Awareness Of Climate Change Research Articles

Climate change regulations in subnational governments of the Southeast Asian countries: case studies from Indonesia and the Philippines

As of 2023, all Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states (AMS) have ratified the 2015 Paris Agreement and submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The majority of these NDCs acknowledge the critical role of subnational governments in fulfilling their climate commitments. This research examines the scope of subnational climate regulations and policies through case studies in Indonesia and the Philippines. The findings reveal that in both countries, subnational climate regulations and policies fall short of matching the ambition of the national NDCs. The research identifies several factors contributing to this gap, including: (i) regulations being introduced superficially; (ii) slow transmission of policies from national to subnational levels; (iii) a focus on short-term projects; (iv) a lack of prioritisation of climate issues; (v) limited understanding and awareness of climate change impacts at the local level; and (vi) the absence of a clear framework for integrating other non-state actors.

Bridging the gap: challenges and adoption of climate-resilient agriculture technologies in agricultural landscapes across agro-climatic zones of Bihar, India

How effective are climate resilient agricultural technologies (CRATs) in overcoming barriers faced in agri-food system by farmers across the different agro-climatic zones (ACZs) of Bihar? This study examines the barriers that hinder farmers in Bihar from adopting CRATs amidst the growing impacts of climate change on global agri-food systems. It focuses on key CRATs, including zero tillage/minimum tillage (ZT/MT), laser land leveling (LLL), climate-resilient variety selection (CRVS), crop diversification (CD), site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), crop calendar and timely sowing (CCTS), and direct-seeded rice (DSR), and investigates the factors affecting their adoption. Using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and logistic regression, key factors that influence the adoption of CRATs were identified. Descriptive statistics showed moderate levels of soil health awareness (mean value = 2.70) and climate change awareness (mean value = 2.63). Correlation analysis found that social factors like training received had a positive correlation with the adoption of DSR (correlation coefficient = 0.410). Logistic regression results highlighted that technology awareness significantly influences the adoption of DSR (coefficient = 0.400, p = 0.253), while initial investment costs are major barriers for ZT/MT and LLL (coefficient = 0.400, p = 0.267). Results highlight the need to improve awareness through educational programs, provide technical support, and offer financial incentives to overcome the various barriers farmers faced. Targeted efforts in these areas can significantly increase the adoption of the CRATs, leading to more resilient and sustainable farming systems. Study supports not only the sustainable agricultural development but also align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land).

Smart Learning and Climate Change Awareness: A Simulation‐Based Case Study in Morocco

Smart Learning and Climate Change Awareness: A Simulation‐Based Case Study in Morocco

Children living in disaster-prone areas in Timor Island: what do they know about disaster and climate change?

ABSTRACT Global environmental change’s impact on local realities, which is getting more worrying daily, sparks awareness of the importance of risk reduction, adaptation, and preparedness in the communities, especially children and adolescents vulnerable to disasters and climate change. West Timor of East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the areas that is at risk of climate change and disaster in Indonesia. This study aim to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, and preparedness for disasters and climate change in children living in climate-risk and disaster years. The data were then analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. Based on the study’s results, there are two main themes, namely (1) understanding related to disaster risk and climate change and (2) scientific attitudes possessed by students. Identifying the level of understanding and extent of critical thinking ability of children and adolescents that can inform policymakers and advocates to empower children to cope with future disaster risks.

Rate of Penetration Prediction for Large Diameter Offshore Drilling for Windfarm Structures

