Parental Awareness Research Articles

The influence of physical exercise on adolescents' externalizing problem behaviors: mediating effects of parent-child relationships, self-esteem, and self-control.

Externalizing problem behaviors can significantly and negatively impact adolescents' learning, daily life, and future socialization. While physical exercise is believed to inhibit adolescents' externalizing problem behaviors, the extent of its effect and the mediating mechanisms remain unclear. This study is based on data from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The CFPS project employed the Externalizing Problem Behaviors Scale (EPBS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Self-Control Scale (SCS) to measure adolescents' externalizing problem behaviors, self-esteem, and self-control. Additionally, physical exercise was measured by collecting data on the time and frequency of adolescents' physical exercise. Parent-child relationships were evaluated using a composite variable that included four dimensions: frequency of quarrels, frequency of heart-to-heart talks, parental awareness of their children's whereabouts, and children's trust in their parents. Based on data collection and variable construction, this study employed multiple linear regression, propensity score matching, and quantile regression to analyze the impact of physical exercise on adolescents' externalizing problem behaviors and the heterogeneity of these effects. Additionally, the Bootstrap mediation effect test was employed to explore the mediating roles of parent-child relationships, self-esteem, and self-control in this process. The analysis demonstrates that physical exercise significantly inhibits adolescents' externalizing problem behaviors (β = -0.095, p < 0.01), although the effect varies significantly among different populations. Compared to males (β = -0.077, p < 0.1), rural residents (β = -0.065, p > 0.1), individuals with poorer family economic status (β = -0.080, p < 0.1), and those with more severe problem behaviors (τ = 0.75, β = -0.086, p < 0.05), physical exercise yields a more pronounced inhibitory effect on females (β = -0.113, p < 0.01), urban residents (β = -0.134, p < 0.01), individuals with better family economic status (β = -0.115, p < 0.01), and those with milder problem behaviors (τ = 0.25, β = -0.112, p < 0.01). Furthermore, through enhancements in parent-child relationships (CI: -0.015; -0.002), self-esteem (CI: -0.019; -0.003), and self-control (CI: -0.055; -0.025), physical exercise indirectly mitigates adolescents' externalizing problem behaviors. Physical exercise significantly reduces adolescents' externalizing problem behaviors, with effects differing across various groups. Parent-child relationships, self-esteem, and self-control mediate this relationship, underscoring the positive influence of exercise on adolescent behavior.

New Age Parenting and Its Impact on Child’s Oral Health: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study

Abstract Background: With increased globalization, East culture is meeting West culture and parenting style has been completely changed. Children depend significantly on their parents for provision, instruction, and supervision of crucial preventive oral hygiene habits. The education level and awareness of parents regarding preventive oral health measures play a pivotal role in this aspect. Therefore, it becomes imperative to evaluate and educate parents about proper oral hygiene care for their children, ultimately contributing to the overall well-being of the child. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess an impact of new age parenting on oral health of their children. Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 204 parents of children aged 5–10 years, consisting of 27-item questionnaires containing four domains of demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and practice, which was distributed among the participants. A descriptive analysis was done using IBM SPSS software (version 22.0 Chicago, IL, USA). Results: It was surprising to note that 32.84% of parents were unaware about the specialist dentist is available for children. About 65.69% of parents had low level of knowledge regarding oral health of their children. The correlation among knowledge, attitude, and practice was determined to be highly statistically significant (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Our study concluded that knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health care of children are low among new age parents and there is a need to educate these parents regarding the same.

