4fn5d1 Ln2+ ions that could form 5d1-5d1 metal–metal bonded complexes. The hydrides were prepared by reaction of the chlorides, [Cp'2Ln(μ–Cl)]2, 1-Ln, with allylmagnesium chloride to form the allyl complexes, [Cp'2Y(η3–C3H5)(THF)], 2-Ln, which were hydrogenolyzed. The solvent-free reaction of solid 2-Ln with 60 psi of H2 gas in a Fischer-Porter apparatus produced, in the Y case, the trimetallic species, [Cp'2Y(μ–H)]3, 3-Y, and in the Dy and Tb cases, the bimetallic complexes [Cp'2Ln(μ–H)(THF)]2, 4-Ln (Ln = Dy, Tb). The latter complexes could be converted to 3-Dy and 3-Tb by heating under vacuum. Isopiestic data indicate that 3-Y solvates to 4-Y in THF. Reductions of 4-Y, 4-Dy, and 4-Tb with KC8 in the presence of a chelate such as 2.2.2-cryptand or 18-crown-6 all gave reaction products with intense dark colors characteristic of Ln2+ ions. In the yttrium case, with either chelating agent, the dark green product gives a rhombic EPR spectrum (g1 = 2.01, g2 = 1.99, g3 = 1.98, A = 24.1 G) at 77 K. However, the only crystallographically-characterizable products obtainable from these solutions were Ln3+ polyhydride anion complexes of composition, [K(chelate)]{[Cp'2Ln(μ–H)]3(μ–H)}. Reduction of 1-Y with KC8 in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand also yields an intensely colored product with an axial EPR spectrum (gx = gy = 2.05, Ax = Ay = 35.5 G; gz = 2.07, Az = 34.5) similar to that of (Cp'3Y)1− ion, but crystals were not obtained from this system.

Role of Mediator and Effects of Temperature on ortho-C-N Bond Fusion Reactions of Aniline Using Ruthenium Templates: Isolation and Characterization of New Ruthenium Complexes of the in-Situ-Generated Ligands.

In this work, ortho-C-N bond fusion reactions of aniline are followed by the use of two different ruthenium mediators. Reaction of aniline with [RuIII(terpy)Cl3] (terpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) resulted in a trans bis-aniline ruthenium(II) complex [1]+ which upon oxidation with H2O2 produced compound [2]+ of a bidentate ligand, N-phenyl-1,2-benzoquinonediimine, due to an oxidative ortho-C-N bond fusion reaction. Complex [1]+ and aniline (neat) at 185 °C produced a bis-chelated ruthenium complex (3). A previously reported complex [RuII(N-phenyl-1,2-benzoquinonediimine)(aniline)2(Cl)2] (5) undergoes similar oxidation by air at 185 °C to produce complex [3]. A separate chemical reaction between aniline and strongly oxidizing tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate [(n-pr)4N]+[RuO4]- in air produced a ruthenium complex [4] of a N4-tetraamidophenylmacrocycle ligand via multiple ortho-C-N bond fusion reaction. Notably, the yield of this product is low (5%) at 100 °C but increases to 25% in refluxing aniline. All these complexes are characterized fully by their physicochemical characterizations and X-ray structure determination. From their structural parameters and other spectroscopic studies, complex [2]+ is assigned as [RuII(terpy)(N-phenyl-1,2-benzoquinonediimine)(Cl)]+ whereas complex [4] is described as a ruthenium(VI) complex comprised of a reduced deprotonated N-phenyl-1,2-diamidobenzene and N4-tetraamidophenylmacrocyclic ligand. Complex [2]+ exhibits one reversible oxidation at 1.32 V and one reversible reduction at -0.75 V vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode. EPR of the electrogenerated complexes has revealed that the oxidized complex is a ruthenium(III) complex with an axial EPR spectrum at gav= 2.06. The reduced complex [2], on the other hand, shows a single-line EPR signal at gav= 1.998. In contrast, complex [4] shows two successive one-electron oxidation waves at 0.5 and 0.8 V and an irreversible reduction wave at -0.9 V. EPR studies of the oxidized complexes [4]+ and [4]2+ reveal that oxidations are ligand centered. DFT calculations were employed to elucidate the electronic structures as well as the redox processes associated with the above complexes. Aerial ortho-C-N bond fusion reactions of aniline using two different mediators, viz. [RuIII(terpy)Cl3] and [(n-pr)4N]+[RuO4]-, have been followed. It is found that in the case of oxidizable Ru(III) mediator complex, C-N bond fusion is limited only to dimerization reaction whereas the high-valent Ru(VII) salt mediates multiple C-N bond fusion reactions leading to the formation of a novel tetradentate N4-tetraamidophenylmacrocyclic ligand. Valence ambiguity in the complexes of the resultant redox-active ligands is scrutinized.