It is essential to shift towards sustainable energy in a world with increased awareness of global warming and climate change. There is an anticipated increase in offshore wind farms in the upcoming years. There is a need to explore new locations in tougher soil conditions for the wind farm developments as the sweet spots or technically easy spots have been taken. The rock strength must be overcome in the new locations of concern. Due to pile buckling the conventional pile driving technique becomes an undesirable solution. An alternative method that can complete wind farm infrastructure efficiently in challenging soil and rocks is drilling. In addition, there are some regions where pile driving becomes unviable due to the rules associated with maximum noise levels. The cost of the project increases significantly in the case of the use of noise mitigation measurements. Again, drilling can be considered as an alternative solution, because as a result, the noise generated during installation decreases significantly. The important role in the total drilling process is the drilling phase itself, and it can easily be equal to more than half of the total pile installation time. It is necessary to have a very decent prediction of the drilling rate for the installation of a large number of foundation piles, especially since it is important to have this information during the tender phase of a project. The currently available drilling rate models are based on empirical evidence and tend to be specific to certain drilling methods in each type of rock. This study aims to better predict the drilling rate which will be applicable for different amounts of large-diameter drilling for various rock and soil types. Significant importance will be given to the analysis of conventional top-hole drilling performance. Investigation of top hole and deep hole drilling bit design will be conducted and its applicability to soil drilling for windfarm installation will be tested.

Green Startup Policy in Vietnam: Current Status and Challenges for Sustainable Development

In the context of globalization and increasing awareness of climate change, green and sustainable economic development has become an inevitable trend for nations worldwide. With a strong commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Vietnam is striving to promote green startup initiatives to maximize economic potential while protecting the environment and natural resources. Policies supporting green startups play a crucial role in creating a favorable environment, fostering creativity and innovation, and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic green enterprises. However, the implementation of these policies in Vietnam still faces many challenges, including an inconsistent legal framework, fragmented support resources, and barriers in accessing capital and markets. This article aims to analyze the current state of green startup support policies in Vietnam and highlight key issues to consider during the policy formulation and implementation process.

Perceived climate risk and stock prices: An empirical analysis of pricing effects.

Increasing awareness of climate change and its potential consequences on financial markets has led to interest in the impact of climate risk on stock returns and portfolio composition, but few studies have focused on perceived climate risk pricing. This study is the first to introduce perceived climate risk as an additional factor in asset pricing models. The perceived climate risk is measured based on the climate change sentiment of the Twitter dataset with 16 million unique tweets in the years 2010-2019. One of the main advantages of our proxy is that it allows us to capture both physical and transition climate risks. Our results show that perceived climate risk is priced into Standard and Poor's 500 (S&P 500) Index stock returns and is robust when different asset-pricing models are used. Our findings have implications for market participants, as understanding the relationship between perceived climate risk and asset prices is crucial for investors seeking to navigate the financial implications of climate change and for policymakers aiming to promote sustainable financing and mitigate the potential damaging effects of climate risk on financial markets, and a pricing model that accurately incorporates perceived climate risk can facilitate this understanding.

Urban heat island relation with land use land cover change in Hetauda sub-metropolitan city of Nepal

Urban areas are expanding globally at the expense of natural productive land which affects the quality of life of urban residents. Hetauda sub-metropolitan city of Nepal has been undergoing rapid urban growth for the last few decades causing local climatic effects such as land surface temperature (LST) variation. Thus, exploring spatio-temporal changes in land use, land cover (LULC), and urban heat island (UHI) analysis could be an effective means of exposing local environmental issues caused by anthropogenic activities. Development in thermal Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) has enabled the monitoring of spatial LST, UHI, and its correlation to LULC. We used Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite data and a supervised classification algorithm for land use land classification for the years 1995, 2008, and 2018 in Arc map software. The spatial pattern of LST was obtained through mathematical calculation of the thermal band of Landsat images. Correlation analysis was applied to explore the relationship between LST, LULC types, and LUCL indices. The LST was higher for urban/built-up and cultivated land use types. There was approximately 4°C mean LST variation for all three years of study. The regression analysis showed a positive correlation of urban/built-up with the Normal Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) however a negative correlation with the Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which implies that green structure weakens the UHI effects while urban/built-up areas strengthen the UHI. Overall, the study can be useful for urban planners in sustainable urban planning and management as well as to raise public awareness of climate change and the warming effect.