Gender Differences on the Awareness of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Vaccination.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is implicated in causing several types of cancer, including cervical cancer. In Brazil, the quadrivalent HPV vaccine is provided free of charge for children between the ages of 9 and 14. Nevertheless, the vaccination coverage rate has remained below 60% since its implementation in 2014. This study aimed (i) to assess the knowledge of parents/guardians on HPV infection and vaccine prophylaxis and (ii) to test the association between having a "higher degree of knowledge" (HDK) and the sociodemographic characteristics. A total of 388 parents/guardians of children of vaccination age were enrolled. Questions assessing sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward HPV infection and vaccination were administered to participants via a self-answered questionnaire. Questionnaires of 343 participants were considered for analysis. Participants who answered at least 70% of the questions correctly were classified as presenting HDK. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the associations between population characteristics and HDK. This study occurred prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; thus, the pandemic was not considered in our analysis. A total of 212 (61.8%) participants showed HDK. Participants who were male (OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70) and lived in larger households (OR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.25, 0.95) were less likely to present HDK. Participants who reported having an acquaintance with prior/concurrent HPV infection were more likely to have HDK (OR = 3.78; 95% CI = 2.02, 7.05). These findings suggest the importance of developing novel strategies for raising parental awareness of HPV, particularly targeting males.

Parents' Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Pediatric Ophthalmic Disorders in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Recognizing pediatric eye health issues at an early stage, along with ensuring that parents are well informed, is crucial. This study measures parents' knowledge and perspectives on pediatric ophthalmic disease. The study utilized a cross-sectional design, and participants included Saudi parents of children residing in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a pre-validated self-administered questionnaire with a scoring system. Sociodemographic characteristics and factors associated with knowledge/attitude were collected and analyzed. Initially, 425 respondents participated in this study. Excluding the participants whose work was related to healthcare and those with incomplete data yielded 370 responses on which the subsequent analyses were performed. The analysis revealed that only half of the parents recognized the need for annual eye examinations for children. Most of them showed gaps in knowledge regarding the frequency of routine eye exams and indicators of visual problems. Notably, parents with good/excellent knowledge were more proactive in their eye care practices, such as adherence to recommended eye examination schedules and accepting corrective measures like glasses for common conditions such as refractive errors and amblyopia. However, parental willingness to permit surgical interventions did not correlate significantly with their level of knowledge, signaling the influence of other factors. In conclusion, this study underscores the need for enhanced public health education to improve parental awareness of pediatric eye diseases in Saudi Arabia. Given the link between knowledge and proactive eye health practices, targeted interventions should distribute comprehensive, culturally sensitive information accessible to all demographics.

Juvenile Myopia: The Silent Vision Understanding, Preventing, and Managing Childhood Myopia

Juvenile myopia, a significant visual impairment characterized by blurred distance vision, is increasingly prevalent among Indian children. This review explores the multifactorial etiology of myopia, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors such as prolonged near work and limited outdoor activities. The pathophysiology involves abnormal eye elongation driven by genetic and environmental factors, leading to refractive errors. Clinical manifestations include blurry distance vision, squinting, eye strain, and headaches, impacting academic performance and quality of life. Emphasis on early detection, parental awareness, and adherence to treatment protocols is crucial in controlling myopia progression and preventing long-term complications such as retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy, and glaucoma. This review underscores the need for comprehensive public health strategies to address the growing burden of juvenile myopia in India. Juvenile myopia is rapidly becoming a significant public health concern in India, with increasing prevalence driven by lifestyle changes, urbanization, and academic pressures. This systematic review aims to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and interventions for childhood myopia, with a focus on understanding the silent nature of this condition, identifying early prevention strategies, and outlining management techniques to curb its progression.

Parental awareness and knowledge toward their children#39;s halitosis due to intra-oral causes attending major children#39;s hospital

Parental awareness and knowledge toward their children#39;s halitosis due to intra-oral causes attending major children#39;s hospital

The Importance of Public Service Announcements (PSAs), on Digital Addiction in Creating Digital Parent Awareness

Yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte teknolojik aygıtlarla sarmalanmış bir dünyada yaşamaya başlamış bireyler olarak, kimi zaman teknolojinin sağladığı avantajlardan faydalanırken kimi zaman da birçok dezavantajla karşı karşıya kalmaktayız. Yeni medya olarak adlandırılan dijital alanda medyanın etki alanının da giderek artmasıyla, günlük hayatımızın büyük bir kısmını medya mesajlarına maruz kalarak geçirmekteyiz. Bu yeni dijital dönemde, özellikle çocuk ve gençlerin zararlı yayınlara, olumsuz içeriklere karşı daha fazla bilinçli hale getirilmesi konusu oldukça önemli hale gelmiştir. Medyayı ebeveyn ve çocuk arasında bir çatışma noktası olmaktan çıkarmak gerekmektedir. Bu noktada, çocuk ve medya düzleminde ebeveynler de önemli rol oynamaktadır. Artık, medyanın tutsağı olmadan dijitalde geçen zamanı etkin kullanmak, manipülasyonlara karşı bilinçli, sorgulayıcı, farklı kaynaklardan teyit eden bireyler olmak, internette üretici ve aktif olmak zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, dijital bağımlılığa farkındalık oluşturmak için birtakım çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar arasında en etkin farkındalık süreci oluşturan kamu spotları, dijital bağımlılık üzerine yapılan kampanyalarda kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle dijital ebeveynlerin dikkatini çekmek ve harekete geçirmek için Yeşilay ve Siberay tarafından hazırlanan kamu spotları dijital bağımlılığa farkındalık oluşturmak için kurgulanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, dijital bağımlılığa dikkat çeken kamu spotlarını işlevsellik ve mesaj stratejileri bağlamında içerik analizi yöntemi ile inceleyerek kamu spotlarının dijital bağımlılık ve ebeveynlik ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada yer alan kamu spotlarında dijital bağımlılığa dikkat çeken ve harekete geçiren unsurların ortaya konulduğu, kamu spotlarının bilgilendirici ve eğitici işlevlerinden yararlanıldığı ve mesaj stratejilerinin uzman yardımları ve slogan kullanımlarıyla oluşturulduğu görülmektedir.

Sexual Abuse Among Adolescents (13 to 19 Years) of Boys and Girls in Three Private Schools in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Background: Sexual abuse in adolescents is a global public health issue with severe physical, psychological, and long-term effects. In Bangladesh, societal stigma, underreporting, and weak legal enforcement further exacerbate the issue. Objectives: The primary objective is to evaluate the prevalence and patterns of sexual abuse among adolescents in three Dhaka schools, with secondary objectives to assess their clinical, demographic, and mental health status. Method and Materials: This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the prevalence of sexual abuse among 130 adolescents (aged 13-19) from three private schools in Dhaka, selected through purposive sampling. Data will be collected using a pre-tested questionnaire administered by trained research assistants. The data will be analyzed using SPSS and STATA for both descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The study included 130 adolescents, with boys making up 53.8% and girls 46.2%. The most prevalent form of sexual abuse was verbal abuse, reported by 46.2% of participants, followed by physical touch (30.8%) and online abuse (15.4%). Peers or schoolmates were the primary perpetrators in 38.5% of cases, while 19.2% reported abuse by strangers. Notably, 46.2% of the adolescents did not report the abuse to anyone. Of those who did, 30.8% informed school authorities, and 23.1% confided in their family. Conclusion: Children, particularly girls, are highly vulnerable to sexual abuse due to lack of parental awareness, weak reporting systems, and difficulty in disclosing abuse. Strengthening community vigilance and reporting mechanisms is essential to protect them.

Policy analysis of the triple burden of malnutrition in children below 5 years of age in Oman

Background: Oman faces the triple burden of malnutrition (TBM) among children under 5 years of age, characterized by stunting, overweight, and wasting. This critical issue impacts children’s healthy development and the country’s progress toward the UN Sustainable Development Goal three addressing good health and well-being. Methods: This study employs secondary data analysis to investigate the prevalence and trends of stunting, overweight, and wasting among children under 5 years of age in Oman, compared with selected Gulf Cooperation Council countries and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Data sources include the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, the World Health Organization, and the World Bank Group. Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) and Howlett’s Policy Implementation Theory are used to critically analyze Oman’s strategies for improving child malnutrition. Results: The prevalence of stunting in Oman decreased from 12.3% in 2012 to 11.6% in 2022. The percentage of children who are overweight increased significantly from 2.9% in 2012 to 6.5% in 2022, surpassing trends in OECD countries. The incidence of wasting was 9.3% in 2017. Conclusion: The three critical aspects to address TBM in Oman are (1) policy gaps (the need for regular follow-up of children under the age of 5 years), (2) implementation barriers (need for regular program review and stakeholder engagement), and (3) the need for tailored interventions. These challenges can be rectified by (1) implementing an expansion of nutrition programs through early education in childcare facilities, (2) increasing parental awareness, and (3) increasing collaboration with healthcare providers (through childcare health programs) for continuous monitoring and support.