A wine red copper(II) complex of a tetradentate nitrogen donor showing two-electron oxidation. Generation of a copper(II)-phosphine bond

Using the 1 : 2 condensate of benzil and 2-hydrazinopyridine as the ligand LH2 (H: dissociable NH proton), the red complex Cu(LH2)(ClO4)2 (1) was synthesized. The ligand also afforded the orange [Zn(LH2)(OH2)2](ClO4)2 (2). The X-ray crystal structures of the ligand, 1 and 2 have been determined. The metals in 1 and 2 have octahedral N4O2 environments. 1 is paramagnetic with μeff of one unpaired electron (1.63 μB and displays an axial EPR spectrum in the solid state with <g> = 2.07, characteristic of a (dx2−y2)1 ground state (g|| > g⊥; A|| = 16 mT). In cyclic voltammetry, 1 displays a two-electron oxidation around 0.9 V versus NHE. The two-electron oxidized (coulometrically) solution of 1 (golden yellow) gives an EPR spectrum with <g> = 2.17 and g|| < g⊥. The reaction of PPh3 with 1 yields the orange complex [Cu(LH2)(PPh3)](ClO4)2 (4). With the assumed chemical formula, the effective magnetization of 4 corresponds to one electron. Its EPR spectrum in the solid state is isotropic with g = 2.07. This g value yields a theoretical μeff of 1.80 μB at 298 K from Curie’s law, which matches very well with the experimental value of 1.89 μB at room temperature. Since single crystals of 4 could not be obtained, DFT calculations at the UBP86/6–311G(2d,p) level have been carried out and indicate that the cation in 4 is square pyramidal with the phosphine at the apex. The ease of the oxidation of the metal in 1 leads to the stabilization of the rare Cu(II)-P bond in 4.

Activation of C–Cl by ground-state aluminum atoms: an EPR and DFT investigation

The reaction of ground-state Al atoms with dichloromethane (CH(2)Cl(2)) in an adamantane matrix at 77 K yielded two mononuclear Al species. The magnetic parameters, extracted from the axial EPR spectrum of Species A/A' (g(1) = 2.0037, g(2) = g(3) = 2.0030, a(Al,1) = 1307 MHz, a(Al,2) = a(Al,3) = 1273 MHz, a(35Cl) = 34 MHz and a(37Cl) = 28 MHz) were assigned to the Al-atom insertion product, ClCH(2)AlCl. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the values of the Al and Cl hyperfine interaction (hfi) of the Cl(1)-Cl(2)gauche conformer were in close agreement with the experimental values of ClCH(2)AlCl. The second species, B/B', had identical magnetic parameters to those of ClCH(2)AlCl with the exception that the Al hfi was 15% smaller. Coordination of a ligand, possessing a lone pair of electrons, to the Al atom of the insertion product, [ClCH(2)AlCl]:X, could cause the a(Al) to decrease by 15%. Alternatively, it is possible that the Cl(1)-Cl(2) anti conformer of ClCH(2)AlCl is also isolated in the matrix. Support for the spectral assignments is given by calculation of the nuclear hfi of [ClCH(2)AlCl]:H(2)O and the Cl(1)-Cl(2) anti conformer of ClCH(2)AlCl using a DFT method. The potential energy hypersurface for an Al atom approaching CH(2)Cl(2), calculated at the B3LYP level, suggests that Al atom abstraction of Cl forming AlCl and CH(2)Cl is favoured in the gas phase. When produced in a matrix, the close proximity of AlCl and CH(2)Cl could account for the formation of ClCH(2)AlCl. EPR evidence was also found for the formation of the CHCl(2) radical.