Youth and Climate Change in Pastoralist Communities in the IGAD's Karamoja Cluster: The Case Study of Turkana County, Kenya

Purpose: This study explores the interaction between youth, climate change, and pastoralism in Turkana County, a climate change hotspot within the IGAD's Karamoja Cluster. The study primarily examines youth's knowledge of climate change, its impacts on their lives, and their involvement in climate action initiatives. Methodology: The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from semi-structured questionnaires with qualitative insights gathered from interviews and focus group discussions. Data collection was conducted in both rural and peri-urban areas in Turkana County, supplemented by a review of secondary information from governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in climate action. Findings: The findings reveal a complex association between youth awareness of climate change, its direct impacts on their livelihoods, and their involvement in climate action. Many youths have superficial knowledge of climate issues, and there is, therefore, a critical need for enhanced education and capacity-building to deepen their understanding of climate change, local and national policies, and global climate processes and actions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: The study is grounded on theoretical frameworks of Social-Ecological Theory and Capability Theory to guide the analysis of youth, climate change, and pastoralist livelihoods. This study makes significant contributions to both academic literature and policy development by providing nuanced insights into the role of youth in climate action within the context of pastoralist communities. It underscores the importance of supporting youth-led initiatives and ensuring access to resources that will support them in promoting resilience in the face of climate change. The study's policy implications are particularly noteworthy, as it recommends integrating climate education into local curricula, prioritizing investment in youth-led climate action, and fostering collaboration among young people, local authorities, NGOs, and international organizations. By addressing the unique challenges faced by the youth in pastoralist settings, the findings aim to inform strategic interventions that improve community climate resilience and sustainable development. This study, therefore, advocates for the inclusion of youth perspectives in climate policy discussions, emphasizing their potential as critical change agents in promoting adaptive capacity and sustainable livelihoods within their communities.

Tourists’ perceptions of climate change awareness, impact, and response mechanisms in South African national parks

ABSTRACT Climate change threatens tourism through slow onsets and rapid climate-induced events like droughts, rising sea levels, floods, extreme heat, and wildfires, destabilising destinations appeal. This paper examined tourist perceptions of climate change in South African national parks and their responses to these challenges. A quantitative tourist survey (n = 871) was administered in 19 national parks. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, regression models, ANOVA, t-tests, and correlation analysis, while qualitative data were manually coded to identify themes and categorised by frequency. Over 40% of the tourists surveyed recognised the impact of climate change on the parks, and 50% understood the connection between climate change and reducing its environmental impact through lifestyle changes. However, 20% reported that lack of knowledge hinders their ability to adjust their lifestyles. Tourists showed a willingness to invest in sustainable travel, preferring green accommodations and low-carbon travel. This study highlights the need for park management to focus on conservation, disaster risk management, and engaging tourists through education and awareness of climate change and its impact on ecosystems and tourism.

Investigating the Effectiveness of TikTok in Promoting Public Awareness and Engagement on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures in Nigeria

TikTok is a social media platform that has gained immense popularity worldwide due to its short-form videos. With its increasing user-base in Nigeria, TikTok can be an effective tool to promote public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of TikTok in promoting these measures in Nigeria. The objective of this library research study was to investigate the effectiveness of TikTok in promoting public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria. The study aimed to explore the various ways TikTok can be utilized to increase public engagement and inspire action towards climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria, as well as identify the limitations and challenges associated with its use in Nigeria. Anchored on the Uses and Gratifications theory, the study employed a systematic review of literature published on TikTok videos related to climate change in Nigeria. The study's findings indicate that TikTok can be an effective tool in promoting public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria. TikTok can increase public engagement as it offers a visual and interactive medium of conveying information effectively. The study identified successful strategies for creating climate change-related content and specific features of TikTok that can be useful in promoting climate change awareness. However, the study also identified limitations associated with the use of TikTok in Nigeria, including limited access to the internet and smartphones, low levels of literacy, and lack of expertise in content creation. The study concludes that TikTok can be an effective tool in promoting public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria.