Analysis of Factors Associated with the Incidence of Injury in Children Under Five Years in Cakung East Jakarta

Children of toddler age (pre-school) very often experience injuries, both minor and major. Therefore, the role of parents is important in monitoring, protecting, and providing knowledge to children about what to do and what not to do. The study aims to determine the relationship between attitude, level of knowledge, and behavior with the incidence of injury in children under five years of age in Cakung, East Jakarta. This research plan uses an analytical descriptive design with a Cross-Sectional approach. The sample in this study was 134 people, and the sampling method was non-probability sampling. In collecting data, a questionnaire sheet for parents regarding attitudes, knowledge levels, and behavior was used. The results showed that the injury cases of children under five years of age were choking (47.0%), which was dominated by boys (52.2%). Then, parents with parental attitudes were dominated by moderate attitudes (48.5%), the level of parental knowledge was less (38.1%), and parental knowledge was less (41.8%). Analysis showed a significant relationship between parental attitude (p=0.028), knowledge level (p=0.004), and behavior (p=0.017) in Cakung, East Jakarta. Therefore, it is necessary to increase parents' knowledge and awareness of the need for parental supervision in order to prevent injuries to children.

Perceptions of emergency drills: a consensual qualitative research study with mothers of children with Down syndrome

This study aimed to explore the experiences of mothers of children with Down syndrome with emergency drills in the school setting. Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR), an inductive method, was utilized to explore interviewees’ descriptions of experiences. The method was chosen as it works well with rich and robust interview data often obtained through open-ended questions with a small number of participants about their innermost feelings. It is the first study following this methodology with parents of children with Down syndrome. Through following the CQR protocol, three major domains (Parent Perceptions, Child Experiences, School) were identified, as well as eight subthemes of parental awareness, parental concerns, parental knowledge, child overwhelmed, child unaware, child sensory, school communication, and school preparation. The themes identified within this study are directly related with critical constructs of social learning, as children must have preparation, awareness, and communication to promote optimal emergency preparation within social contexts. This innovative study identified that there is a need for greater communication between schools and parents to protect children with Down syndrome in case of an emergency.

Rise in Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnoses: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-pandemic and Pandemic Periods.

Introduction This study analyzes the rise in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses by comparing pre-pandemic (2017-2019) and pandemic period (2021-2023) data from two private pediatric practices with different populations in New York. The year 2020 was out of the analysis to focus on the impact after the shutdowns on ASD, and there were disruptions in clinic operations during that year. Clinic I primarily served an African-American ethnic population, while Clinic II primarily served an Asian population. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using de-identified patient numbers from the electronic medical records (EMR) of two private clinics. Only the numbers of new patients diagnosed each year were included from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019 (pre-pandemic), and January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2023 (pandemic). Sixteen ASD International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes were included in this analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to find important patterns and determine statistical significance. Results The study included 537 patients, 182 from Clinic I and 355 from Clinic II. Clinic I demonstrated a significant increase in ASD diagnoses, from 63 (pre-pandemic) to 119 (pandemic) (χ2=17.23; p=0.000033). Clinic II demonstrated a significant increase in ASD diagnoses, from 149 (pre-pandemic) to 206 (pandemic) (χ2=9.15; p=0.00248). Conclusion The significant increase in ASD diagnoses in two private pediatric practices with different populations indicates a notable association with the shutdown periods and the pandemic. Factors such as disrupted routines, changes in access to healthcare services, and increased parental awareness may have contributed to this rise. Further longitudinal studies are needed to understand the long-term impacts of the pandemic on ASD diagnoses and care.

