Axial Dimensions Research Articles

Snapshot Coherence Tomographic Imaging

We demonstrate a high-throughput computation-efficient snapshot coherence tomographic imaging method by combining interferometric coding and compressive sampling. We first encode the depth distribution of a three-dimensional (3D) object into the spectrum of a light field, using the principle of optical coherence tomography (OCT), i.e., through a Michaelson interferometer, which generates an intermediate (x, y, λ) data-cube that encodes the raw (x, y, z) data of the object. We then sample the spectral data using a well-established compressive spectral imaging technique, called the coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging (CASSI), which yields a compressed 2D (x, y) measurement that captures the whole 3D tomographic information of the object. Finally, a developed iterative algorithm and end-to-end deep learning network are used for tomographic reconstruction from the single 2D measurement. Such integration of OCT and CASSI leads to a physically simple and computationally efficient system, allowing us to implement a large data size of more than 2000×2000 pixels in the transverse dimensions and up to 200 pixels (depth slices) in the axial dimension. Owning to the interferometry-based depth sensing mechanism, we achieve a high axial resolution of up to 13 μm within an axial field of view of 1.6 mm. Video-rate visualization of dynamic 3D objects at micrometer scale are shown through several examples.

DEVELOPMENT OF MPACT FOR FULL-CORE SIMULATIONS OF MAGNOX GAS-COOLED NUCLEAR REACTORS

The MPACT code, jointly developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and University of Michigan, is designed to perform high-fidelity light water reactor (LWR) analysis using wholecore pin-resolved neutron transport calculations on modern parallel-computing hardware. MPACT uses the subgroup method for resonance self-shielding, while the primary neutron transport solver uses a 2D/1D method that is based on the method of characteristics (MoC) for the x-y planes coupled with a 1D diffusion or transport solver in the axial dimension. Additional geometry capabilities are currently being developed in MPACT to support hexagonal-pitched lattices, as well as interstitial geometry (i.e., control rods at the corner of four adjacent pin cells). In this research, the MPACT method is tested on gas-cooled reactors by applying MPACT to full-core MAGNOX reactor test problems. MAGNOX test problems were chosen due to the availability of high-quality reactor design and validation data (available through an ongoing collaboration with the National Nuclear Laboratory in the United Kingdom) and the existence of a relatively complex axial power shape that is expected to challenge the MPACT method. MPACT’s convergence for partial- and full-core problems will be tested and verified. MPACT will be compared with high-fidelity continuous-energy Monte Carlo simulations to verify core reactivity, power distributions, and performance of the available cross section data libraries and energy group structures.

Cumulative effects of photobleaching in volumetric STED imaging—artefacts and possible benefits

In stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging, the excitation and depletion laser beams extend well beyond the focal plane in the imaged sample. We investigated how photobleaching resulting from this irradiation can affect STED images, by acquiring 3D images of fluorescent polystyrene beads using a 2D STED microscope, and applying different Z pixel sizes, scanning speeds, resulting in different laser light doses. While higher STED beam irradiances can increase the spatial resolution, they can also significantly increase photobleaching and thereby reduce signal-to-background levels. In 2D STED imaging, based on a single scan within the focal plane, scan parameters can often be selected to avoid photobleaching effects. Upon 3D optical sectioning experiments however, using the same scan parameters, additional cumulative effects of photobleaching may appear, due to the extension of the excitation and depletion laser beams beyond the focal planes being scanned. Apart from a reduction in signal-to-background levels, such photobleaching can lead to an apparent shift of the axial localization of the objects in the images, but also to an increased resolution in the axial dimension. These findings, confirmed by simulations based on a simplified model for photobleaching, suggests some caution in volumetric STED imaging experiments, but also a possibility for enhanced axial resolution in such experiments.