Copper complexes of tripodal κ6N-donor ligands: A structural, EPR spectroscopic and electrochemical study

A new tris(pyridylhydrazonyl)methane ligand, HC[N(Me)NC(H)Py]3 (L2) (Py=pyridyl), has been synthesized. The latter is accessible from triethyl orthoformate and 2-(2-methylhydrazono)methylpyridine in 63% isolated yield. We have investigated its coordination chemistry towards copper ions and compared the results with those obtained for the recently developed multifunctional ligand, (S)P[N(Me)NC(H)Py]3 (L1). The copper(II) complexes [Cu(L1)](OTf)2 (3) and [Cu(L2)](OTf)2 (4) (OTf=triflate, (O3SCF3)−) are mononuclear with the cations coordinated by three imino and three pyridine nitrogen atoms. Almost axial symmetric EPR spectra have been obtained in frozen solutions at X-band. The spectra show resolved hyperfine couplings to the copper nuclei on one of the three g values. X-ray structural analyses revealed in each case a cis bond distortion and a trigonal twist due to Jahn–Teller effects. The CuII/CuI reduction potentials of 3 and 4 were shown to be remarkably low (E1/20=−0.11V for 3; E1/20=−0.34V for 4), especially for 3 consisting of the phosphorus supported ligand L1. The corresponding copper(I) complexes [Cu(L1)](OTf) (5) and [Cu(L2)](OTf) (6) are accessible by reduction using decamethyl ferrocene. Both copper(I) complexes have been characterized in detail including X-ray structure analyses.

Homoleptic copper(II) and copper(I) complexes of 5,6-dihydro-5,6-epoxy-1,10-phenanthroline. Six-coordinate copper(I) in solution

Reaction of 5,6-dihydro-5,6-epoxy-1,10-phenanthroline (L) with Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O in methanol in 3:1M ratio at room temperature yields light green [CuL3](ClO4)2·H2O (1). The X-ray crystal structure of the hemi acetonitrile solvate [CuL3](ClO4)2·0.5CH3CN has been determined which shows Jahn–Teller distortion in the CuN6 core present in the cation [CuL3]2+. Complex 1 gives an axial EPR spectrum in acetonitrile–toluene glass with g||=2.262 (A||=169×10−4cm−1) and g⊥=2.069. The Cu(II/I) potential in 1 in CH2Cl2 at a glassy carbon electrode is 0.32V versus NHE. This potential does not change with the addition of extra L in the medium implicating generation of a six-coordinate copper(I) species [CuL3]+ in solution. B3LYP/LanL2DZ calculations show that the six Cu–N bond distances in [CuL3]+ are 2.33, 2.25, 2.32, 2.25, 2.28 and 2.25Å while the ideal Cu(I)–N bond length in a symmetric Cu(I)N6 moiety is estimated as 2.25Å. Reaction of L with Cu(CH3CN)4ClO4 in dehydrated methanol at room temperature even in 4:1M proportion yields [CuL2]ClO4 (2). Its 1H NMR spectrum indicates that the metal in [CuL2]+ is tetrahedral. The Cu(II/I) potential in 2 is found to be 0.68V versus NHE in CH2Cl2 at a glassy carbon electrode. In presence of excess L, 2 yields the cyclic voltammogram of 1. From 1H NMR titration, the free energy of binding of L to [CuL2]+ to produce [CuL3]+ in CD2Cl2 at 298K is estimated as −11.7 (±0.2)kJmol−1.