Little grinder, big concern - a questionnaire survey

Background: Bruxism in paediatric dentistry refers to the habitual grinding or clenching of teeth in children. This condition can manifest during the day or night and may have various underlying causes. Bruxism has multifactorial etiology including disturbed sleep cycle and excessive gadget use in children. Present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of parents about bruxism in children who visited the department. Bruxism is a common concern in paediatric dentistry, presenting challenges for dental professionals and parents alike in managing and addressing its effects on a child's oral health. Methods: The study was conducted among the parents visiting the Department with their children for the treatment. A self-administered questionnaire about knowledge and awareness regarding bruxism habit, sleep cycle, and gadget use in children was made. It was shared with parents using E-methods. Data was collected and statistical analysis was done. Results: In this study, parents stated that 74.1% of children grind their teeth, and 63% of children did so while using the device. Children most frequently utilized mobile devices (51.9%), then TV (13%), electronic toys and video games (11.10%), laptops/PCs and tablets (6.50%). Before falling asleep, 81.50% of the kids used their gadgets, and after using them, 60.20% of the kids reported having trouble sleeping. Conclusions: According to this study, children who clench their teeth have disrupted sleep, and clenching of teeth is more common in children who experience stress as a result of prolonged use of gadgets. Thus, a significant relationship was seen between children's use of gadgets, sleep disruption, and bruxism.

Parental Awareness of Thalassemia Transmission and the Impact of Consanguineous Marriages: A Cross- Sectional Survey

Objective: To determine the frequency and relationship between consanguineous marriages and the awareness of thalassemia transmission among parents of thalassemic children.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from Oct 2019 to Feb 2020 in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Three hundredand eleven thalassemic children families were included in the study using a convenient purposive sampling technique. After informedconsent, the parents were interviewed and a proforma was filled out. Performa had questions about personal information, family information, and thalassemia awareness. Data was entered in SPSS version 21. Qualitative data was measured in frequencies.Results: Among Three hundred and eleven thalassemic families, 26.4% didn’t know consanguineous marriage causes thalassemia;72.3% of participants weren’t tested for thalassemia; 98.7% didn’t consult a doctor before marriage; only 1 % of participants didprenatal genetic testing after pregnancy; 86.8% of the parents’ marriages were consanguineous. In 31.5% of these 311 children, the mother was her husband’s first cousin (daughter of spouse’s father’s sister). 16.4% of mothers were daughters of their spouse’s father’s brother, 15.8% of the spouse’s mother’s brother, and 23.5% of the spouse’s mother’s sister. Most couple who had thalassemic children don’t consult with a doctor nor do they go for genetic testing before marriage.Conclusion: Consanguineous marriage is common among parents having a thalassemic child. Urgent policies should be advised andimplemented for the proper education of thalassemic families at the earliest.

Parental Awareness of Antibiotic Use for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Children in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia.