To study the Physico-chemical properties of Lathyrus sativus

The physical and mechanical properties are important for developing primary processing machinery. The geometric properties such as size and shape, equivalent diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume are the important physical properties used in developing machineries for separation and cleaning. The present study was undertaken to the axial dimension of Lathyrus sativus (Var. Mahateora). The four levels of moisture content were taken at 7.78, 9.54, 11.61 and 14.86 percent (dry basis).The average value of length; width and thickness were varied from 5.20 to 5.24 mm, 4.29 to 4.70 mm and 3.51 to 4.05 mm respectively. While the bulk density and true density was decreased from 848.84 to 794.44 kg/ , 1218.32 to 1130.50 kg/ . The surface area by equivalent diameter, surface area by axial dimension and porosity was found to be 55.85 to 67.75 , 50.83 to 62.27 and 30.84 to 31.46 percent. The angle of repose and coefficient of friction was varied in the range of 22.41 to 29.02 and plywood plate, galvanized iron plate and rubber plate surface were found to be varied 0.41 to 0.55, 0.45 to 0.58, 0.63 to 0.72 respectively. The proximate composition of Lathyrus sativus split dhal was observed the protein, fat, total ash, carbohydrate and fiber content as 22 percent, 2.3 percent, 2.90 percent, 60.00 percent, 3.94 percent respectively.

Evaluation of moisture dependent geometric and gravimetric properties of small-sized sesame and black caraway seeds using image analysis

ABSTRACT Sesame and black caraway seeds are important oil and medicinal grains that are small sized. The development of handling, processing, and storage facilities for the crops has been hampered by difficulties in measuring their geometric and gravimetric properties using Vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge. Image analysis technique was chosen and applied in this study. Images of the seeds at different moisture levels were captured using a high resolution digital camera. The images in RGB were converted to Gray, then to Binary, and Noise was filtered, and the images subjected to threshold segmentation and analysis using LABVIEW software. Grain projected area and axial dimensions were determined. Volume was determined using liquid displacement. Dimensional analysis was used to select an appropriate grain shape as oblate spheroid. Calculated volume was obtained, and volume correction factor determined. One thousand grain mass was obtained using an electronic balance. Particle and bulk densities were determined using standard methods. Porosity was calculated using its relationship with particle and bulk densities. Results showed that as the moisture content of sesame and black caraway grains increased from 2.25% to 28.53% and 3.04% to 39.62%, respectively, the projected area, major and minor axes increased from 3.37 mm2 to 5.68 mm2, 0.3 mm to 0.452 mm and 0.287 mm to 0.45 mm (sesame), and from 1.041 mm2 to 5.136 mm2, 0.23 mm to 0.38 mm and 0.227 mm to 0.373 mm (caraway). In the above moisture ranges, volume and volume correction factor varied from 0.0214 mm3 to 0.0317 mm3 and 0.851 to 0.865 (sesame), and 0.01 mm3 to 0.0283 mm3 and 0.85 to 0.879 (caraway), respectively. W1000 increased from 2.9 to 3.875 g (sesame) and 2.644 to 3.78 g (caraway) while bulk and particle densities, and porosity decreased from 502.1 kg/m3 to 310.87 kg/m3, 828 kg/m3 to 378.4 kg/m3, and 39.4% to 17.85% for sesame, and from 560 kg/m3 to 269.8 kg/m3, 746.4 kg/m3 to 295.5 kg/m3, and 24.97% to 8.7% for caraway seed.

Rapid non-contact visual measurement method for key dimensions of revolving workpieces

Aimed at the rapid non-contact measurement problem of a revolving workpiece's radial and axial dimensions, a fast and high-precision visual inspection method has been presented in this paper. For the workpiece with large axial size, the proposed method established the measurement transformation chain using the object-image and object-object transformations, thus realizing the rapid axial dimensional measurements. For the workpiece with large radial size, this method determined the measurement transformation model based on two-dimensional target and measurement correspondence relationship, and further achieved rapid radial dimensional measurements. The experimental results have shown that the method is effective and can be applied to in situ dimensional measurement of revolving workpieces on high quality production lines.

OCT visualization of hyporeflective lacuna in the retrolental space

To investigate the vitreo-lenticular interface and anterior vitreous using high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). This prospective single-center pilot study included 34 patients (68 eyes) - 6 males and 28 females with a mean age of 58.4±12.0 years (age range 24-81 years). OCT scanning was performed on the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device SOLIX (OPTOVUE, USA) in the Full Range AC mode with the following scan parameters: from 14 to 18 mm in horizontal length and 6.25 mm in the axial dimension. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio and increase image clarity of the final scan, averaging of eight simultaneous scans was performed. In all healthy volunteers, hyporeflective retrolental cavities-lacunae were observed in both eyes during visualization of the retrolental space in the horizontal and vertical planes. The median distance from the posterior pole of the lens to the lacuna was 697 µm. The median width of the lacuna was 157 µm. To the best of our knowledge, we consider this to be one of the first in vivo visualizations of a previously undescribed structure - hyporeflective retrolental lacuna - using SOLIX high-resolution OCT device. The retrolental lacuna may play the role of a buffer system, or belong to the lymphatic system of the vitreous body and the eye.

