Awareness Of Contraception Research Articles

Contraceptive Practices and Awareness of Emergency Contraceptive Pills among Rural Women of Reproductive Age

Background: Regular contraceptive use and emergency contraception are tools to prevent population explosion. Objective: To assess the contraceptive practices and awareness of emergency contraceptive pills among rural women of reproductive age. Methods: The cross sectional study is conducted over 3months (December 2021 to February 2022) among 345 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who living with their husbands in selected rural residence at Mostafapur village under Sadar Upazilla in Cumilla district. Women who were pregnant, had a child younger than 2 years, or had any physical & psychological disorder were excluded. Participants are selected by convenience sampling technique, data are collected by face to face interview with a semi-structured questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, contraceptive practices and awareness of emergency contraceptive pills. Data are analysed by SPSS software. Results: In this study, majority (48.7%) of the participants are in the age group 25-34 years. Most of them are housewives (92.2%) and 33.0%has secondary education. The mean (±SD) monthly family income of the participants is 25463.77 (±15971.158) tk and 58.3% of the participants has 1-2 children. About the current practice of contraceptive method, 52.2% of the participants practice and OCP is the widely used method (58.3%), 44.40% take decision by both husband and wife. About reasons for using contraceptives, majority (38.3%) of them use due to spacing of birth and 27.2% cases do not use due to husband disapproval. Regarding awareness of ECPs, 55.9% of them aware of and Norpill is the widely heard method (20.7%). 27.4% of the participants’ source of information is frommedia: TV/Radio. About correct time of taking ECPs, 33.60%of them have no knowledge. Regarding conditions where ECPs are to be taken, majority 39.7% of them have no knowledge. About benefits of taking ECPs, majority (79.30%) of them know it can prevent pregnancy. Conclusion Contraceptive practices and awareness of ECPs are not satisfactory among rural women. So national wide campaign program should be conducted to improve this field.
 Central Medical College Journal Vol 6 No 1 January 2022 Page: 22-27

Sexual exposure, awareness, and knowledge of long-acting reversible contraceptives among female university students in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Unplanned and unintended pregnancies have become major medical, social and public health issues worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine sexual exposure, awareness and knowledge of long active reversible contraceptives (LARC) among female undergraduate students in public and private universities in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among 428 female university undergraduates in Ekiti State (208 students in public and 210 students in private) using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. P-value <0.05 was taken as significant. The mean age of respondents was 21.1±2.5years in public and 19.3±2.1years in private university. 53% of public university students and 30% of private university students have had sexual intercourse. While 41.3% of public university students were aware of LARC, 37.1% of the private university students were aware. The knowledge of LARC among the public university students was lower (23.6%) as compared to those in private university (33.3%). We conclude that while sexual exposure is higher among public university students than in private, the awareness of LARC was higher in public than private universities. Continuous campaign programmes to university students on the benefit of LARC is recommended.

AWARENESS OF CONTRACEPTION USE AMONG FEMALES IN RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA

Background:Over the past few decades, there has been a remarkable increase in the general population awareness regarding the usage of contraception. effective strategies should be implemented to raise awareness of the appropriate use of contraceptives among Saudi population. Study aim: This study aims to assess the level of awareness of contraceptive use among females and male participation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A quantitative approach was utilized, with a cross-sectional design. The participants was selected through convenience sampling from Riyadh. The data was collected through an online self-administered questionnaire consisting of four sections: demographic characteristics, awareness and attitudes towards contraceptive methods, contraceptive use and male participation, and access to contraceptive services. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results:The study included 503 participants, 39.6% of them were 31- 40 years old. 80.7% of participants used contraceptives before (75.6% of them used oral pills, 41.9% used IUD, and 32.3% used condoms). 46.6% used contraception always, 30.8% a lot, and 21.4% use it scarcely. 31% of study participants have good awareness score, 55.7% have moderate awareness, and 13.3% have poor awareness. Also, 17% of participants have weak perception score, 20.2% had moderate perception, and 62.8% had good perception scores. Conclusion:The study illustrates low awareness and perception of contraceptives among studied females in Saudi Arabia. A significant association between awareness scores of participants regarding contraceptives with their age, educational level, marital status, job and monthly income. However, perception of contraceptives was not associated with any of the sociodemographic characters.