Upper respiratory tract infections are a prevalent cause of morbidity in children, often managed in primary care settings. These infections are predominantly viral, but antibiotics are sometimes inappropriately prescribed. This misuse, driven by parental pressure and misconceptions, contributes to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The impact of parental awareness on antibiotic use practices is significant, as gaps in knowledge can lead to inappropriate use. This study used a cross-sectional design to assess parents' awareness of antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in children in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected via a self-administered online questionnaire distributed through social media platforms. Participants were parents aged 18 years and older residing in Jazan. A snowball sampling technique was employed. The questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotics. The study included 398 participants, with a nearly equal gender distribution of 198 females (49.7%) and 200 males (50.3%). Participants' ages were as follows: 148 (37.2%) were 18-30 years old, 162 (40.7%) were 31-40 years old, and 88 (22.1%) were over 40 years old. Regarding educational attainment, 29 (7.3%) mothers and 36 (9.0%) fathers had primary school education; 117 (29.4%) mothers and 128 (32.2%) fathers had secondary school education; 22 (5.5%) mothers and 33 (8.3%) fathers had intermediate school education; 209 (52.5%) mothers and 175 (44.0%) fathers held a bachelor's degree; and 21 (5.3%) mothers and 26 (6.5%) fathers had a master's degree. Most participants had a moderate income level (270, 67.8%) and resided in Bish (202, 50.8%). The main sources of information about antibiotics were doctors (242, 60.8%) and the internet (90, 22.6%). Perceptions varied, with 147 (36.9%) agreeing and 84 (21.1%) strongly agreeing that antibiotics can prevent complications from infections. A significant proportion believed that inappropriate use could lead to antibiotic resistance (172, 43.2% agreed; 129, 32.4% strongly agreed). Regarding the use of leftover antibiotics, 197 (49.5%) disagreed with using them without consulting a doctor. Interaction with pediatricians showed that 212 (53.3%) always followed pediatrician advice and instructions, while 66 (16.6%) rarely did. The study highlights significant gaps in parental awareness regarding antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in Jazan. Despite some understanding of antibiotic resistance, misconceptions about the efficacy and appropriate use of antibiotics persist. Addressing these gaps through targeted education and improving communication with healthcare providers could enhance antibiotic stewardship and reduce the risk of resistance.

Hospital-acquired infections and unvaccinated children due to chronic diseases: an investigation of the 2017–2019 measles outbreak in the northern region of Vietnam

BackgroundMeasles remains a major public health burden worldwide. Parents often hesitate to vaccinate children with chronic diseases. We investigated the association between the percentage of vaccination and chronic diseases and explore hospital infections’ role in the 2017–2019 measles outbreak across northern Vietnam provinces.MethodsA total of 2,064 children aged 0–15 years old admitted for measles to the National Children’s Hospital during the outbreak were included in the study. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, vaccination statuses and laboratory examination were extracted from electronic medical records, vaccination records, or interviews with parents when other sources were unavailable.ResultsThe incidence rate that provincial hospitals sent to the National Children’s Hospital was proportional to the population density of their provinces of residence. Early nosocomial transmission of measles was observed before community-acquired cases emerged in many provinces. Among patients aged over 18 months, those with chronic diseases had a proportion of vaccination of 9.4%, lower than patients without chronic diseases at 32.4%. Unvaccinated patients had a higher proportion of hospital-acquired infections with aOR = 2.42 (1.65–3.65), p < 0.001 relative to vaccinated patients. The proportion of hospital-acquired infections was higher among children with chronic diseases compared to those without, with aOR = 3.81 (2.90–5.02), p < 0.001.ConclusionMeasles spread in healthcare settings prior to community cases that occurred in several provinces. We recommend enhancing hospital infection control by increasing staff training and improving early detection and isolation during non-outbreak periods. Measles patients with chronic diseases exhibited lower proportions of vaccination and faced a higher risk of hospital-acquired infections. It is crucial to establish comprehensive vaccination guidelines and enhance parental awareness regarding the significance and safety of measles vaccination to protect these vulnerable individuals.

Parental Perception of Vulnerability, Child’s Temperament, and Health Locus of Control: Who Made You Boo-Boo?

Background: In Pakistan, where unintentional injuries among toddlers pose a significant public health challenge, understanding the factors that contribute to elevated injury risks is crucial. A two-dimensional approach including parental factors (internal/external health locus of control and perceived vulnerability) and child factors (the child’s temperament) is explored as contributing to the unintentional injury behaviors of toddlers. Method: The study involved 241 parents of toddlers aged 18–36 months from daycare centers in three major Pakistani cities who had observed multiple recent injuries in their children. The comprehensive online assessment, lasting 15–20 minutes, incorporated the child vulnerability scale, injury behavior checklist, parent health locus of control questionnaire, and early childhood behavior questionnaire. Demographic details included child and parent age distributions, with a focus on educational backgrounds. The participants comprised both fathers and mothers, and the data analysis employed Smart-PLS software for structural equation modeling. Result: The results suggested there is no direct relationship between parental health locus of control (internal/external) and injury behaviors in children. However, an indirect and significant path was observed from the parental health locus of control (internal/external) to perceived child vulnerability and injury behaviors through moderation of temperamental characteristics. Conclusion: Our research underscores the indirect link between parental factors, child temperament, and toddler injuries in Pakistan. Culturally sensitive interventions targeting parental awareness can play a pivotal role in safeguarding the well-being of the youngest members of society.