ВЫБОР И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ОСНОВНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ТУРБОКОМПРЕССОРОВ ПРИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ И ДОВОДКЕ ГТД

The choice and optimization of the rotational speed, the number of stages, the axial velocities distribution, reactivity, diametric dimensions and flow path shape, the blade rows width, changes in the height of the flow path in the compressors and turbines of the gas turbine engine are considered. The method for determining the total pressure recovery ratio and its relationship with the efficiency of blade rows, stages, compressors and turbines is proposed. It is shown that with the same value of this indicator in these elements, the maximum efficiency of compressors and turbines in the composition of turbocompressors is achieved. It is proposed to use this indicator at an early design stage to determine the optimal stages number and the work distribution between them, the change in work along the flow path height. It is shown how the position of the points for the stages and the optimal flow path shape are determined on the Smith diagrams. Various methods are proposed for parameters choosing of the blade profiles for the first, last and for intermediate steps. It is shown how these methods are used when fine-tuning compressors and turbines based on the results of GTE tests. The results of approbation of the developed design and refinement methods are given on examples of changing the geometry of the blade rows and the flow path in the replaceable flow path of the centrifugal blower for the R-16 "Ufa" gas compressor unit, the refinement of the 3-stage LPC for perspective two spool turbofan engine, comparison with the results of simulation in the DVIGw system , 2D and 3D CAD / CAE-modeling.

Moisture Influences of Some Physical and Gravimetric Properties of Ackee Apple Seeds (Blighia sapida

This research evaluated and determined some moisture-influenced physical and gravimetric properties of Blighia sapida seeds relevant to machine design at 11.9, 17.0, 22.0, 27.0 and 32.0% moisture levels (wet basis). These properties are vital in handling and seed process design. With increasing seed moisture (11.9 to 32.0%), there was no statistically significant effect on the seed axial dimensions, principal diameters, sphericity and surface area. This is because seed axial dimensions relatively determine other properties afore stated. However, there were significant and linear increases in thousand seed mass (189.3 – 230.3 g), bulk (377.0 - 418.3 kg m-3) and true (714.3 - 771.1 kg m-3) densities but decrease in porosity was not significant. Increase in bulk and true densities is due to the rate of increase in the seed mass being more rapid than the rate of increase in its volume, as the seed moisture increased. A non-linear decrease showed in seed volume (3.4-3.2 cm3). Behavioral patterns of ackee seeds and their investigated properties, under increasing moisture was expressed using regression models. Required primary data for the design of handling techniques and process machinery for ackee apple seeds were generated.

Modeling and Design of a Rear-Mounted Underwater Projector Using Equivalent Circuits.

Tonpilz is a popular transducer for underwater projector arrays for sonar systems. For low-frequency transmission, a larger axial dimension of the conventional Tonpilz transducer is required. However, a bulky and heavy Tonpilz element is not suitable due to limitations in terms of the space and payload of the array platform. To address this problem, we developed a rear-mounted Tonpilz transducer to generate a sub-fundamental resonance in addition to the common longitudinal resonance. For this purpose, we developed a new equivalent circuit model that can reflect all the effects of the key design parameters of the transducer, such as suspension thickness (stiffness), tail mass thickness, and head mass thickness. The impedance and transmitting voltage response were evaluated as performance factors at both resonance frequencies. The validity of the circuit was verified by comparing the analysis results with those from the finite element analysis of the same transducer. Based on the results, the transducer structure was designed to have comparable transmitting performance at both resonance frequencies by employing relatively high suspension stiffness, light tail mass, and heavy head mass. The novel design can permit the dual-band operation of the transducer so that the transducer can operate as a wideband projector.