Awareness and use of emergency contraception among women attending Kidwany MCH center, Assiut City

Awareness and use of emergency contraception among women attending Kidwany MCH center, Assiut City

Reasons for modern contraceptives choice and long-acting reversible contraceptives early removal in Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia; qualitative approach

BackgroundWomen use modern contraceptive methods, mainly either to limit or space pregnancy and both are not identical in their choices. One method may not best fit an individual’s need irrespective of the time of spacing. Cognizant of this, the context with which women base in choice of contraceptives, their lived experiences in using, and factors for early removal/ discontinuation of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are not much investigated in the study setting and our study aimed to bridge the gap through exploring the underlying reasons.MethodA phenomenological study design was used to explore sampled women’s reasons and experiences. Reproductive-aged women (15–49 years) who removed long-acting methods in the past 6 months were included. A criterion sampling approach was employed to recruit study participants. Data was collected using an interview guide for in-depth (IDIs) and key informant interviews and were tape-recorded with interviewees' consent. Audio data were transcribed verbatim and translated into English. The data was first saved in plain text format and imported into Atlas.ti 7.0 software to facilitate coding and categorizing. The content analysis method was used to classify, organize data, and interpret the qualitative data according to key categories.ResultsSeveral misconceptions about contraceptives (e.g., implants are not appropriate for daily laborers, women who use contraceptives (such as injectables) can only bear girl-child, etc.) were reported by clients and health providers. These misconceptions might not have scientific merit but they are powerful enough to affect actual behaviors toward contraceptives, including early removal. The awareness, attitude, and use of contraceptives tend to be lower in rural areas. For premature removal of LARCs, side effects, and heavy menstrual bleeding, was the most commonly identified reason. The IUCD is the least preferred method and users said it is not comfortable during sex.Conclusion and recommendationOur study found different reasons and misconceptions for modern contraceptive methods’ non-use and discontinuation. Standardized counseling approaches like the REDI (Rapport Building, Exploration, Decision Making, and Implementation) framework should be implemented in the country consistently. Some of the concrete providers’ conceptions should be well-studied considering contextual factors to bring scientific evidence.

Prevalence and determinants of Contraceptive practice in Women Attending Tikrit Teaching Hospital

Background: Family planning assist in achieving the optimal growth and development of each member in the family and protect the women from the side effects of multiple pregnancies. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, awareness and practice of contraceptives, and the determinants of contraceptive use among women attending Tikrit teaching hospital.Subjects and Methods: a cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in Tikrit teaching hospital from February to May 2011. A total of 280 married women aged between 15-50years were participated in this study.Results: The prevalence of family planning practice among them was 77.1%. Despite that all of women (100%) knew about contraception but only (80%) were in favor it. Favor and practice of contraception inversely related to educational level. Among users, the modern methods were the most common methods used by women (64.3%) while only (35.7%) used the natural traditional methods. Conclusion: this study revealed high awareness about family planning methods, in the same time the prevalence of practicing it was high. Favor and practice of contraception were more pronounced in low educated and unemployed women.

A qualitative study of influences on the uptake of contraceptive services among people of reproductive age in Uganda