Roles of the Distinct Electronic Structures of the {Fe(NO)2}9 and {Fe(NO)2}10 Dinitrosyliron Complexes in Modulating Nitrite Binding Modes and Nitrite Activation Pathways

Nitrosylation of [PPN](2)[(ONO)(2)Fe(eta(2)-ONO)(2)] [1; PPN = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium] yields the nitrite-containing {Fe(NO)}(7) mononitrosyliron complex (MNIC) [PPN](2)[(NO)Fe(ONO)(3)(eta(2)-ONO)] (2). At 4 K, complex 2 exhibits an S = (3)/(2) axial EPR spectrum with principal g values of g( perpendicular) = 3.971 and g( parallel) = 2.000, suggestive of the {Fe(III)(NO(-))}(7) electronic structure. Addition of 1 equiv of PPh(3) to complex 2 triggers O-atom transfer of the chelating nitrito ligand under mild conditions to yield the {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) dinitrosyliron complex (DNIC) [PPN][(ONO)(2)Fe(NO)(2)] (3). These results demonstrate that both electronic structure [{Fe(III)(NO(-))}(7), S = (3)/(2)] and redox-active ligands ([RS](-) for [(RS)(3)Fe(NO)](-) and [NO(-)] for complex 2) are required for the transformation of {Fe(NO)}(7) MNICs into {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) DNICs. In comparison with the PPh(3)-triggered O-atom abstraction of the chelating nitrito ligand of the {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) DNIC [(1-MeIm)(2)(eta(2)-ONO)Fe(NO)(2)] (5; 1-MeIm = 1-methylimidazole) to generate the {Fe(NO)(2)}(10) DNIC [(1-MeIm)(PPh(3))Fe(NO)(2)] (6), glacial acetic acid protonation of the N-bound nitro ligand in the {Fe(NO)(2)}(10) DNIC [PPN][(eta(1)-NO(2))(PPh(3))Fe(NO)(2)] (7) produced the {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) DNIC [PPN][(OAc)(2)Fe(NO)(2)] (8), nitric oxide, and H(2)O. These results demonstrate that the distinct electronic structures of {Fe(NO)(2)}(9/10) motifs [{Fe(NO)(2)}(9) vs {Fe(NO)(2)}(10)] play crucial roles in modulating nitrite binding modes (O-bound chelating/monodentate nitrito for {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) DNICs vs N-bound nitro as a pi acceptor for {Fe(NO)(2)}(10) DNICs) and regulating nitrite activation pathways (O-atom abstraction by PPh(3) leading to the intermediate with a nitroxyl-coordinated ligand vs protonation accompanied by dehydration leading to the intermediate with a nitrosonium-coordinated ligand). That is, the redox shuttling between the {Fe(NO)(2)}(9) and {Fe(NO)(2)}(10) DNICs modulates the nitrite binding modes and then triggers nitrite activation to generate nitric oxide.

Generation and Properties of CoI/NiI Species Stabilized by a Tetradentate Pyridylpyrazole Ligand: Crystal Structures of Dialkyl‐CoIII Complexes

AbstractMononuclear CoII and NiII complexes [(L1)CoII(H2O)2][ClO4]2 (1) and [(L1)NiII(MeCN)2][BPh4]2 (3) (L1 = 2,2′‐[propane‐1,3‐diylbis(1H‐pyrazole‐1,3‐diyl)]dipyridine) display a quasireversible MII/MI redox process (E1/2 = –0.96 V vs. SCE, ΔEp = 110 mV for 1; E1/2 = –0.71 V vs. SCE, ΔEp = 90 mV for 3). The dinuclear CoII complex [(L1)2CoII2(μ‐O2CMe)2][BPh4]2 (2) displays a quasireversible reductive response (E1/2 = –1.46 V vs. SCE, ΔEp = 120 mV), supposedly due to CoII2/CoI2 redox process. For these complexes chemical (NaBH4) and electrochemical reduction generate CoI and NiI species. The existence of dark purple NiI species has been authenticated by its UV/Vis spectral feature (crystal‐field transition at 901 nm and metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer transition at 537 nm) and axial EPR spectrum (g∥ = 2.27 and g⟂ = 2.08). Dark greenish blue/bright green CoI species were characterized by absorption spectroscopy. Reaction of chemically generated CoI species with CH3I resulted in the formation of dimethyl‐CoIII complexes. Notably, CoI species generated from monomeric complex 1 led to the formation of two products: a mononuclear complex [(L1)CoIII(CH3)2][ClO4] (4) (minor) and a dinuclear complex [(L1)2CoIII2(CH3)4][ClO4]2 (5) (major). In contrast, when the dimeric complex 2 was reduced with NaBH4 and reacted with CH3I the monomeric complex [(L1)CoIII(CH3)2][BPh4] (6) was isolated in reasonable yield. All three organometallic dialkyl‐CoIII complexes 4–6 have been characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)