Public Opinion about European Researchers’ Night on Climate Change and Polar Science in Türkiye

The European Researchers' Night is an annual event held across Europe on the last Friday of September, with the primary goal of promoting public recognition of scientists, disseminating information about the real-world impact of their research, inspiring young people to pursue careers in science, and raising awareness about research and innovation activities. In 2022, European Researcher’s Night focused on climate change and polar science in Istanbul and Gaziantep provinces. The central aim was to enhance public awareness of polar regions and global climate change, as well as to facilitate the acknowledgment of researchers and their work by the general public. This study examined the opinions of participants who attended these events, including 221 primary school students, 687 secondary school students, 525 high school students, and 319 adults. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, participant opinions were collected through both quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews conducted concurrently during the events. The results revealed overwhelmingly positive feedback from all participants regarding the events, with unanimous support for the continuation of such engaging public outreach initiatives. In conclusion, these events serve as effective channels for communicating scientific research with the public and underscore the importance of research extending beyond the confines of research communities.

Covering Environment and Climate Change in Turkey: Transformative Journalisms Face Competitive Authoritarianism

ABSTRACT As the climate crisis deepens, journalistic interventions aimed at engaging citizens with news that raises public awareness and promotes climate solutions are gaining significance throughout the globe. Drawing on the conceptual framework of transformative journalisms, this study focuses on professional discourses, practices, emotions, and challenges of climate journalists in Turkey to improve our understanding of their operations in a highly polarized and oppressive political atmosphere. The research is based on qualitative, in-depth interviews with 21 journalists from different regions of Turkey who identified as climate journalists or environmental journalists prioritizing the climate crisis. The findings suggest that journalists go beyond solely reporting on climate science and undertake the mission of advocacy for the transformation toward ecological sustainability despite constant political oppression, financial restraints, and polarization traps. Although inspiring hardly any policy change under the circumstances demotivates the journalists, niche outlets invest in raising community-level awareness of climate change and forging broad alliances with local journalists, actors of environmental movements, and civil society, keeping hopes alive for bottom-up transformation. The most urgent needs are dedicated training programs for emergent journalists, generating sustainable income models, and challenging the discourse of pro-government media through local stories with a climate angle.

Evaluating Climate Change Impacts to Qatar’s Marine Life: A Risk Assessment for SDG 14 (Life Below Water)

Marine life is integral to Qatar and the broader Arab region, serving as a cornerstone for biodiversity, economic activity, and cultural heritage. Despite the ambitious targets set by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14, climate change is placing mounting pressure on conservation efforts. Recognizing that climate change cannot be entirely stopped, the focus should be on mitigating its effects through sustainable strategies. This study identifies twelve climate-related risks that impede Qatar's progress towards achieving SDG 14 - Life Below Water. To understand the region-specific climate risks, this study engaged in a focus group discussion with representatives from the government, NGOs, private sector, and academia. The Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) identified the most severe risks as flooding associated with rising sea levels, modified species biogeography, and compromised coral reef health. While other risks were rated low, such as risks to seagrass meadows driven by increasing sea temperatures. Other significant findings include the need for increased awareness of climate change impacts on both the local and global administrative platforms. This risk assessment provides insights into the vulnerable facets of Qatar's marine environment, intending to guide forthcoming strategies for achieving SDG-14.

UNDERSTANDING THE ADOPTION AND IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE AWARENESS: EVIDENCE FROM UNIVERSITY GRADUATES IN PAKISTAN

Climate change is a pressing issue that significantly impacts agriculture, health, biodiversity, water resources, forests, and the socioeconomic well-being of populations, particularly in developing and least developed nations. Raising public awareness of climate change through accurate knowledge is a key strategy to encourage proactive mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study investigates the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by university graduates to enhance climate change awareness, focusing on the role of both educators and students in knowledge transfer within academic environments. The research was conducted across 15 major universities in Pakistan, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on demographic, socio-cultural, technological, and economic factors influencing graduates’ awareness and perceptions of climate change. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of ICTs on climate change awareness. The results indicate that access to smartphones, agricultural magazines, news bulletins, newspapers, television, and internet connectivity significantly enhances climate change awareness. However, access to radio and computers or laptops did not show a significant impact. Universities should integrate ICT-based training and outreach activities into their curricula, promoting technological solutions that address climate change challenges. Furthermore, collaboration between technological solution providers, environmental departments, and academic institutions is recommended to design ICT-driven strategies for raising climate change awareness among the youth.