BackgroundUganda has registered an increased investment in family planning (FP) programs, which has contributed to improvement in knowledge of modern contraceptive methods being nearly universal. However, this has not matched the uptake of modern methods or the reduction in the unmet need for FP. This may be explained by the different influences which include health workers, family, and friends. Due to the limited uptake of contraceptive methods, a program on improving awareness, access to, and uptake of modern contraceptives is being implemented in selected regions in Uganda. We, therefore, conducted a formative study to determine the influences on contraceptive uptake at the onset of this program.MethodsUsing a qualitative study design, we conducted thirty-two focus group discussions and twenty-one in-depth interviews involving men and women of reproductive age. We also carried out twenty-one key informant interviews with people involved in FP service delivery. Data was collected in four districts where implementation of the program was to take place. Audio recorders were used to collect data and tools were translated into local languages. A codebook was developed, and transcripts were coded in vivo using the computer software Atlas-ti version 7 before analysis. Ethical clearance was obtained from institutional review boards and informed consent was sought from all participants.ResultsFrom the study, most married people mentioned health workers as their main influence while adolescents reported their peers and friends. Religious leaders and mothers-in-law were reported to mainly discourage people from taking up modern contraceptive methods. The cultural value attached to having many children influenced the contraceptive use decision among people in rural settings. Other influences included a person’s experience and housing.ConclusionsHealth workers, religious leaders, and mothers determine the uptake of contraceptive services. The study recommends the consideration of the role of these influences in the design of FP program interventions as well as more involvement of health workers in sensitization of communities about contraceptive methods.

To use or not to use: Exploring factors influencing the uptake of modern contraceptives in urban informal settlements of Mumbai.

Rapid urbanization and a high unmet need for family planning in urban informal settlements point to the significance of identifying gaps that exist in the path of voluntary uptake of contraceptives. We undertook this study to better understand the perspectives related to family planning among women living in informal settlements of Mumbai. We used a mixed-methods approach, including a cross-sectional survey with 1407 married women of reproductive age and face-to-face in-depth interviews with 22 women, both users and non-users of modern contraceptives. 1070 (76%) of the participants were using modern contraceptives and women's age, education, parity, socioeconomic status and exposure to family planning interventions were the main determinants of contraceptive use. Poor contraceptive awareness before marriage coupled with social norms of early childbearing and completing family resulted in unplanned and less spaced pregnancies even among current users. In such cases, women either continued with the pregnancy or opted for abortion which sometimes could be unsafe. The decision to use contraceptives was taken in most cases after achieving the desired family size and was also influenced by belief in traditional methods, fear of side effects, spousal/family awareness and counselling by frontline workers. We recommend strengthening of sexual and reproductive health component of adolescent health programs. It is pertinent to inform women about their reproductive rights and most importantly empower them to practice these rights. This can be achieved by increasing women's age at marriage and continued promotion of formal education. Widespread misconceptions related to the side effects of modern methods need to be mitigated via counselling. Referral, follow-up, and suggestions on available choices of contraceptives should be given in case women face any side effects from the use of contraceptives. At the same time, improving spousal awareness and communication regarding family planning will allow couples to make informed decisions. Finally, roping in role models in the community will create an environment conducive to operationalizing rights-based family planning.

Analysis of unintended pregnancy and influencing factors among married women in China

Unintended pregnancy often ends with induced abortion, an outcome that affects a woman’s physical and mental health and consumes social resources. A national fertility survey conducted by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission in 2017, gathered data on pregnancies among married women aged 15–49 to analyze the changing circumstances of such pregnancies and the factors that influence their occurrence. The analysis found that the incidence of unintended pregnancies among married women in China was 42.4‰ in 2017, and that such pregnancies accounted for 22.9% of all pregnancies in China for the years 2010–2017. Of all abortions, 91.9% were used to terminate unintended pregnancies, and of unintended pregnancies, 67.1% ended with induced abortions. The incidence of unintended pregnancy and that of induced abortion to terminate the unintended pregnancy were higher among women living in an urban rather than a rural area, having previously given birth to a boy, having a large number of children, being at the older end of their childbearing years, or having a shorter interpregnancy interval. Only 37.3% of women chose long-term contraceptive methods after an induced abortion caused by an unintended pregnancy; their sense of self-protection was not strong. It is necessary to strengthen education and advocacy, enhance women's awareness of the protection contraceptives offer, and improve the quality of and access to contraceptive services to reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancy, and reduce the incidence of induced abortion to terminate unintended pregnancy.