Physical properties of selected groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties and its implication to mechanical handling and processing

The physical properties of agricultural materials are functional in solving many glitches associated with machine design during handling and mechanical processing. Physical properties of five groundnut varieties (“Obolo”, “Yenyawoso”, “CRI Nkatie”, “Agbeyeyie” and “Pion”) and their relations to the design of food processing equipment were studied. Obolo variety recorded the maximum axial dimensions, 1000 mass grain, angle of repose, unit volume, and porosity. However, the values of bulk and true densities for Obolo variety were minimal compared with the other four varieties. Data for the angle of repose for the groundnut varieties were 17.74° (Yenyawoso), 18.02° (Pion), 18.73° (Agbeyeyie), 18.71° (Cri-Nkatie), and 18.89° (Obolo). The porosity of the kernels ranged from 21.97 to 24.54%. The mean greatest porosity was found in Obolo (24.54%), followed by Yenyawoso (24.38%), while Agbeyeyie recorded the least mean porosity of 21.97%. The coefficient of friction was greater for the galvanized steel surface than the other experimental surfaces for all the groundnut varieties studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed varietal differences among some means of the physical attributes at p < 0.05. Except for the angle of repose, the geometric, gravimetric and frictional properties showed some significant differences at p < 0.05. Obolo variety was statistically different compared with the other four varieties for all the parameters studied. In selecting or designing equipment for processing, Obolo variety will require separate equipment different from that of the other four varieties. Additionally, the study provides pertinent data for use in the selection and designing of machines for processing groundnut kernels. Key words: Postharvest processing equipment, geometric mean diameter, bulk density, frictional properties, groundnut kernels, angle of repose.

A 3D-printed 3D actuator for miniaturized laser scanning probes

Imaging of tissue sections at multiple depths with a miniaturized optical imaging probe necessitates 3D actuation capability. A number of MEMS studies in literature have addressed 3D actuation either through a single scanning unit with three degrees of freedom, or combination of multiple scanning units each having one or more degrees of freedom in scanning. Such microsystems are manufactured with high fabrication complexity while only offering a limited (typically < 0.5 mm) actuation capability in the axial dimension whereas advances in the adaptive optics and wave-front shaping allow for light penetration up to several millimeters within the tissue. In an effort to address deep tissue slices that light can penetrate using adaptive optics, here we present a 3D printed Polyamide-based 3D actuator with hybrid hydraulic and electromagnetic actuation mechanisms. Our actuator is able to provide up to 3 mm axial displacement in air (and 4 mm in tissue), with only a pumped fluid pressure of 500 kPa. Furthermore, the actuator provides 5 degrees total optical scan angle in the lateral directions, with 5 Vrms drive voltage that is applied to the coil. Overall, the device is manufactured in a compact form factor, having 10 mm diameter and 45 mm length, making it suitable for endoscopic or within hand-held probe use. Using selective laser sintering process in manufacturing the actuator allows for low-cost and rapid manufacturing capability making the device attractive for use in disposable laser scanning probes for imaging within the gastrointestinal tract.

Analytical Modeling of a Material Efficient Hollow Shaft Design

This paper discusses the optimal distribution of material across the cross-section of a shaft under pure uniform torsional loads such that the factor of safety and thereby the shear stresses generated at any point in the cross-section remain largely the same irrespective of their radial distance from the centre of the shaft. An analytical mathematical relationship is deduced to relate the material distribution as a function of the radial distance. The relationship is then used to plot the corresponding variation in MATLAB. Finally, several CAD models of the proposed cross-sectional shapes are prepared in SolidWorks, and then simulated in ANSYS simulation software by employing the Static Structural analysis platform. The graphical and statistical results of the shear stress distributions are then compared with a solid shaft of the exact same radial and axial dimensions. It is found that the proposed 3-Branched model is about 25% more efficient in material utilization than the conventionally employed solid shaft of similar dimensions.

Monte Carlo Simulation of the Siemens Biograph Vision PET With Extended Axial Field of View Using Sparse Detector Module Rings Configuration

We report on the NEMA-NU2-2012 performance of a hypothetical Monte Carlo (MC) model, Ex-PET, of the Siemens Biograph Vision positron emission tomography (PET)/CT (Bio-Vis) with sparse detector module rings and extended axial field of view (AFOV). MC simulations were performed with the detector module rings interleaved with 32-mm gaps, equivalent to the axial dimension of each detector module, yielding an AFOV of 48.0 cm (Bio-Vis has 25.6-cm AFOV). 3D-PET acquisition combined with a limited continuous-bed-motion (limited-CBM) was used to compensate for the loss in sensitivity within the gaps' regions. MC simulations of the Bio-Vis were performed for comparison purposes. All MC simulations were performed using GATE MC toolkit. Ex-PET exhibited 0.49, 0.16, and 0.16 mm deterioration in axial resolution at 1, 10, and 20 cm off-center of the transaxial field of view, respectively, compared to Bio-Vis. Only 1% reduction in system sensitivity and 6% reduction in peak NECR was observed with Ex-PET compared to Bio-Vis. 3D-OSEM image reconstruction, combined with CBM, allowed compensating for the lack of counts within the gaps' regions. NEMA Image Quality test showed <; 6% reduction in contrast recovery with Ex-PET versus Bio-Vis, yet the background variability was increased by up to 8%. The feasibility of PET imaging with an easily adoptable sparse detector configuration was demonstrated. This can lay the pathway for future development of cost-effective PET systems with long and conventional AFOV's.