Characterization of the Nitrosyl Adduct of Substrate-Bound Mouse Cysteine Dioxygenase by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Electronic Structure of the Active Site and Mechanistic Implications

Mammalian cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a non-heme iron metalloenzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in oxidative cysteine catabolism. The active site coordination of CDO comprises a mononuclear iron ligated by the Nepsilon atoms of three protein-derived histidines, thus representing a new variant on the 2-histidine-1-carboxylate (2H1C) facial triad motif. Nitric oxide was used as a spectroscopic probe in investigating the order of substrate-O2 binding by EPR spectroscopy. In these experiments, CDO exhibits an ordered binding of l-cysteine prior to NO (and presumably O2) similar to that observed for the 2H1C class of non-heme iron enzymes. Moreover, the CDO active site is essentially unreactive toward NO in the absence of substrate, suggesting an obligate ordered binding of l-cysteine prior to NO. Typically, addition of NO to a mononuclear non-heme iron center results in the formation of an {FeNO}7 (S = 3/2) species characterized by an axial EPR spectrum with gx, gy, and gz values of approximately 4, approximately 4, and approximately 2, respectively. However, upon addition of NO to CDO in the presence of substrate l-cysteine, a low-spin {FeNO}7 (S = 1/2) signal that accounts for approximately 85% of the iron within the enzyme develops. Similar {FeNO}7 (S = 1/2) EPR signals have been observed for a variety of octahedral mononuclear iron-nitrosyl synthetic complexes; however, this type of iron-nitrosyl species is not commonly observed for non-heme iron enzymes. Substitution of l-cysteine with isosteric substrate analogues cysteamine, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and propane thiol did not produce any analogous {FeNO}7 signals (S = 1/2 or 3/2), thus reflecting the high substrate specificity of the enzyme observed by a number of researchers. The unusual {FeNO}7 (S = 1/2) electronic configuration adopted by the substrate-bound iron-nitrosyl CDO (termed {ES-NO}7) is a result of the bidentate thiol/amine coordination of l-cysteine in the NO-bound CDO active site. DFT computations were performed to further characterize this species. The DFT-predicted geometric parameters for {ES-NO}7 are in good agreement with the crystallographically determined substrate-bound active site configuration of CDO and are consistent with known iron-nitrosyl model complexes. Moreover, the computed EPR parameters (g and A values) are in excellent agreement with experimental results for this CDO species and those obtained from comparable synthetic {FeNO}7 (S = 1/2) iron-nitrosyl complexes.

Novel multi-spin-state linear hexanickel complexes [formula omitted] and their singly oxidized products [formula omitted] with 1,8-naphthyridine-based ligands: Tuning the redox properties of the metal string

The new ligand, 2,7-bis(α-pyrimidylamino)-1,8-naphthyridine (H 2bpmany), was prepared by the reaction of 2,7-dichloro-1,8-naphthyridine with 2-aminopyrimidine in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide under palladium-catalyzed conditions. The linear hexanickel Ni 6 11 + complexes [Ni 6(μ 6-bpmany) 4X 2]Cl (X = Cl ( 1); X = NCS ( 2)) and their singly oxidized products [Ni 6(μ 6-bpmany) 4X 2](BF 4) 2 (X = Cl ( 3); X = NCS ( 4)) have been synthesized, and compounds 1, 2 and 4 have been crystallographically characterized. The crystal structures of the Ni 6 11 + complexes show remarkably short Ni–Ni distances (ca. 2.22 Å), clearly indicative of partial metal–metal bonding in the mixed-valence Ni 2 3 + unit. This is also verified by the axial X-band EPR spectra of the complexes in solution. Magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal that the Ni 6 11 + complexes exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions ( J = −47 cm −1) between the terminal Ni 2+ ion and the central Ni 2 3 + unit, and the Ni 6 12 + complexes exhibit weak antiferromagnetic interactions ( J = −5 cm −1) between the two terminal Ni 2+ ions. The cyclic voltammograms display three reversible redox waves at E (1) 1/2 = +0.87, E (2) 1/2 = −0.02 and E (3) 1/2 = −0.46 V for 1, and E (1) 1/2 = +0.96, E (2) 1/2 = −0.01, and E (3) 1/2 = −0.41 V for 2. The relatively low potentials of E (2) 1/2 suggest that the Ni 6 11 + complexes can be easily converted to their Ni 6 12 + forms.