Book Review: Anne-Christin Mittwoch, Nachhaltigkeit und Unternehmensrecht, Schriften zum Unternehmens - und Kapitalmarkrecht 107, TÜBINGEN (MOHR SIEBECK) 2022.

The increasing acknowledgment that economic development is constrained by planetary boundaries, coupled with heightened societal awareness of climate change, places the transition to a sustainable economy at the forefront of today’s global political agendas. International climate policy commitments such as the Paris Climate Agreement and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are shaping the global trajectory of sustainability policy. In the European Union (EU), alongside treaty-based obligations (Art. 3 TEU), the European Green Deal, with its climate neutrality commitment, is laying the groundwork for this transformative change. Recognizing that a sustainable reorientation of the economy necessitates a shift in economic behavior, there is an increasing understanding that companies must play a central role in pursuing sustainability objectives. While public law instruments, such as direct regulatory controls on emissions, have a longstanding tradition of regulating commercial activity, the emerging discourse increasingly emphasizes the role of private law in fostering sustainable business conduct. The monograph "Nachhaltigkeit und Unternehmensrecht" (Sustainability and Company Law), authored by Anne-Christin Mittwoch, substantially contributes to this discussion by exploring to what extent company law is capable of facilitating sustainability objectives.

Climate Change Education in Curriculum Documents by The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training: A Content Analysis

Abstract The education sector has increasingly been involved in informing learners about the issue of climate change (Reid, 2019), given that this issue represents an existential threat to young people and, generally, to the human race (Sears, 2020). The education sector has responded to the urgency of climate change by proposing the notion of “climate change education”. It can be defined as the process of learning in the face of climate change-related risks and uncertainty (Stevenson et al., 2017). Climate change education is argued to aim at raising primary and secondary school students’ awareness of climate change and its consequences (Tang, 2024). Climate change education is embraced by the education sector in a number of Nordic countries, in particular, Norway (Seikkula-Leino et al., 2021). In Norway, for instance, climate change education seems to fall within the scope of The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training (henceforth – The Directorate), which is responsible for the governance of the education sector from kindergarten to secondary school (Kapranov, 2021). To-date, however, there is no published research on how climate change education is represented in The Directorate’s curriculum documents that pertain to pre-primary, primary, and secondary school curricula. Seeking to bridge the current research gap, the article presents a study that looks into this underresearched aspect by means of analysing a corpus of The Directorate’s curriculum documents available on its official homepage https://www.udir.no/. The corpus of The Directorate’s curriculum documents is investigated in the study by applying an approach to content analysis developed by Krippendorff (2004). The results of the content analysis indicate that climate change education appears to be represented in the corpus in a rather disproportionate manner. Specifically, climate change education is addressed, predominantly, in the curriculum documents in sciences in upper secondary school, whereas it is substantially underrepresented in curriculum documents on pre-primary and primary school levels. These and other findings are further discussed in the article. The article concludes with a range of practical suggestions that arise out of the present findings.

Sustainable practices and household resilience: an empirical analysis of behavior change in times of crises

Understanding sustainability behavior is essential in tackling the global challenge of climate change. The importance of studying sustainability practices and their dynamics grows in light of recent global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy crisis following the Ukraine war. These events both challenge and shape individual sustainable practices, offering opportunities for fostering individual sustainable practices and enhancing societal resilience. An online survey was conducted in Germany (n = 571, May 2023) to investigate sustainable behavior dynamics (mobility, energy-saving, and shopping habits) and to identify segments reflecting behavioral shifts. We found relative stability in sustainable mobility choices compared to pre-crisis times, with a tendency towards reduction, as well as an overall increase in energy-saving and sustainable shopping habits. Factor analyses revealed that sustainable mobility behavior (SMB) and sustainable consumer practices (SCP) formed two separate domains. Cluster analyses further identified four segments within each domain, each exhibiting unique behavioral patterns compared to pre-crisis practices. Examining individual variables, adopting more sustainable mobility practices was associated with sociodemographic factors (income, education, and area of living), higher levels of environmental awareness, institutional trust, and increased risk perceptions. Sociodemographic variables had less influence on sustainable consumer practices. Here, higher levels of knowledge, climate change awareness, trust, and risk perceptions played a significant role. Our findings highlight the importance of separately considering behavioral domains in understanding crises-induced changes in sustainability practices. Moreover, it is important to consider specific individual factors and to develop tailored interventions and policies to promote sustainable practices during volatile times.