Outcomes of Fractionated Radiosurgery in Cystic Vestibular Schwannoma

Evaluate outcomes of fractionated SRS in predominantly cystic vestibular schwannoma. Patients undergoing fractionated Radiosurgery for VS were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with cystic tumors were considered candidates for SRS only if they did not have symptomatic or significant radiologic brainstem compression. VSs containing dominant intra-tumoral or peri-tumoral cyst(s) > 50% of the total tumor diameter by greatest linear axial CPA dimension, single or multicystic, were included for study. Pre-treatment clinical and radiographic features, including AAO-HNS hearing class, history of facial weakness, current facial and trigeminal nerve function, AAO-HNS tumor size, and intratumoral vs peritumoral cysts were captured. All Patients underwent treatment on C-Arm Linac with CBCT image guidance to a dose of 25gy/5#. Patients underwent MRI surveillance every 6 months for the first year, annually thereafter for the subsequent 2 years, and then every other year. 15 patients (12 women; median age at treatment, 53 years; range, 36-85 years) with cystic VS met inclusion criteria. The median radiologic follow-up within the cystic group was 48 months (range, 17-100 months), and the median change in tumor size was − 4.3mm. 12 tumors (80%) shrank, 2 (13%) remained stable (experienced significant cyst enlargement within 1 year after treatment, followed by spontaneous cyst shrinkage back to the original pretreatment size), and 1 patient (7%) experienced cyst enlargement of 9 mm over 21 months and underwent retrolabyrinthine subtotal tumor removal and cyst decompression enlarged. Tumor control rate in cystic group of 93%. The median radiologic follow-up in the non-cystic control group, comprising of 53 pts. was 67 months (range, 6-141 months), and the median change in size was −2.0 mm. Tumor control in the solid group was 94%. Comparing only those tumors that decreased in size showed that there was a trend toward a greater reduction within the cystic group, intratumoral being better than peri-tumoral cystic VSs (P = .05). The present study demonstrates that tumor control after fractionated SRS for dominant intratumoral cystic VS may not differ from that of noncystic VS in properly selected cases suggesting that intratumoral cysts have a different behavior compared with those with peripheral cystic components, latter may result from trapped arachnoid or a hemorrhage-related process making them, thus, more susceptible to growth despite control of the solid portion of the tumor.

Three-dimensional deconvolution processing for STEM cryotomography

The complex environment of biological cells and tissues has motivated development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging in both light and electron microscopies. To this end, one of the primary tools in fluorescence microscopy is that of computational deconvolution. Wide-field fluorescence images are often corrupted by haze due to out-of-focus light, i.e., to cross-talk between different object planes as represented in the 3D image. Using prior understanding of the image formation mechanism, it is possible to suppress the cross-talk and reassign the unfocused light to its proper source post facto. Electron tomography based on tilted projections also exhibits a cross-talk between distant planes due to the discrete angular sampling and limited tilt range. By use of a suitably synthesized 3D point spread function, we show here that deconvolution leads to similar improvements in volume data reconstructed from cryoscanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET), namely a dramatic in-plane noise reduction and improved representation of features in the axial dimension. Contrast enhancement is demonstrated first with colloidal gold particles and then in representative cryotomograms of intact cells. Deconvolution of CSTET data collected from the periphery of an intact nucleus revealed partially condensed, extended structures in interphase chromatin.