Metal−Metal Bonding in Mixed Valence Ni25+ Complexes and Spectroscopic Evidence for a Ni26+ Species

Dinickel(II) complexes of the ligands N,N'-di-p-anisylformamidinate (DAniF) and N,N',N''-triphenylguanidinate (TPG) have been synthesized and crystallographically characterized, along with their one-electron-oxidized analogues. In both systems, the Ni-Ni distances become shorter by approximately 0.1 A upon oxidation, in accord with the proposal that the resulting Ni2(5+) complexes are appropriately described as having one electron removed from a metal-based sigma orbital and an overall Ni-Ni bond order of 1/2. Although conventional DFT calculations on the model compounds Ni2(HNCHNH)4 and [Ni2(HNCHNH)4]+ appear to predict that the lowest energy state of the latter species would have one unpaired electron in an essentially ligand-based orbital. A single-point calculation of Ni2(DAniF)4 employing the geometry of its crystal structure with the full ligand included reveals a reversal of the previously predicted order of the HOMO and HOMO-1, and suggests that the unpaired electron in [Ni2(DAniF)4]+ is in a metal-based orbital of sigma symmetry. This is verified by the axial EPR spectrum of the compound in solution. The compound Ni2(DAniF)4 shows an unexpectedly rich cyclic voltammogram with four stepwise reversible oxidation waves. Coulometric experiments show that the doubly oxidized species has a significant lifetime at -25 degrees C, and by spectroelectrochemistry, its UV-vis spectrum was recorded. We propose that this species contains a Ni2(6+) core with a single Ni-Ni sigma bond.

Some ternary complexes of oxovanadium(IV) with acetylacetone and N-(2-pyridyl)- N′-(salicylidene)hydrazine and its derivatives

The reactions of one equivalent each of [VO(acac) 2] and N-(2-pyridyl)- N′-(5-R-salicylidene)hydrazines (HphsalR) (derived from 2-hydrazinopyridine and 5-substituted salicylaldehydes) in boiling acetonitrile under aerobic conditions provide ternary complexes of oxovanadium(IV) having the general formula [VO(phsalR)(acac)]. The complexes have been characterized by analytical, magnetic and spectroscopic measurements. The structures of two representative complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. In each structure, the metal centre is in a distorted octahedral N 2O 4 coordination sphere. The tridentate phsalR − coordinates the metal ion via the pyridine-N, the imine-N and the phenolate-O atoms in a meridional fashion. The remaining three coordinations sites are occupied by the bidentate O,O-donor acetylacetonate (acac −) and the oxo group. In the crystal lattice, the molecules of each of the two complexes assemble to form one-dimensional supramolecular structure via intermolecular N–H⋯O V hydrogen bond interaction. Electronic spectra collected using dimethylsulfoxide solutions of the complexes display a weak absorption within 643–720 nm due to d–d transition and some strong absorptions in the range 510–262 nm due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer and ligand centred transitions. The room temperature (298 K) effective magnetic moments of the complexes in the solid state are consistent with an S = 1/2 ground state of the metal ion in each complex. All the complexes display axial EPR spectra with well-resolved 51V hyperfine structure characteristic of an axially compressed octahedral coordination geometry around the metal centre.