Augmented Reality and its Potential in Educating Primary School Students on Climate Change Awareness

Augmented reality is an innovative way to enhance learning, transforming the way students access and assimilate knowledge. This technology has the potential to make education more accessible, attractive and effective. The purpose of this study is to identify the opinions of teachers / future teachers who teach / will teach at primary school, regarding the use of augmented reality applications in environmental education in primary school. Environmental issues in Romania, at all levels of education, are insufficiently explored, despite the growing need and efforts made by the Ministry of Education. Educational activities that contribute to preventing climate change, combating biodiversity loss, illegal deforestation, environmental pollution should be introduced from the earliest ages, and the ways of presentation should be as attractive, closer to the digital generation. Research data was collected via an online questionnaire with 24 questions, using the 5-point Likert scale. The sample consists of 133 participants selected by the non-probability sampling method. According to the survey results, most participants believe that the use of augmented reality applications has the potential to provide immersive and interactive experiences in environmental education classes for primary school students. However, the participants identified challenges and limitations that need to be considered before they can be fully accepted in the education sector. In conclusion, further research and development is needed to highlight the potential of augmented reality in primary school environmental education.

The economic value of seasonal weather and climate services for maize farmers in Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe

Most rural areas in Zimbabwe are extremely vulnerable to changing climatic conditions, particularly droughts, which threaten smallholder farmers' livelihoods. Seasonal weather forecast services can help farmers adapt, optimise production, and implement risk reduction strategies. To support increased investment in these services, this study seeks to provide quantitative evidence on the economic value of locality-specific seasonal weather forecasts by eliciting maize producers' willingness to pay (WTP) through the contingent valuation approach. The results of the study show that among 502 farmers, 68 % would pay for seasonal weather forecasts, highlighting their perceived economic value and practical utility in agricultural decision-making. On average, farmers were willing to pay one (1) United States dollar (US$1) per month for seasonal weather forecast services. Extrapolating this demand nationally, we estimate an annual economic value of around US$ 53.2 million for these services. This valuation underscores the substantial economic benefits that weather and climate services could offer to Zimbabwe's agriculture sector, justifying the case for increased resource allocation towards the delivery of location-specific weather forecasts. Using the Heckman selection model, the study further identified that maize producers' climate change perceptions, radio ownership, and prior participation in agricultural policy development significantly increased their likelihood of paying for seasonal weather forecasts. These factors highlight the role of both access to information and engagement in policy processes in shaping farmers' valuation of seasonal weather forecasts. Establishing district-level climate change dialogue platforms can significantly enhance maize producers' awareness of climate change, deepen their understanding of the value of weather forecasts, and encourage their participation in policy-making processes. By creating spaces for knowledge exchange and farmer engagement, these platforms not only support informed farm decision-making but also help tailor climate services to farmers' needs. Nevertheless, farmers from the Ndau ethnic group and those in remote areas showed reluctance to pay for seasonal weather forecasts, indicating that factors like ethnicity and remoteness affect WTP. This reluctance highlights how social marginalisation and inadequate infrastructure in remote areas limit access to weather information, thereby reducing farmers' perceived value of these services. Enhanced telecommunication infrastructure and radio signals in rural areas, especially community radios, could help to expand the access and tailoring of forecast messages in local languages, making it understandable and thus supporting informed decision-making across diverse farming communities.