Replantation After Dental Avulsion: A Scoping Review and Proposal of a Flow Chart.

Dental avulsion, the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket, is a severe dental trauma with a prevalence of 0.5% to 16% of all dental injuries. Replantation of avulsed teeth is common, yet recent studies show high failure rates and unpredictable long-term outcomes. This review examines clinical variables influencing intentional dental replantation decisions and proposes a treatment flow chart. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed-Medline, Scopus, WoS, and Cochrane databases using the keywords "tooth avulsion," "tooth replantation," and "tooth ankylosis." Inclusion criteria encompassed studies from January 2018 to February 2024. From 752 identified articles, 9 systematic reviews including 3 meta-analyses were selected for this scoping review. Immediate replantation is the gold standard for avulsed teeth, yet delayed replantation is more common in practice, impacting survival rates. Adherence to guidelines from the International Association on Dental Traumatology improves outcomes, especially in paediatric patients. Factors such as multiple caries, severe periodontal disease, advanced age, psychological conditions, immunodeficiency, and lack of cooperation are contraindications for replantation. Despite the high failure rate, replantation remains recommended in literature due to its potential advantages over prosthetic implants. This review highlights the complexities in decision-making for dental replantation, emphasising the need for a comprehensive approach considering individual clinical cases. A proposed treatment flow chart aims to support clinicians in predicting prognosis and making informed decisions. The review also underscores the link between dental trauma, poor oral health, and potential neglect in children, highlighting the importance of preventive measures and parental awareness.

Parental Awareness of Children’s Psychosocial Needs: Parents’ and Childcare Professionals’ Perspectives

Despite high rates of child mental health needs globally, these remain largely unmet. Barriers to the provision of psychosocial support to children include stigma and sparse resources. To address this gap, local professionals can promote change by working to capacitate parents on children’s mental health needs. In the current study, five childcare professionals (also referred to as “trainers”) attended a Train-of-Trainer (ToT) child mental health programme before facilitating three awareness workshops for 48 parents. Of those, 16 parents and the five trainers participated in focus groups before and after the workshops to discuss factors that either enabled or hindered psychosocial awareness. Established themes emerged that were related to the concepts of psychosocial needs, parental influences, help-seeking and knowledge generation. The findings suggest that a psychosocial model with social workers at the centre can maximise existing resources, with parents playing an important peer support and education role in mobilising communities.

Pilot Study on Reading and Writing Characteristics in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

This study surveys the factors regarding reading and writing difficulties in children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and uses these results to provide support. We conducted surveys on 16 elementary school children from 3rd to 6th grades who were diagnosed with ADHD by a physician based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). We conducted a Hiragana reading test, a Kanji reading and writing test, and a visual perception test on the subject children. We requested that the parents of the children complete a reading and writing symptom checklist, the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ), the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), and the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). We conducted a multiple regression analysis using the Kanji reading and writing test as the dependent variable. Results revealed that the positional task score in the visual perception test was a factor that influences Kanji writing. Meanwhile, gender, reading-related items on the reading and writing symptom checklist, and performance such as misreading of hiragana were factors that influenced Kanji reading. Based on the results, we suggested that when teaching Kanji writing, children's visual cognition ability should be assessed, and ways to incorporate learning methods that supplement visual perception, such as color masses and electronic learning materials, should be devised. When teaching reading, we suggest using teaching materials that present not only text but also audio as needed, and support the awareness of parents.