A freezing recovery method for metallic cylinder shells under internal explosive loading

Aimed to the recovery of expansive metal cylindrical shells subjected to internal explosive loading, the freezing recovery test method was developed to realize the freezing recovery of the metallic cylindrical shells at different moments after detonation. Based on the integrated shell, three improved structures were proposed, and the expansion and fracture processes of the four cylindrical shell structures under internal explosive loading were numerically simulated. It was found that the two-stage shell was the most beneficial to reduce the influence of the non-initiation end on the middle shell expected to be recovered. According to the selected optimal shell structure and the shape expansion characteristics of metal cylindrical shells at different moments after detonation, the freezing recovery devices matching with the shells were designed, and the freezing recovery tests were carried out. The test results show that the developed freezing recovery test method can realize the recovery of the expanded metallic cylindrical shells. The axial and radial dimensions of the recovery shells are in good agreement with the ideal design values, and the overall error can be controlled within 10%.

Nonlinear Static Analysis and Structural Optimization of Rigid Clamp Band Connection Device between Launch Vehicle and Satellite

The Rigid Clamp Band Connection Device (RCBCD) is a novel satellite-rocket connection method adapted to the heavy lift trend of the launch vehicle. The static analysis model for the Rigid Clamp Band (RCB) and the Docking Ring (DR) under preloading state is established, and the structural strength and connection stiffness characteristics under the axial loading are analyzed, and the axisymmetric equivalent and parametric modeling techniques are combined to optimize the section shape parameter, which improves the overall connection performance. The results show that the structural stress concentrated on the "line-to-face" contact position between RCB and DR. Increasing the axial dimension of RCB, reducing the V-type angle and deepening the occlusion depth of RCB and DR can effectively improve the connection rigidity of RCB. By optimizing the section shape, the connection performance of RCBCD can be improved by above 70% under the structural strength and mass constraints.

The paleoreconstruction of sedimentation conditions at Beshpagirskoe deposit of the Stavropol Krai based on the results of pebble morphology investigation

The morphology of pebbles provides important information for lithological-facial and paleogeographic constructions. The shape of the pebbles carries quite a variety of information about the geological processes of the distant past. Today, there is a large number of foreign and domestic studies devoted to the material and granulometric composition of psephites, while much less attention is paid to the morphological characteristics. Although very often it is the shape of the pebbles that can unambiguously resolve the issues of determining their genesis. Debris shape analysis includes the degree of contour rounding or roundness and the ratio of the three axial dimensions of the pebble: length, width and thickness. Based on the ratio of linear dimensions, judgments were made about the genesis of deposits, the direction of flow, the possibility of redeposition. The most popular are two factors: the shape factor of the fragment and the isometric factor. Conclusions: the end result of the genesis of the pebble material of the Beshpagirskiy quarry is the river alluvium of the ancient river network, subsequently rounded and polished in the coastal delta zone of the Sarmatian Sea. The flat-topped uplift of the Stavropol arch in the middle–upper Sarmatian can be considered the source of the supply of coarse-grained material. The research is of great interest for the search for mineral deposits.

Two-dimensional iterative projection method for subsample speckle tracking of ultrasound images.

Speckle tracking provides robust motion estimation necessary to create accurate post-processed images. These methods are known to be less accurate in the lateral dimension compared with the axial dimension due to the limitations on the lateral resolution of ultrasound scanning. This paper proposes a two-dimensional iterative projection (TDIP) algorithm using the Riesz transform to generate the analytic signals. The TDIP is an improvement to an already accurate speckle tracking algorithm called the phase coupled (PC) method. The PC method projects the intersection of gradients on the correlation map to the zero phase contour to estimate displacement. The TDIP method performs iterative projections and uses the aggregate of these projected locations to estimate the motion, in addition to rejecting inaccurate projections by checking them against the aggregate projection location. The TDIP additionally adopts the Riesz transform to generate two-dimensional analytic signals to improve lateral accuracy. The Riesz transform is a multidimensional extension of the Hilbert transform into the nD Euclidean space and therefore can be used to include data in both axial and lateral dimensions as opposed to the commonly used Hilbert transform which is one dimensional. The accuracy of the TDIP is quantitatively proven on simulated datasets from the Field II simulation program and on experimental data from two flow phantoms. At all cases, the TDIP is more accurate than the PC algorithm at two-dimensional displacement estimation. Graphical Abstract The lateral estimates from the Phase Coupled algorithm. This method uses the Hilbert transform for the analytic signal. There is large estimated motion within the flow blockage bounded by the red, fin shape in the center of the flow channel. The flow channel itself is also bounded by dashed, red lines. Graphical Abstract The lateral estimates from the TDIP method. This method is not tracking motion within the blockage in the center of the flow channel. The channel and the blockage are both bounded by dashed, red lines.