Contraceptive use among young mothers with repeat births: Evidence from a qualitative study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Teenage pregnancy and rapid repeat pregnancies are declining globally, but they continue to be a significant health issue. Many studies have explored contraceptive use by adolescents, but too date there is a lack of literature on the contraceptive use dynamics of young women in repeat births. This study was conducted in Umlazi, a township located in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. A total of 50 interviews with young mothers aged 18-24 years were conducted. The results revealed that contraceptive use among young mothers remains a challenge, resulting in a significant lack of contraceptive use. This study concludes that much more needs to be done to help young women protect themselves from unwanted and unplanned repeat pregnancies, which includes raising contraception awareness as well as educating young women about their own sexual reproductive health.

Demand for modern contraceptives and use among women of reproductive age in north central Nigeria

Background: The maternal mortality rate in north central Nigeria remained unacceptably high and the use of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age in north central Nigeria may be a way of reducing maternal death. The study aimed to determine the contraceptive uptake among women of reproductive age in north central Nigeria and the factors that influence the use of contraceptives. Methods: The study was a secondary analysis of 2018 national demographic and household survey data. Data were abstracted for women of reproductive age 15-49 years across seven states in Nigeria. Results: The level of awareness of modern contraceptives was 91.6% while the modern contraceptive prevalence rate was 38.8% and current contraceptive prevalence use was 53.4%. The main source of information was radio 298 (22.4%) and the most common contraceptive used was implants 81 (29.3%) followed by hormonal contraceptive injections 77 (27.4%). The factors associated with the use of contraceptives include the age of the women, religion, level of education, number of children ever born, and partners’ opinion (p=0.001). The proportion of women who oppose contraceptive use was significantly higher (χ2=4.732, p=0.030). Similarly, the proportion of women whose husbands/partners opposed contraceptive use was significantly higher (χ2=8.589, p=0.003, OR=3.2). Conclusions: The prevalence of contraceptive use is low in north-central Nigeria despite the high level of awareness. There is a need to involve the women’s partner to increase the uptake of contraceptive use.

A longitudinal cross-sectional study on awareness of contraception

Contraception is a method or a way to stop or prevent pregnancy. Since from ancient times birth control has its prevalence but the safest and most efficient methods of contraception was only introduced in 20th century. An ideal contraceptive is considered when it is user-friendly, effective and reversible with less or zero side effects and lesser adverse complications and more importantly one which is easily available. There are wide range of contraception or birth control methods currently available which includes traditional methods, barriers, oral contraceptives pills (OCP), implants, Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) and Surgical methods along with injectable. The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention jointly with World Health Organization has provided with guidelines on the safety of contraception for women with specific medical condition. According to another report documented by World Health organization, which stated that most effective and safest methods of contraception is sterilization by means of vasectomy in males and in cases of females by means of tubal linguation, intra uterine devices and implantable birth control. This data of safest birth control method also includes vaginal rings, oral pills, patches and injections. World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research has also stated that less effective methods includes physical barriers &amp; spermicide and the least effective methods of contraception is traditional or natural method.A longitudinal cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Gyan Sagar Medical College and Hospital in Punjab, India. Ethical approval was taken from the committee before commencing of this study. To determine the prevalence of awareness of Contraception and to determine the most commonly used contraceptive method among subjects. We hereby conclude our longitudinal cross-sectional study by indicating the fact that prevalence of awareness of contraception is higher in urban and educated classes of our society. We thereby wanted to spread one message through our study so that special initiative on birth control method should be mandated by Government in various medical colleges and hospitals in India to create awareness in rural sections and interior villages, social awareness of safe sexual practice could be spread each and every section of our country because contraception does not only prevent pregnancy it also protects the mankind and save one’s life from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. As is always quoted correctly that “Prevention is better than cure”.

Retraction Note: Factors affecting awareness of emergency contraception among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal

Retraction Note: Factors affecting awareness of emergency contraception among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal

Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Use of Family Planning Methods Among Residents in Iringa Municipality

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Iringa Municipality with 100 women of childbearing age aged 18 to 45 years. Levels of knowledge and awareness of family planning methods were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. As a result, it was found that the majority of 94(94%) of the surveyed population said they were well-informed about family planning methods and had good attitudes and awareness of contraceptives. Of the methods presented, male condoms, injections, and implants were familiar and used by the majority of participants. Of the 100 participants, 85(85%) used modern family planning techniques and 71(83.5%) of them reported having used services at a health facility. However, the remaining 15(15%) of respondents indicated that they did not use family planning for religious and cultural reasons. Modern contraceptive technology is available, accessible, and proven to be used. Therefore, more education is needed for communities on the importance of using permanent modern strategies, including sterilization. Getting men involved is also important.