Effect of 2-(2-Pyridyl)azole-Based Ancillary Ligands (L1-4) on the Electrophilicity of the Nitrosyl Function in [RuII(trpy)(L1-4)(NO)]3+ [trpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-Terpyridine]. Synthesis, Structures, and Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Kinetic Aspects

Ruthenium nitrosyl complexes [Ru(trpy)(L(1-4))(NO)](3+) (13-16) [trpy = 2,2':6',2' '-terpyridine, L(1) = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzoxazole, L(2) = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzthiazole, L(3) = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, L(4) = 1-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)-1H-benzimidazole] were obtained in a stepwise manner starting from [Ru(II)(trpy)(L(1-4))(Cl)]ClO(4) (1-4) -->[Ru(II)(trpy)(L(1-4))(H(2)O)](ClO(4))(2) (5-8) --> [Ru(II)(trpy)(L(1-4)) (NO(2))]ClO(4) (9-12) --> [Ru(II)(trpy)(L(1,2,4))(NO)](ClO(4))(3) (13, 14, 16)/[Ru(II)(trpy)(L(3))(NO)](ClO(4))(2)(NO(3)) (15). Crystal structures of 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, and 16 established the stereoretentive nature of the transformation processes. Though the complexes of L(1), L(3), and L(4) were isolated in the isomeric form A (pi-acceptor trpy and azole ring in the equatorial plane and the pyridine and chloride donors in the axial positions), complexes of L(2) preferentially stabilized in form B (trpy and pyridine in the equatorial plane and the azole ring and chloride donors in the axial positions). The nu(NO) stretching frequency varied in the range of 1957-1932 cm(-1), 13 >> 14 approximately 15 > 16, primarily depending on the electronic aspects of L as well as the isomeric structural forms. The coordinated nitrosyl function underwent successive reductions of [Ru(II)-NO(+)](3+) --> [Ru(II)-NO(*)](2+) and [Ru(II)-NO(*)](2+) --> [Ru(II)-NO(-)](+), and the first reduction potential follows the order 14 > 13 >> 15 approximately 16. The nearly axial EPR spectra having nitrogen hyperfine splittings (A approximately 26 G) at 77 K of 13(-)-16(-) with g approximately 2.0 established that the reduction process is largely centered around the nitrosyl function. Despite an appreciably high nu(NO), the complexes were found to be unusually stable even in the aqueous medium. They transformed slowly and only partially into the corresponding nitro derivatives in H(2)O (k approximately 10(-4) s(-1) and K = 0.4-3.8). The chloro (1-4), aqua (5-8), and nitro (9-12) derivatives displayed reasonably strong emissions near 700 nm at 77 K (phi = 10(-1)-10(-2)). The aqua derivative 7 was found to interact with the calf thymus and the circular form of p-Bluescript SK DNA.

Mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes of dipicolylamine and 1,10-phenanthrolines: The role of diimines in the interaction of the complexes with DNA

Mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(dipica)(diimine)](ClO4)2, where dipica is di(2-picolyl)amine and diimine is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5,6-dmp), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-dmp) or dipyridoquinoxaline (dpq), have been isolated and characterized by analytical and spectral methods. The copper(II) complexes exhibit a broad band in the visible region around 675 nm and axial EPR spectra in acetonitrile glass (77 K) with g∥ and A∥ values of ∼2·22 and 185 × 10−4 cm−1 respectively, suggesting the presence of a square-based coordination geometry for the CuN5 chromophore involving strong axial interaction. The interaction of the complexes with CT DNA has been studied using absorption, emission and circular dichroic spectral methods and viscosity measurements. Absorption spectral titrations reveal that the intrinsic DNA binding affinities are dependent upon the nature of the diimine ligand: dpq > 5,6-dmp > phen > 2,9-dmp. This suggests the involvement of the diimine rather than the dipica ‘face’ of the complexes in DNA binding. An intercalative mode of DNA interaction, which involves the insertion of dpq and to a lesser extent the phen ring of the complexes in between the DNA base pairs, is proposed. However, interestingly, the 5,6-dmp complex is involved in hydrophobic interaction of the 5,6-dmp ring in the grooves of DNA. The large enhancement in the relative viscosity of DNA on binding to the dpq and 5,6-dmp complexes supports the proposed DNA binding modes. Further, remarkably, the 5,6-dmp complex is selective in exhibiting a positive-induced CD band on binding to DNA suggesting the transition of the B form of CT DNA to A-like conformation. The variation in relative emission intensities of DNA-bound ethidium bromide observed upon treatment with the complexes parallels the trend in DNA binding affinities.