Psycho-Cognitive Factors that Influence Contraceptive Use among Married Men and Women in Akure South Local Government Area, Nigeria

Background: Contraception is an important aspect of Public Health Worldwide however its prevalence in Nigeria is low (17%). Awareness of contraceptives is high in Nigeria, yet most women in their childbearing age do not use any form of contraceptives. This study investigated the psycho-cognitive factors that influence contraceptive use among married men and women in Akure South Local Government area (LGA), Nigeria. Methodology: This study used a cross sectional design to select 231 respondents through multi-stage sampling technique in five selected basic health centres in Akure South LGA. The study population was married men and women in Akure South LGA. Two hundred and thirty-seven questionnaires were administered however 231 questionnaires were properly filled giving a response rate of 97.46%. Results: Most of the males (60.8%) and females (73.2%) respondents had a good knowledge of contraceptives. Majority of the males (68.9%) and females (78.3%) respondents had a negative attitude towards the use of contraceptives. Majority of the males (70.3%) and females (81.5%) respondents had a high perception towards the use of contraceptive. There was no significant relationship (p &gt;0.05) between psycho-cognitive factors and contraceptive use among the males (r = -.175, p = .137) and females (r =.085, p =.292) respondents. Conclusion: The use of contraceptives can be predicted by their attitudes. This study recommends, reproductive health intervention programs aimed at educating on the use of contraceptives should be done regularly to improve their attitude towards contraception. Keywords: Contraceptive, Psycho-Cognitive, Men, Women, Attitude

Contraception Awareness and its Practise among Working Women in Institutions in North Karnataka: An Observational Survey

Introduction: Contraceptive choice is a critical component of women’s reproductive health and rights. In contrastthe social and economic correlates of contraceptive use are less well understood, particularly in low and middlesincome countries, where contraceptive use if often assessed in the contest of maternal and child health interventions.Objectives: To study the Awareness about the contraceptive methods, to understand the practice of contraceptionregarding contraception &amp; to find the Myths and Taboos regarding contraception among working population.Methodology: This study was conducted among all working women belonging to the age group of 20-49 years innorthern district of Karnataka state, using a pre-validated questionnaire which was used to assess the awarenessand practices of contraception among working women.Results: Among the total 2000 women taken into the study only 1409 participants participated in the studyfrom that we observed that majority of them around 81.3% participants belonged to rural area, with 50.8%having a minimum graduate educational qualification &amp; belonged to the age group of 20-29 years. Theywere aware of many factors about contraception such as the facilities where is it available the pros and consassociated with it but the association of disturbed cycles, its affectability to future pregnancy and weightgain were not known. Most of the women who practiced contraception commonly used condoms followedby permanent method of sterilization. Many women and their partners have the belief that contraception isassociated with various side effects and hence they step back from using the various methods of contraceptionavailable to them.Conclusion: the working women had awareness regarding the facilities where they could approach forcontraception, the advantage of preventing sexually transmitted diseases and so on. But they needed bettereducation of the various types of methods of contraception available to them and the best option they canchoose.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Family Planning among Married Women in ALTI city, Alkamlin locality, AL-Gezira State, Sudan from February – March 2023

Background: Researches have shown highest awareness but low utilization of contraceptives making the situation a serious challenge. Most of women in reproductive age group know little or have incorrect information about family planning methods. Even when they know the name of some of the contraceptives, they do not know where to get them or how to use it. These women have negative attitude about family planning, whereas some have heard false and misleading information, the current study aimed in assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice of family planning among married women in ALTI city. Justification: Considering the high risk of maternal morbidity and mortality, increased risks of unintended pregnancy, this study aims to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of family planning (FP) and associated factors among married women living in ALTI city February – 2023. Methods: Cross sectional study. 45 women were interviewed. Data were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire, which included study participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, access to FP services, knowledge, attitude, and practice of FP. Study population: This study targeted married women in childbearing age in ALTI city February-2023.

A Study to Assess the Awareness and Usage of Contraception Among Married Women

Background: India is the second most populous country in the world. Karnataka is the eighth largest state in Indiain terms of Population. High fertility rate and hence high population growth rate are among the leading economicand social problems faced by the developing world. This study is done to assess the awareness and usage ofvarious methods of contraception.Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in urban field practice area of Sri Siddhartha Medical Collegein Tumkur. 260 study participants were included in the study and systematic random sampling method was usedto select the study subjects. Pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview participants about their reproductiveintentions and contraceptive behaviour.Results: In the present study 193 (74.23%) study participants were aware about one or the other methods ofcontraception. Majority 191(73.46%) of the participants were aware about tubectomy. The prevalence ofcontraceptive usage was 55.4%.Conclusion: The total demand of the community for Contraceptives is 77.3%, which has to be taken in toconsideration by policy makers. Only 74.23% of study participants were aware about one or the other methods ofcontraception, hence there is a scope to increase the awareness.

Missed opportunity for self-injectable contraception awareness and adoption: Insights from client exit interviews in Uganda and Nigeria

ObjectivesTo assess the extent to which self-injection contraceptive information and services are provided to women in Uganda and Nigeria. Study designWe conducted a descriptive information cascade analysis using data from a cross-sectional exit interviews with 492 family planning clients in Uganda and 720 in Nigeria. ResultsMore than a third of respondents in Uganda (31.2%) and Nigeria (40.5%) reported not receiving any information about the self-injection contraceptive during service provision. Only 45.6% clients who adopted self-injected DMPA-SC in Uganda and 1.7% in Nigeria were issued with additional doses to take home. ConclusionThe findings suggest that there are missed opportunities to provide women with information and services on DMPA-SC self-injection. ImplicationA contraceptive counseling and services cascade can be a useful tool for identifying gaps in the quality and person-centeredness of family planning services, and ultimately improving the experience of clients.

Prevalence and Barriers to Contraceptive Uptake among Reproductive Age Women in Achi, Enugu State, Southeast, Nigeria

Background: Contraceptives are methods used to prevent pregnancies because of coitus. It is a major determinant of pregnancy and birth rates worldwide. Nigeria, like many other developing countries has a low prevalence rate of contraception, hence, the need to improve awareness and availability of modern contraceptives to reduce the unmet need and avail our women the opportunity to enjoy the numerous benefits derivable from it. Aim: To determine the prevalence, awareness and barriers to contraceptive uptake among the rural women. Materials &amp; Method: It was a cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age in Achi. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit respondents from the communities in the town. A questionnaire administered by the interviewer was used to collect relevant data, which was subsequently analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 computer software for Windows. The result was presented using tables, means and percentages. Result: Four hundred and twenty two (422) women were recruited into the study. Majority of them were 25-29 years (34.6%) whereas the least were 15-19 years (4.33%) of this number, 68.2% had secondary education and majority of them farmers (27.5%). About 40% were orthodox Christians and the rest Catholics and Pentecostals. Also, 316 (74.9%) of the women did not use any contraceptive method giving us a contraceptive prevalence of 25.1%. Two hundred and eight (49.3%) had 3 to 4 surviving children while only 43 (0.2%) had no child. Most the women on contraceptives used injectables,(11.1%), 4.7% used implants and only 0.2% used oral pills. Of the possible reasons for non-acceptance considered majority had fear of carcinogenesis 133(31.5%), followed by husbands’ opposition 110(26.1%) while 19(4.5%) considered contraceptives unhealthy. Conclusion: There is still a low prevalence of contraception in Achi suggesting a high burden of unmet contraceptive needs. Efforts should be channelled towards unravelling the remote and immediate causes of the low prevalence so as to proffer a lasting solution to the problem.