Synthesis, crystal structure and photo-induced DNA cleavage activity of ternary copper(II) complexes of NSO-donor Schiff bases and NN-donor heterocyclic ligands

New ternary copper(II) complexes [CuL n B](ClO 4) ( 1– 3), where HL n is the NSO donor Schiff base derived from the condensation of 2-mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride with salicylaldehyde (HL 1) or 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (HL 2) and B is NN-donor heterocyclic base like 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy, 1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 2) or 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp, 3), are prepared, structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography and their DNA cleavage activity studied. The complexes show distorted square-pyramidal (4 + 1) CuN 3OS coordination geometry in which the NSO-donor Schiff base is bonded at the basal plane and the NN-donor heterocyclic base displays axial-equatorial mode of bonding [Cu–S distance: ∼2.4 Å]. The one-electron paramagnetic ( μ eff = ∼1.9 μ B) complexes display axial EPR spectra in DMF glass at 77 K giving g ∥ = ∼2.2 (A ∥ = 162 G) and g ⊥ = ∼2.0, indicating { d x 2 - y 2 } 1 ground state. The complexes exhibit visible spectral d–d band in MeCN near 650 nm and two charge transfer bands near 400 nm. Complexes 1 and 2 display quasireversible cyclic voltammetric response in DMF–Tris buffer (1:4 v/v, pH 7.2) for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple at ca. −0.1 V vs. SCE. Complex 3 exhibits an irreversible reduction process forming [Cu I(dmp) 2] +. Binding of 1– 3 to calf thymus DNA shows the relative order: 2 (phen) ⩾ 3 (dmp) > 1 (bpy). Complex 2 efficiently cleaves supercoiled pUC19 DNA in the presence of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) forming hydroxyl radical or on irradiation with light of 312, 532 and 632.8 nm wavelength in a type-II process. Complexes 1 and 3 are cleavage inactive.

Unusual Monodentate Binding Mode of 2,2‘-Dipyridylamine (L) in Isomeric trans-(acac)2RuII(L)2, trans-[(acac)2RuIII(L)2]ClO4, and cis-(acac)2RuII(L)2 (acac = Acetylacetonate). Synthesis, Structures, and Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Magnetic Aspects

The reaction of cis-Ru(acac)2(CH3CN)2 (acac = acetylacetonate) with 2,2'-dipyridylamine (L) in ethanolic medium resulted in facile one-pot synthesis of stable [(acac)2RuIII(L)]ClO4 ([1]ClO4), trans-[(acac)2RuII(L)2] (2), trans-[(acac)2RuIII)L)2]ClO4 ([2]ClO4), and cis-[(acac)2RuII(L)2] (3). The bivalent congener 1 was generated via electrochemical reduction of [1]ClO4. Although in [1]+ the dipyridylamine ligand (L) is bonded to the metal ion in usual bidentate fashion, in 2/[2]+ and 3, the unusual monodentate binding mode of L has been preferentially stabilized. Moreover, in 2/[2]+ and 3, two such monodentate L's have been oriented in the trans- and cis-configurations, respectively. The binding mode of L and the isomeric geometries of the complexes were established by their single-crystal X-ray structures. The redox stability of the Ru(II) state follows the order 1 < 2 << 3. In contrast to the magnetic moment obtained for [1]ClO4, mu = 1.84 muB at 298 K, typical for low-spin Ru(III) species, the compound [2]ClO4 exhibited an anomalous magnetic moment of 2.71 muB at 300 K in the solid state. The variable-temperature magnetic measurements showed a pronounced decrease of the magnetic moment with the temperature, and that dropped to 1.59 muB at 3 K. The experimental data can be fitted satisfactorily using eq 2 that considered nonquenched spin-orbit coupling and Weiss constant in addition to the temperature-independent paramagnetism. [1]ClO4 and [2]ClO4 displayed rhombic and axial EPR spectra, respectively, in both the solid and the solution states at 77 K.